Sperm motility index: a new parameter for human sperm evaluation

Rheotaxis quality index: a new parameter that reveals male mammalian in vivo fertility and low sperm DNA fragmentation

The female reproductive tract simultaneously guides and selects high-quality sperm using rheotaxis in mammalian species. Sperm quality, however, is traditionally evaluated only by their movement velocities and concentration using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), which ignores sperm rheotaxis. Here, by mimicking the female reproductive tracts' dimensions and hydrodynamic features, a new method is introduced to quantify sperm rheotaxis ability for evaluating semen quality. The combination of our RHEOtaxis quaLity indEX (RHEOLEX) and motile sperm concentration is able to predict sperm fertility levels in artificial insemination at various shear rates within 5 minutes. This means that RHEOLEX could be a biomarker for determining male in vivo fertility, unlike conventional semen quality parameters which fail to provide statistically significant predictions. In addition, a high RHEOLEX is associated with a low DNA fragmentation index (DFI), showing that this new parameter is able to identify low-DFI samples. Not only does this work highlight the importance of rheotaxis in determining male in vivo fertility, but it also provides a solid benchmark for developing fast microfluidic devices for male fertility prediction as well as DFI. Last, the data imply that the female reproductive tract might use rheotaxis to keep sperm with fragmented DNA from reaching the fertilization site.

Mobility of Japanese quail spermatozoa and its relationship to egg fertility

Sperm mobility (SM) appears to be primary determinant of fertility in chicken and turkey. The aims of this study were to extend the concept to the Japanese quail by developing an assay to quantify SM, explaining the basis of SM using motility properties measured by CASA, and exploring the relationship between SM and egg fertility. The study was carried out in three stages: i) males (n = 20) and females (n = 20) were mated individually; ii) ejaculates were collected from 20 males, and SM was measured; iii) males (n = 20) and females (n = 20) were mated individually. In Stages I and III, data were collected for egg fertility, Sperm_OPVL and Holes_IPVL . In Stage II, SM assay was developed and assay conditions were defined: effect of sperm numbers on absorbance in Accudenz solution; effect of Accudenz concentration on sperm motility and mobility; effect of quail proctodeal gland foam extract and incubation temperature on SM at 37 and 41°C. The recorded absorbance of sperm movement was dependent on sperm numbers in the sperm suspension overlaying the Accudenz (p < .001). At 41°C, SM, progressively motile sperm, VCL, VSL and VAP were negatively affected by Accudenz concentration (p < .05). The effect of foam on SM and motility depended on an interaction between the concentration of foam extract and incubating temperature. Males were categorized into low, average and high SM phenotypes. These categories differed significantly (p < .001), but sperm motility and SM were not related to egg fertility. In conclusion, SM assay can be used to identify mobility phenotypes, but the poor relationship between SM and egg fertility indicates a need for further studies on interaction between the concentration of foam extract, incubating temperature, and in vivo sperm movement and egg fertilization success.

Semen evaluation: methodological advancements in sperm quality-specific fertility assessment - A review

Assessment of male fertility is based on the evaluation of sperm. Semen evaluation measures various sperm quality parameters as fertility indicators. However, semen evaluation has limitations, and it requires the advancement and application of strict quality control methods to interpret the results. This article reviews the recent advances in evaluating various sperm-specific quality characteristics and methodologies, with the help of different assays to assess sperm-fertility status. Sperm evaluation methods that include conventional microscopic methods, computer-assisted sperm analyzers (CASA), and flow cytometric analysis, provide precise information related to sperm morphology and function. Moreover, profiling fertility-related biomarkers in sperm or seminal plasma can be helpful in predicting fertility. Identification of different sperm proteins and diagnosis of DNA damage has positively contributed to the existing pool of knowledge about sperm physiology and molecular anomalies associated with different infertility issues in males. Advances in methods and sperm-specific evaluation has subsequently resulted in a better understanding of sperm biology that has improved the diagnosis and clinical management of male factor infertility. Accurate sperm evaluation is of paramount importance in the application of artificial insemination and assisted reproductive technology. However, no single test can precisely determine fertility; the selection of an appropriate test or a set of tests and parameters is required to accurately determine the fertility of specific animal species. Therefore, a need to further calibrate the CASA and advance the gene expression tests is recommended for faster and field-level applications.

Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles of Testes with High and Low Sperm Motility in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia)

Sperm motility is one of the most important indicators in assessing semen quality, and it is used to evaluate poultry fertility. Many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs are involved in regulating testis development and spermatogenesis. In this study, we employed RNA sequencing to analyse the testis transcriptome (lncRNA and mRNA) of ten pigeons with high and low sperm motility. In total, 46,117 mRNAs and 17,463 lncRNAs were identified, of which 2673 mRNAs and 229 lncRNAs (P < 0.05) were significantly differentially expressed (DE) between the high and low sperm motility groups. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analysis showed that target genes of DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs were related to calcium ion binding, ATP binding, and spermatogenesis. Moreover, we found that UBB, a target gene of lncRNA MSTRG.7787.5, was involved in germ cell development. Our study provided a catalogue of lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with sperm motility, and they deserve further study to deepen the understanding of biological processes in the pigeon testis.

New method for sperm evaluation by 3-dimensional laser scanning microscopy in different laboratory animal species

Sperm analysis is one of the end points in reproductive toxicology studies. Different methods for quantitative sperm analysis have been described. For qualitative morphological sperm analysis, either such techniques or smears of sperm and histological sperm staging are in use. Any of these methods provides morphological results on a light microscopy level. Laser scanning microscopy is a technique using a focused laser for scanning an object. The Olympus 3D Laser Scanning Microscope LEXT OLS4000 with optional possibilities of differential interference contrast provides a microscopic method for visualizing microasperities, which are far beyond the resolving power of a typical light or laser microscope. This technique was applied to sperm of mice, rats, rabbits, and cynomolgus monkeys at magnifications up to ×17 090. The obtained images are comparable to those of a scanning electron microscope under relatively low-power magnifications. Measurements on sperm parameters were taken by an integrated image analysis software tool. Abnormalities were easily detectable.

Impact of 6 different intestinal bacteria on broiler breeder sperm motility in vitro

Male fertility is often evaluated by measuring sperm parameters, including concentration, viability, and motility. This is important because after copulation occurs, sperm must overcome many barriers in the female reproductive tract to fertilize the ovum. In mammalian species, sperm have been shown to have reduced motility when bacteria are present. In male broiler breeders, bacteria have been associated with spermatozoa, but their effect on motility has not been investigated. The sperm quality index is a modern rapid method of evaluating avian sperm motility. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use the sperm quality index to determine if broiler breeder sperm motility is reduced when semen is exposed to various bacteria. In this experiment, semen was collected from 20 broiler breeders to obtain a pooled neat semen sample. Six different intestinal bacteria, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium bifermentans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium animalis were cultured overnight. For each bacterium, 50 µL of semen was diluted in 450 µL of saline, sterile broth, or the overnight culture, creating 3 treatments. The experiment was repeated twice. In each treatment, 3 replicates were evaluated at 0 and 10 min postinoculation, creating a completely randomized design with a split plot over time. Also, the pH was measured for each treatment at 0 and 10 min. The results indicated that all broths containing bacteria immediately reduced broiler breeder sperm motility when compared with the controls (P < 0.0001), but broths containing Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus virtually made sperm immotile. Although broth containing Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Bifidobacterium immediately reduced sperm motility, the reduction did not change over time. Broths containing E. coli, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus reduced sperm motility immediately, but over time motility continued to decrease. However, pH was increased when semen was exposed to the E. coli and Campylobacter treatment, but when semen was exposed to Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus treatments, pH was reduced. In conclusion, the results indicate that bacteria can reduce broiler breeder sperm motility upon exposure.

Thymoquinone reestablishes spermatogenesis after testicular injury caused by chronic toluene exposure in rats

The aim of this study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on the spermatogenesis after testicular injury caused by chronic toluene exposure in rats. The rats were randomly allotted into one of three experimental groups: control, toluene-treated and toluene treated with TQ; each group contained 10 animals. Control group received 1 mL serum physiologic and toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, in an 8-hour/day and 6-day/week order for 12 weeks. The rats in TQ-treated group was given TQ (50 mg/kg body weight) once a day orally for 12 weeks starting just after toluene exposure. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological investigation. To date, no histopathological changes of testis in rats after chronic toluene exposure by TQ treatment have been reported. Spermatogenesis and mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) were significantly decreased in toluene treated groups when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the TQ-treated animals showed an improved histological appearance in toluene-treated group. Our data indicate a significant reduction in the activity of in situ identification of apoptosis using terminal dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and there was a rise in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in testis tissues of the toluene-treated group with TQ therapy. Electron microscopy of the testes of the rats demonstrated that pretreatment with TQ was particularly effective in preventing the mitochondrial degeneration, dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and enlarged intercellular spaces in both Sertoli and spermatid cells in the toluene-treated animals. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of TQ may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on the spermatogenesis after testicular injury caused by chronic toluene exposure in rats.

Relationships among frozen-thawed sperm characteristics assessed via the routine semen analysis, sperm functional tests and fertility of bulls in an artificial insemination program

Frozen semen specimens from 22 Holstein bulls representing a wide range of field fertility levels or nonreturn rates (NRR) were used in this study. Semen specimens were thawed at 37 degrees C for a minimum of 30 sec, followed by assessment via a routine semen analysis (RSA) and other sperm functional tests. The RSA was performed by assessing sperm count, motility and morphological characteristics. Other sperm functional tests were performed by assessing the acrosomal membrane integrity, sperm penetration into the cervical mucus and the sperm membrane functional integrity. Following assessment of sperm characteristics, the fertility data of the various bulls were compared to the RSA and the functional tests results. Bulls of high and low fertility were similar in terms of sperm count and progressive motility (P > 0.05). Other characteristics measured by the RSA and functional tests were significantly higher in high fertility bulls (P < 0.05). Correlation coefficients among the various sperm characteristics and fertility of bulls were highly significant (P < 0.01). The highest correlation coefficients between sperm characteristics and fertility were obtained for motility (r = 0.53; P < 0.01), normal morphology (r = 0.59; P < 0.01) and swollen spermatozoa (r = 0.57; P < 0.01). Analysis of specific sperm swelling patterns showed that those patterns considered to reflect maximal sperm swelling were indicative of high fertility.

Comparison of Computer-assisted Sperm Motility Analysis Parameters in Semen from Belgian Blue and Holstein?Friesian Bulls

Subjective microscopic sperm motility results have recently been demonstrated to differ between Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Belgian Blue (BB) bulls. However, such assessments are rather imprecise. In the present study, sperm motility was assessed objectively by means of the Hamilton Thorne CEROS version 12.2c computer-assisted sperm motility analyser (CASA), and differences between the BB and HF breed could also be demonstrated. Higher percentages of both totally (p < 0.0001) and progressively (p < 0.0001) motile spermatozoa were encountered in the HF breed compared with the BB breed. Furthermore, a lower kinetic efficiency of the BB spermatozoa, evidenced by a lower beat cross-frequency (p = 0.0007) combined with a higher lateral head displacement (p = 0.0015), was the basis for the lower velocity of BB sperm cells. Additionally, BB spermatozoa move less straight forward, resulting in a lower straightness (p < 0.0001). No sperm motility differences were observed between age groups within the BB breed. The breed differences were observed in the examined bull populations residing at AI centres, in Belgium for the BB bulls and in the Netherlands for the HF bulls. However, these bull populations are selected for fertility. A similar pattern was observed in an unselected bull population of both breeds, although these differences were mostly non-significant for the different CASA parameters. Nevertheless, these data suggest that a genetic component might be responsible for the observed sperm motility breed differences.

Measuring mouse sperm parameters using a particle counter and sperm quality analyzer: A simple and inexpensive method

This study examined a method for analyzing the count, motility, and morphology of mouse epididymal sperm, optimizing the diluent, incubation time, sample concentration, and temperature, using a particle counter (CDA-500) to count and size sperm and a sperm quality analyzer (SQA-IIC) to measure sperm motility, quantified as the sperm motility index (SMI). The optimal conditions consisted of a 30-min incubation in D-MEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; considering cost and availability) at 37 degrees C, with 5 x 10(6)cells mL(-1) in the original solution. Furthermore, the influence of formalin fixation, and the correlation between the automated counter and a manual method were investigated. The sample fixation had no marked effect on the sperm count or morphology assessment. A linear correlation was observed between the manual and automated methods (y=0.920x +0.276; r(2)=0.571; p<0.001; range: (3-6) x 10(6)). The suitability of the proposed method was confirmed using spermatozoa prepared from mice treated with the reproductive toxin diethylstilbestrol (DES). Using sperm from the cauda epididymidis on one side per mouse, we confirmed that measurement of these sperm parameters using the two devices was simple, rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible.

Mammalian sperm translate nuclear-encoded proteins by mitochondrial-type ribosomes

It is widely accepted that spermatozoa are translationally silent. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, incorporation of labeled amino acids into polypeptides during sperm capacitation, which was completely inhibited by mitochondrial translation inhibitors but not by the cytoplasmic translation inhibitor. Unlike 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes, 55S mitochondrial ribosomes were present in polysomal fractions, indicating that these ribosomes are actively involved in protein translation in spermatozoa. Inhibition of protein translation significantly reduced sperm motility, capacitation and in vitro fertilization rate. Thus, contrary to the accepted dogma, nuclear genes are expressed as proteins in sperm during their residence in the female reproductive tract until fertilization.

Usefulness of sperm quality analyzer-V (SQA-V) for the assessment of sperm quality in infertile men

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of new of Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA-V) with the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and manual semen analysis estimates. One hundred five fresh semen samples were analyzed using SQA-V and CASA and manual semen analysis. Significant correlations of sperm concentration (p < 0.0001), sperm motility (p < 0.0001), and normal morphology (p < 0.0001) were observed between SQA-V variables and manual semen analysis estimates. There also were significant correlations of sperm concentration (p < 0.0001), sperm motility (p < 0.0001), and sperm velocity (p = 0.0235) between SQA-V variables and CASA estimates. Meanwhile, it did not correlate with amplitude of lateral head displacement, beat cross frequency, lineality assessed by CASA. The value of the sperm concentration and the sperm motility measured by SQA-V showed high correlations with the value of those measured by CASA and manual semen analysis. In addition, velocity and sperm morphology may also be evaluated to some extent using SQA-V.

Influence of Visible Light and Ultraviolet Irradiation on Motility and Fertility of Mammalian and Fish Sperm

OBJECTIVE

The effects of visible light irradiation on sperm motility, fertility, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were investigated and compared in ram and fish (tilapia).

BACKGROUND DATA

Low-energy visible light has previously been found to modulate various processes in different biological systems. In the literature, it is accepted that the first step following visible light irradiation is the formation of ROS by endogenous cellular photosensitizers.

METHODS

Sperm of ram and tilapia were irradiated with various light sources (400-800 nm white light, 660 nm red light, 360 nm blue light, 294 nm UV), and their motility and fertility rates were measured. The amount of ROS generated by irradiation was estimated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique.

RESULTS

Sperm taken from tilapia showed higher motility and fertility following red and white light irradiation. In contrast, the motility and fertility of ram sperm were slightly increased only by red light. A negative effect on motility and fertility of sperm of both species was obtained following irradiation with UV and blue light. The amount of ROS produced in irradiated tilapia sperm was much higher than that of ram sperm.

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that different wavelengths differentially affect tilapia and ram sperm motility and fertilization. The difference in response to the various light sources might be explained by the different amounts of ROS formation by ram and tilapia, which are in agreement with the physiology of fertilization appropriate to each of these species. Based on these results, it is suggested that in vitro fertilization in mammals should be performed in darkness or at least under red light.

Validation and Usefulness of the Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA II-C) for Bull Semen Analysis

In this study, an upgrade version of the Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA), the SQA-IIC was tested for the assessment of bull semen quality. In Expt 1, the device showed good repeatability of measurements within and between capillaries, as evidenced by the low coefficients of variation (CVs; < 13%) at concentrations between 35 and 705 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml. In Expt 2, 10 semen concentrations (1-1000 x 10(6)/ml) were stored in HEPES TALP for 48 h at room temperature. A time-dependent decrease in sperm motility index (SMI) values was noticed. SMI values increased linearly with increasing sperm concentrations, but remained constant around 500, corresponding to a concentration of approximately 50 x 10(6)/ml. For sperm concentrations below 50 x 10(6)/ml, SMI values were highly correlated with concentration (p < 0.05) and with semen parameters, expressing the overall semen quality (p < 0.05; Expt 3). In Expt 4, a correlation of only 0.44 (p < 0.05) between SMI values of frozen-thawed semen samples of 35 bulls and the corrected 56-day non-return rate (56dNRRc) was found. Prediction of the 56dNRRc based on the SMI value of a semen sample was inaccurate. The present study indicates that the SQA-IIC is suitable for a rapid screening of bull semen diluted to a concentration of approximately 50 x 10(6)/ml. Furthermore, the device seems inappropriate for fertility prediction.

Assessment of sperm quality analyzer II B: comparison with manual semen analysis and CASA

Two hundred and seven patients with male infertility were investigated. Total sperm concentration and percent progressive motility by SQA IIB showed high correlations with those of conventional manual method. Percent of normal morphology showed a significant correlation among these techniques. The sperm motility index (SMI) and total functional sperm concentration (TFSC) demonstrated high correlations with any variables of manual analysis. Only velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement showed significant correlations with the variables obtained by SQA IIB, especially with SMI and TFSC. It was suggested that SQA IIB could be a useful instrument in the clinical practice of infertility as a screening test for semen quality.

Hybrid breakdown caused by substitution of the X chromosome between two mouse subspecies

Hybrid breakdown is a type of reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation of crosses between different species or subspecies. It is caused by incompatibility between interacting genes. Genetic analysis of hybrid breakdown, particularly in higher animals, has been hampered by its complex nature (i.e., it involves more than two genes, and the phenotype is recessive). We studied hybrid breakdown using a new consomic strain, C57BL/6J-X(MSM), in which the X chromosome of C57BL/6J (derived mostly from Mus musculus domesticus) is substituted by the X chromosome of the MSM/Ms strain (M. m. molossinus). Males of this consomic strain are sterile, whereas F1 hybrids between C57BL/6J and MSM/Ms are completely fertile. The C57BL/6J-X(MSM) males showed reduced testis weight with variable defects in spermatogenesis and abnormal sperm head morphology. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for these traits to map the X-linked genetic factors responsible for the sterility. This analysis successfully detected at least three distinct loci for the sperm head morphology and one for the testis weight. This study revealed that incompatibility of interactions of X-linked gene(s) with autosomal and/or Y-linked gene(s) causes the hybrid breakdown between the genetically distant C57BL/6J and MSM/Ms strains.

Hybrid Breakdown Caused by Substitution of the X Chromosome Between Two Mouse Subspecies

Hybrid breakdown is a type of reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation of crosses between different species or subspecies. It is caused by incompatibility between interacting genes. Genetic analysis of hybrid breakdown, particularly in higher animals, has been hampered by its complex nature (i.e., it involves more than two genes, and the phenotype is recessive). We studied hybrid breakdown using a new consomic strain, C57BL/6J-XMSM, in which the X chromosome of C57BL/6J (derived mostly from Mus musculus domesticus) is substituted by the X chromosome of the MSM/Ms strain (M. m. molossinus). Males of this consomic strain are sterile, whereas F1 hybrids between C57BL/6J and MSM/Ms are completely fertile. The C57BL/6J-XMSM males showed reduced testis weight with variable defects in spermatogenesis and abnormal sperm head morphology. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for these traits to map the X-linked genetic factors responsible for the sterility. This analysis successfully detected at least three distinct loci for the sperm head morphology and one for the testis weight. This study revealed that incompatibility of interactions of X-linked gene(s) with autosomal and/or Y-linked gene(s) causes the hybrid breakdown between the genetically distant C57BL/6J and MSM/Ms strains.

Accuracy of sperm velocity assessment using the Sperm Quality Analyzer V

Aim:  The correct diagnosis of the functional capacity of human sperm is limited. The Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA) with the visualization system (SQA V, Medical Electronic System, Hatavorzo, Israel), an upgraded version of SQA, was recently developed to provide a rapid and low-cost quantitative evaluation of sperm quality as well as sperm velocity assessment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the SQA V's new parameters correlate with computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) estimates. Methods:  Semen quality analysis of 66 fresh samples was determined using SQA V and CASA. Results:  There were significant correlations of total sperm concentration (P < 0.001), sperm motility (P = 0.145), and percentage of progressive motile sperm (P = 0.001), between the SQA V variables and the CASA estimates. The sperm velocity assessed by SQA V was significantly correlated with some of the CASA estimates, including sperm motility (P = 0.001), the percentage of progressively motile sperm (P < 0.001), straight-line velocity (P < 0.001), curvilinear velocity (P < 0.001) and average path velocity (P < 0.001). However, it did not correlate with amplitude of lateral head displacement, beat cross frequency, straightness, or linearity, assessed by CASA. Conclusion:  Assessment of sperm motility has been shown as one of the important factors to predict the functional capacity of human sperm. On the basis of the present study, SQA V is considered useful for screening sperm quality in the management of male infertility. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 151-157).

Validation of the Sperm Quality Analyzer and the Hypo-osmotic Swelling Test for Frozen-thawed Ram and Minke Whale (Balaenoptera bonarensis) Spermatozoa

The object of the present study was to investigate the validation of the sperm quality analyzer (SQA) and the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test with standard sperm analysis methods in frozen-thawed ram and minke whale spermatozoa. In rams, highly significant correlations were observed in the percentage of motile spermatozoa (P<0.01) and sperm concentration (P<0.01) between the standard and SQA methods. But, the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa did not significantly correlate between the standard and SQA methods. The percentages of swollen spermatozoa at 15 minutes by the HOS test were significantly correlated with the motility by the standard (P<0.05) and by the SQA (P<0.05) methods. For minke whale spermatozoa, the SVI (sperm viability index) values by the standard method were significantly (P<0.001) correlated with the sperm motility index (SMI) values by SQA. The percentage of motile spermatozoa was also significantly correlated (P<0.01) with the motility measured by SQA. Using different hypo-osmotic solutions and incubation times, the HOS test with 25, 100 and 150 mOsM did not show significant variations. Motility observed by the standard method and the percentage of swollen spermatozoa were significantly correlated (P<0.05). These results indicate that the SQA and HOS test can be utilized to assess the post-thawing motility of ram and minke whale spermatozoa, and that the SQA and HOS test values are significantly correlated in ram spermatozoa. However, sperm concentration and morphologically normal spermatozoa are not assessed accurately by SQA in minke whales.

A Digital Method of Sperm Immobilization Test: Comparison to the Conventional Method

Antisperm antibodies have been found in infertile patients and those causing immobilization of sperm are considered to be closely related to unexplained infertility. These antibodies are usually identified by a sperm immobilization test which involves counting motile sperm under microscope. This test is subjective as it relies on the judgement of the examiner with respect to sperm motility. In this study, we analyzed motile sperm by a digital method using Sperm Quality Analyzer. The results were compared with those obtained by the conventional method. We found that the two methods yielded identical results, with 14 of 66 samples tested being positive and 52 negative for sperm immobilizing antibodies. These results show that the digital method is objective and of value in the measurement of motile sperm in determination of sperm immobilizing antibodies.

Motility characteristics of boar spermatozoa after addition of prostaglandin F2alpha

Addition of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) to extended boar semen has been shown to slightly increase reproductive parameters in sows such as the conception rate and the total number of piglets born alive. The mechanisms by which PGF2alpha affect these parameters have not yet been elucidated, but it is possible that the sperm transport after insemination is increased. This study investigated whether the sperm motility from 20 Piétrain boars improved when PGF2alpha (Dinolytic; 5 mg PGF2alpha/ml) was added to diluted semen. Different amounts of PGF2alpha (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 ml/100 ml) were tested and the motility was evaluated immediately after addition of PGF2alpha, after 30 min, 2 h, and 24 h. Two computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) systems, namely the Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA-IIC) and the Hamilton Thorne (HTR Ceros 12.1) were used to assess the motility parameters. With the SQA-IIC, sperm motility index values of the treated groups were only slightly higher (P>0.05) compared to the negative control group. The different motility parameters measured with the HTR Ceros 12.1 were similar between the treatment groups, except for beat cross frequency, which was higher in the control group (1.5-5%; P<0.001). This study documented that the addition of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg PGF2alpha to 100 ml diluted boar sperm does not increase any sperm motility parameter. Further research is necessary to elucidate mechanisms by which PGF2alpha in diluted semen may improve the reproductive performance in swine farms.

Semen dilution prior to analysis influences the ability of the sperm quality analyzer to predict fertility whether inseminating with a constant number of sperm or a constant volume of semen

Previous research has shown that the sperm quality index (SQI) is positively correlated with semen characteristics as well as fertility when broiler breeder semen is diluted 10-fold prior to analysis. However, research has not been conducted to establish if semen dilution rate affects the ability of the SQI to predict fertility when inseminating a constant number of sperm or a constant volume of semen. As a result, 3 experiments were undertaken. The objective of the first study was to determine if diluent, minimum essential media, or 0.85% saline affects the SQI. The second objective was to identify potential semen dilution rates for the SQI by obtaining the range in live sperm concentrations to which the SQI is most sensitive. The purpose of experiment 3 was to determine which semen dilution rate, 10-, 25-, 50-, 75-fold, or a constant concentration of 180 x 10(6) sperm/mL, yields an SQI that is most predictive of fertility. Once a week for 3 wk, 20 hens were individually inseminated with either 20 microL of 4-fold diluted semen or a constant 45 x 10(6) sperm from each of 29 broiler breeder males. To determine which semen dilution rate yielded an SQI that was most predictive of fertility, Pearson's correlation coefficients were obtained between the SQI at each dilution rate and fertility. There was no difference in the SQI due to diluent. Sperm quality index values declined logarithmically as live sperm concentration decreased. The SQI was most sensitive to live sperm concentrations from 11 to 232 x 10(6) sperm/mL. The SQI for semen diluted 10-fold was the best predictor of fertility when inseminating with a constant volume of 4-fold diluted semen (r = 0.71). When hens were inseminated with a constant 45 x 10(6) sperm/hen, the SQI for semen diluted 10- and 25-fold as well as to a constant concentration of 180 x 10(6) sperm/ mL was equally effective at predicting fertility (r = 0.59, 0.52, and 0.61, respectively). Apparently, the SQI is predictive of fertility when semen samples are diluted 10-fold prior to analysis regardless of insemination method used. Dilution beyond 10-fold appears to alter semen quality, rendering the SQI less accurate.

Effect of technical settings on canine semen motility parameters measured by the Hamilton-Thorne analyzer

Computerized measuring devices are needed to assess canine semen quality objectively both for research and practical purposes. As internal image settings may influence the results considerably, the effect of different technical settings and semen processing on the parameters assessed by the Hamilton-Thorne Ceros 12.1 semen analyzer (HTR Ceros 12.1) was investigated. The frame rate (15, 30 or 60 frames/s) significantly (P<0.05) influenced most of the measured motility characteristics in experiment 1 while no differences in the motility parameters were found using a different sampling duration (0.5 or 1 s, i.e. 30 or 60 frames scanned) in experiment 2. In experiment 3, an increase in sperm velocity (VAP, VSL, VCL), in linearity and in the percentage of motile and rapidly moving spermatozoa was observed with increasing sperm concentrations (25 x 10(6), 50 x 10(6) or 100 x 10(6) ml(-1)). In experiment 4, a clear effect of the diluent used was visible with higher velocity parameters (VAP, VSL, VCL) and higher percentages of motile, progressive and rapid spermatozoa for semen samples diluted in Hepes-TALP or prostatic fluid in comparison with physiological saline or egg-yolk-Tris extender. In experiment 5, significant (P<0.01) and high correlations were found between the conventional dog semen analysis methods and HTR Ceros 12.1 measurements (n=97 semen samples) for the sperm concentration (r=0.91), the motility (r=0.74) and the progressive motility (r=0.84). In experiment 6, the ejaculates from 21 proven, fertile dogs were compared with the ejaculates of a population (N: 11) of young beagles (1.5 years) but no significant differences in HTR Ceros 12.1 measurements were found between the two groups. Based on our results, diluting dog semen samples to 50 x 10(6) ml(-1) with physiological saline solution and scanning 30 frames at a frame rate of 60 frames/s (i.e. a scanning time of 0.5 s), are the set-up parameters proposed to obtain objective and standardized canine semen motility results using the HTR Ceros 12.1.

Comparison of the BullMate sperm quality analyzer with conventional means of assessing the semen quality and breeding soundness of beef bulls

An instrument called the Optibreed, BullMate sperm quality analyzer (SQA) contains a densitometer for determining sperm cell concentration and an optical sensor to evaluate light deflections caused by sperm movement. Analysis of light deflections enables the generation of a value called the sperm quality index (SQI). The SQI represents the quality of a semen sample defined by sperm motility, concentration, viability and morphology. The SQA was compared to conventional, microscopic techniques for determining percent motile sperm and sperm concentration in bull semen samples and evaluated for its ability to classify bulls as satisfactory or unsatisfactory potential breeders. Semen samples were collected from 105 mature beef bulls by electroejaculation (day 1) and from 51 of the same bulls by internal artificial vagina (IAV) on day 2. SQI values were arranged into 20 categories in increments of 50units from 0 to 1000units. Percent motile sperm and sperm concentration values from both methods were significantly positively correlated (P<0.000) with respective r values of 0.82 and 0.80. A calculation of kappa to evaluate the differences in percent motile sperm generated by each system yielded a value of 0.20 and 0.54 for unweighted and weighted determinations, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient used to evaluate the reliability of sperm cell concentration determinations was 0.62 (P<0.05). SQI values generated on days 1 and 2 ranged from 0-994 to 0-906, respectively. Bulls were categorized as satisfactory or unsatisfactory potential breeders in all categories. The most appropriate SQI for determining whether a bull was a satisfactory or unsatisfactory potential breeder was 500 with respective sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of 81, 65, 90.79 and 44.83%. In this experiment the BullMate SQA was not a reliable substitute for conventional semen analysis and was not useful for determining bull breeding soundness.

Effect of leukaemia inhibitory factor on long-term sperm motility and survival

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is expressed at high constitutive levels in the human Fallopian tubal epithelium. In this study, the effect of human recombinant LIF on sperm motility and survival in vitro was investigated. Human spermatozoa were incubated in sperm washing medium that contained various concentrations of LIF at 37 degrees C and under 5% of CO(2) in air for up to 48 h. Sperm motion characteristics were measured using a sperm motility analyser. Sperm survival was determined by the hypo-osmotic swelling test. The effect of LIF on sperm motility was concentration-dependent and maximal effect was observed at a concentration of 5 ng/ml. Sperm motility was significantly higher after 24 h exposure to LIF compared with control (P < 0.001). Sperm survival was also prolonged in a concentration-dependent manner. LIF significantly enhanced sperm survival at higher concentrations (10 ng/ml) and the result was significant after 48 h exposure (P < 0.05). LIF increased long-term sperm motility and survival in vitro.

Utilisation of a sperm quality analyser to evaluate sperm quantity and quality of turkey breeders

1. A relatively new instrument known as a Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA) offers a rapid assessment of sperm quality and quantity by providing a sperm quality index (SQI). The SQA measures a combination of the intensity of sperm activity and motile concentration by determining the number and amplitude of sperm movements per second in a capillary tube as detected through light beam interference. 2. Because the SQA has not been tested for its potential use in turkeys, the objective was to determine if the SQA could accurately respond to changes in turkey sperm concentration, viability, and motility in semen collected from turkey breeders. 3. The effect of varying concentrations of sperm on SQI values was evaluated by diluting replicate pools of semen from 4 different aged turkey breeder flocks with saline. Results from all 4 flocks showed that semen dilutions greater than 20-fold resulted in a linear decline in SQI values. 4. Additional in vitro analysis evaluated the effects of turkey sperm viability on the SQI under conditions of constant sperm concentration. Incubated, live sperm was mixed in various proportions with thawed, dead sperm to determine changes in viability. Increased proportions of dead sperm caused a decline in the SQI. 5. To assess sperm motility, turkey semen was incubated under either aerobic (motile) or anaerobic (immotile) conditions. Varied amounts of immotile and motile sperm samples were mixed. A linear increase in the SQI was observed as per cent motile sperm increased. 6. These results indicate that the SQA can respond to differences in turkey sperm concentration, viability, and motility using in vitro analyses.

Use of a sperm quality analyser on semen of turkey breeders to monitor storage time effects and age-related changes during a reproductive cycle

1. A relatively new instrument known as a Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA) offers a rapid assessment of sperm quality and quantity by providing a sperm quality index (SQI). The SQA measures the intensity of sperm activity and motile concentration by determining the number and amplitude of sperm movements per second in a capillary tube as detected through light beam interference. 2. The objectives of the current study were to determine if the SQA could accurately reflect changes in semen quality that occur with prolonged storage of semen and to determine the variation and change in SQI values among individual breeding male turkeys during their semen production cycle. 3. The effect of storage time on SQI values was evaluated by diluting semen with extender and placing the semen on an oscillating shaker at 4 degrees C for 8 h. The SQI values and sperm viability, expressed as % dead sperm, were recorded hourly. The SQI readings declined linearly with increased storage time while % dead sperm increased linearly with increased semen storage. 4. Semen from 220 individual males was analysed monthly for 9 months. Semen diluted 50-fold with saline had lower SQI values during pre- and post-peak phases of production (months 1, 7, 8, and 9 as compared with months 2 to 6 of semen production). The highest SQI values occurred during months 2 to 6. The largest variation in SQI values occurred during months 1 (CV = 26%) and 9 (CV = 31%) with a CV that averaged 16% for the remaining months. 5. Correlation analysis of SQI values for each bird averaged over 9 months with individual male SQIs for each month showed monthly correlation coefficients that ranged from 0.22 to 0.63. 6. These results indicate that the SQA accurately assessed the decline in sperm quality that occurs with prolonged storage of turkey semen and reflected age-related changes in semen quality and quantity that occurred during a semen production cycle of turkey breeders. In addition, the semen quality rank of some turkey breeders in a population changed with age.

Use of the Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA II-C) for the assessment of dog sperm quality

In the present study, an automated system for sperm analysis, the Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA II-C), was tested as a potential tool for the assessment of dog sperm quality. In the first experiment the device displayed a good repeatability of measurements for semen of medium and high quality, as evidenced by a low coefficient of variance (CV; 0.08), whereas a high CV (0.46) was obtained for one dog with semen of inferior quality. In the second experiment, seven different sperm concentrations (25-300 x 106/ml), obtained by dilutions in Hepes-TALP medium were stored for 48 h at room temperature. A concentration dependent increase in sperm motility index (SMI) was shown, reaching a plateau at 150 x 106 spermatozoa/ml. For all sperm concentrations, the SMI value decreased significantly after 24 h, indicating the importance of sperm motility for SMI values. For sperm concentrations lower than 150x106/ml, highly significant correlations [r=0.80;p<0.05] were established between SMI values on one hand and sperm concentration, and semen parameters expressing the overall semen sample quality on the other hand (experiment 3) while non-significant or low correlations were found between SMI values and other individual sperm parameters. In experiment 4, significantly high correlations (r=0.97) were found between mean SMI values and post-thaw motility and progressive motility assessed subjectively. In conclusion, our study indicates that both motility and concentration largely influence SMI values and that the SQA II-C saturates at 150 x 106 fresh spermatozoa/ml. In our opinion, the SQA II-C may be a useful and objective device to assess the post-thaw motility of dog sperm.

A testicular germ cell-associated serine-threonine kinase, MAK, is dispensable for sperm formation

A member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, MAK, has been proposed to have an important role in spermatogenesis, since Mak gene expression is highly restricted to testicular germ cells. To assess the biological function of MAK, we have established MAK-deficient (Mak(-/-)) mice. Mak(-/-) mice developed normally, and no gross abnormalities were observed. Spermatogenesis of the Mak(-/-) mice was also intact, and most of the mice were fertile. However, Mak(-/-) male-derived litter sizes and their sperm motility in vitro were mildly reduced. These data show that function of MAK is not essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility.

Accuracy of the normal sperm morphology value by Sperm Quality Analyzer IIC: comparison with the strict criteria

The aim of the present study is to investigate the accuracy of the normal sperm morphology value by Sperm Quality Analyzer IIC (SQA IIC), which was developed to provide a rapid and low-cost quantitative evaluation of semen quality. Normal sperm morphology was assessed using SQA IIC in comparison with that by the strict criteria in 62 semen samples. Normal sperm morphology value by SQA IIC was based on the studies of three traditional sperm parameters from over 4000 fresh, untreated semen samples, while the strict criteria was based on the method by Kruger et al. The mean +/- SD of percent normal morphology by SQA IIC and the strict criteria were 37.6 +/- 10.9% (range 15-52) and 19.9 +/- 8.2 (range 1-34), respectively. There was a significant correlation of the sperm morphology assessment between the two methods (r=0.454, p < 0.001). Using the cut-off value of >30% normal morphology by SQA IIC, the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of the 'normal' strict criteria were 79.6% (39/49) and 46.2% (6/13), respectively. These results indicate that SQA IIC might be used as an initial screening test for the evaluation of sperm morphology. However, sperm morphological assessment by the strict criteria should be performed in order to make decisions in planning strategies for the treatment of infertile couples.

Comparison of the Sperm Quality Analyzer IIC variables with the computer-aided sperm analysis estimates

Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA) IIC, an upgrade version, is an inexpensive device and provides a quantitative estimation of sperm motility, whereas the use of computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) provides high precision and provision of quantitative data on sperm kinetics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the SQA IIC variables correlated with the CASA estimates. Semen quality analysis of 71 fresh semen samples was performed using SQA IIC and CASA. Total sperm concentration, percentage of progressively motile sperm, percentage of normal morphology, motile sperm concentration, sperm motility index (SMI) and functional sperm count (FSC) determinations were performed using SQA IIC. Sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm motion variables including amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), beat cross frequency (BCF), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN=VSL/VCL), and straightness (STR=VSL/VAP) were evaluated simultaneously on the same semen samples using CASA. The sperm characteristics were compared between SQA IIC and CASA. There were significant correlations of sperm concentration (r=0.634, p < 0.0001), sperm motility (r=0.697, p < 0.0001), and motile sperm concentration (r=0.757, p < 0.0001) between the two devices. Both SMI and FSC significantly correlated with eight CASA estimates, including sperm concentration, sperm motility, motile sperm concentration, ALH, VCL, VSL, VAP, and Rapid. SQA IIC is simple and easy to use. Moreover, the SQA IIC variables well correlated with the CASA estimates. As a screening test for semen quality, SQA IIC is considered as useful in the management of male infertility.

Validation of the sperm quality analyzer (SQA) for dog sperm analysis

In the present study, a simple and inexpensive unit (the Sperm Quality Analyzer-SQA), was evaluated for dog sperm analysis. Our objective was to propose a cheap, accurate and convenient device to be used in veterinary practices involved with dog fertility assessment and artificial insemination. The device was tested by analyzing repeatability and accuracy at different sperm concentrations and motility characteristics. The Sperm Motility Index (SMI), a numeric index provided by the SQA, was compared with the results obtained using a computer-aided sperm analyzer (Hamilton Thorn IVOS 10). The correlation between SMI and some sperm parameters as well as predictive values of the SMI were established. The dog sperm data provided by the SQA were consistent and repeatable (coefficient of variability below 10% for all concentrations tested). The SMI was significantly dependant on motile sperm concentration and a positive significant correlation was established for the different motile sperm concentrations from a concentration of 25 x 10(6) up to over 200 x 10(6) cells/mL. Zero motility did not affect SMI because non-motile cells, regardless of their concentration, do not cause any fluctuations in the optical density (OD). Over the tested 200 x 10(6) cells/mL value, a correlation still could be observed but it was not statistically significant, possibly because of a saturation of the system. In dog semen, the correlation is better between SMI values and the number of motile spermatozoa than with the overall motile concentration. Based on this observation, a predictive value was given to the SMI allowing for a sorting of dog ejaculates in 3 sperm categories (SMI <100, 100<SMI<250, SMI>250) each characterized by a range of sperm number and motility. If a positive correlation between the SMI categories and fertility has been demonstrated in humans, such a correlation needs to be established in dogs.

In vivo and in vitro impairment of human and ram sperm nuclear chromatin integrity by sexually transmitted Ureaplasma urealyticum infection

The incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in the semen of infertile men is variable (7%-42%). Evidence has accumulated through routine semen analysis to suggest that this infection can cause embryo loss without necessarily affecting sperm quality. The aim of this study was to specifically investigate the effects of U. urealyticum infection on sperm chromatin stability and DNA integrity, which are known to be correlated to pregnancy outcome. Sperm cells isolated from human semen infected in vivo with U. urealyticum exhibited a low percentage of stable chromatin as determined by nuclear chromatin decondensation assay (42% +/- 4.8%, n = 8) and a high percent of denatured DNA as determined by sperm chromatin structure assay (60.9% +/- 9.1%, n = 7). After doxycyclin treatment, a significant improvement in both parameters was observed (73.7% +/- 3.6%, P: < 0.001 and 30.1% +/- 3.5%, P: < 0.008, respectively). Sperm cells infected in vitro exhibited higher rates of viability and motility than uninfected cells. In contradistinction, U. urealyticum caused significant dose- and time-dependent chromatin decondensation and DNA damage. The percentage of human sperm cells with denatured DNA increased significantly by 54.9% +/- 23.9% and 47. 9% +/- 12.1%, after 30 min infection with serotypes 8 and 3, respectively, at a multiplicity of infection of 100 ureaplasmas per sperm compared with uninfected control cells. The damage to DNA was significantly more pronounced in infected ram sperm (180.9% +/- 21. 5%). These results indicate that preserved sperm activity post U. urealyticum infection resulted in damage to paternal DNA, although a high fertilization rate was maintained, and embryonic development may, therefore, be impaired.

Use of a sperm analyzer for evaluating broiler breeder males. 2. Selection of young broiler breeder roosters for the sperm quality index increases fertile egg production

Previous research has shown that the sperm quality index (SQI) of rooster semen is indicative of overall semen quality. The objectives of the present experiments were to determine the correlation of the SQI with semen characteristics and fertility and to determine if selection of young males for the SQI would improve fertility. In Experiment 1 semen was collected from 35 Peterson males and was analyzed individually for sperm concentration and viability. To determine fertility, 100 microL of diluted semen was inseminated into 10 hens for each rooster. Positive correlations of the SQI with total and live sperm concentrations as well as fertility were found. A negative correlation of the SQI with the percentage of dead sperm was observed. In Experiment 2, four semen samples were collected at 2- to 3-d intervals from each of 142, 27-wk-old Peterson roosters to determine their SQI. Males were then allocated to six treatment groups based on their average SQI readings as follows: 0 to 150, 151 to 200, 201 to 250, 251 to 300, 301 to 350, and >350. For each SQI group, semen was collected weekly for 8 wk, pooled, and used at a rate of 50 microL/hen to inseminate 40 hens. The percentage of fertilized eggs increased linearly across the SQI groups, from a minimum of 65% for the 0 to 150 SQI group to a maximum of 98% for the >350 SQI group. The SQI groups of 301 to 350 and >350 produced the slowest decline in fertility over days postinsemination. Therefore, selection of males for the SQI at an early age appears to improve flock fertility.

Toluene inhalation induced epididymal sperm dysfunction in rats

Toluene is a widely abused inhaled solvent. This study was designed to determine whether toluene abuse affects the reproductive functions or general health of males. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to toluene vapor inhalation (0, 4000, or 6000 ppm; 2 h/day) daily for 5 weeks. Exposure-related suppression of body weight gain and food consumption were observed. Salivation and lacrimation were observed during exposure periods and intensified with repeated exposure. Rats exposed to 6000 ppm toluene had decreased spleen and thymus weights, as well as suppressed lymphocyte counts. In 6000 ppm group, the epididymal sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm quality and in vitro penetrating ability to zona-free hamster eggs were significantly reduced, while no exposure-related changes in the testes weight or spermatogenesis within testes were detected. Tail-less sperm heads were seen within zona-free eggs incubated with sperm from rats exposed to 6000 ppm toluene, but not control rats. No significant changes were observed in serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or testosterone levels following 1 month of exposure to 6000 ppm toluene. These results indicate that high concentrations of toluene may directly target sperm in the epididymis and disrupt sperm maturation.

Relationship between the sperm motility index assessed by the sperm quality analyzer and the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection

PURPOSE

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been validated as a useful treatment in severe male-factor patients who could not achieve fertilization and live births by conventional in vitro fertilization treatment. To examine the impact of male factors on ICSI outcome, clinical laboratory data were retrospectively analyzed.

METHODS

One hundred two cycles of ICSI treatment indicated by severe male-factor infertility were entered into this study. Sperm parameters including sperm motility, sperm concentration, and sperm motility index assessed by the Sperm Quality Analyzer were evaluated.

RESULTS

Five hundred seventy-six metaphase II oocytes retrieved were manipulated. The normal fertilization (2 PN) rate per oocyte was 64.9 +/- 26.0% (mean +/- SD). Of the 99 transfers, 31 clinical pregnancies were obtained, yielding an average pregnancy rate of 31.3% per transfer. The mean sperm motility, sperm concentration, and sperm motility index were 20.3 +/- 16.1% (range, 0 to 50%), 18.2 +/- 25.1 x 10(6)/ml (range, < 1 to 150 x 10(6)/ml), and 31.2 +/- 45.0 (range, 0 to 220), respectively. Sperm concentration did not have a significant impact on fertilization rate by ICSI. In four cases, ICSI was performed using totally immotile sperm and the fertilization rate was 43.5%, which was significantly lower than that of some of the other sperm motility groups, and no pregnancy could be achieved. In 14 cases in which the sperm motility index assessed by the Sperm Quality Analyzer was 0, the fertilization rate (50.0%) was significantly lower than in most of the other sperm motility index groups.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that in severe male-factor cases with totally immotile sperm or a sperm motility index of 0, the selection of good-quality sperm should be verified before injection.

Analysis of in vitro migration patterns of human spermatozoa by a petri dish-based horizontal column

Spermatozoa are required to travel a considerable distance in vivo to meet the oocyte at the fertilization site. However, none of the existing in vitro tests critically evaluates migration of sperm to assess their potential of reaching the oocyte. On the other hand, an in vivo model is not suitable for this type of study because of ethical and technical constraints. In the present study we utilized a horizontal column technique to analyze sperm migration. Migratory characteristics of fresh, unwashed semen sperm and sperm undergoing various treatments were examined in vitro using a Petri dish-based horizontal fluid column. The procedure involved loading a sperm sample into the column and determining sperm concentration, motility, and viability at different column segments for different migration durations (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). All sperm samples produced an exponential migration pattern in all durations of migration. Propagation along the column edge, tendency to exit from the column, and hiding in the blind pouches were some of the important characteristic features exhibited by the migratory sperm. Variations in migration patterns were documented among semen donors, between fresh and frozen semen, and between washed and unwashed sperm. Prolonged postejaculation time diminished migratory potential. The recovery of sperm in the column end was independent of seminal variables with the exception of oligozoospermia. These observations suggest that the Petri dish-based horizontal column is effective for analyzing sperm migration characteristics for prolonged periods. The potential of this migration assay in predicting the in vivo potential of spermatozoa to reach the fertilization site will be worth exploring.

Evaluation of the SQA IIB: a new version of a sperm quality analyzer

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the SQA IIB (Sperm Quality Analyzer; MES-Medical Electronic Systems, Migdal Haemek, Israel), sperm analyzer that claims to read the three main sperm indices through algorithmic means and without a microscope.

DESIGN

Controlled laboratory study comparing two methods of sperm analysis.

SETTING

Academic environment.

PATIENT(S)

Twenty-six healthy volunteers.

INTERVENTION(S)

Samples from intact or manipulated specimens were analyzed with the standards of the World Health Organization and the SQA IIB.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Results by the two methods were compared and evaluated statistically.

RESULT(S)

Values from the SQA IIB deviated significantly from those obtained by the standard method for all three indices. Disagreement was more than twofold in 53% and more than threefold in 33% of cases. In specimens with <8% motility or total lack of motility, the SQA IIB showed zero concentration, zero motility, and no normal forms.

CONCLUSION(S)

Analysis of the three main sperm indices by the SQA IIB is of limited accuracy and reliability. The principle of an indirect evaluation through algorithmic means is inadequate. Because it may furnish misleading information, which is sometimes crucial for the treated couple, it is not suitable for screening and cannot be recommended for clinics, sperm banks, or research studies in andrology.

Use of a sperm analyzer for evaluating broiler breeder males. 1. Effects of altering sperm quality and quantity on the sperm motility index

A new instrument for assessing mammalian semen attributes, the Sperm Quality Analyzer, was evaluated as a potential tool for determining rooster sperm quality. The Sperm Quality Analyzer measures the "activity" of sperm in a semen sample as the sperm motility index (SMI). The SMI is defined as the number and amplitude of deflections in a light path per second as a result of sperm movement within a capillary tube. In the present study, effects of sperm concentration, viability, and motility on the SMI were evaluated. Peterson broiler breeder males (n = 40) were used as semen donors. In the initial experiment, semen was diluted from 2- to 25-fold and SMI readings were obtained. The SMI was very low in neat semen samples but increased when semen was diluted up to threefold. However, at dilutions greater than fivefold, the SMI decreased. Apparently, sperm concentration in undiluted semen is so great that sperm are unable to move freely within the capillary tube. Maximum SMI values were obtained at sperm concentrations of approximately 1 billion sperm per milliliter. When thawed, dead sperm were mixed with incubated, live sperm, the SMI decreased with decreasing sperm viability even though sperm concentration was constant. Obviously, fewer sperm move across the light beam as sperm mortality increases. When motile, aerobically incubated sperm were mixed at different rates with immotile, anaerobically incubated sperm samples, the SMI increased with increasing concentrations of motile sperm, whereas total sperm concentration was static. In addition, the SMI was strongly correlated with motility scores obtained by microscopic analysis. The Sperm Quality Analyzer provides an estimate of the overall quality of sperm from broiler breeder males by reflecting sperm concentration, viability, and motility in a single value, the SMI.

Performance of the sperm quality analyser in predicting the outcome of assisted reproduction

The present study was undertaken to assess the relationship between the results of conventional semen analysis and the sperm motility index (SMI) as measured by the sperm quality analyser (SQA), and to evaluate these in relation to the fertilization and/or pregnancy outcome of assisted reproduction. SMI determinations and conventional semen analyses were performed on 223 samples from subfertile men in two laboratories in Leuven (n = 136) and Antwerp (n = 87), and on spermatozoa prepared on a Percoll gradient (n = 136) used for treatment of male factor infertility in 57 cycles of intrauterine insemination (IUI), 44 attempts at in vitro fertilization (IVF) and 31 attempts at intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). SMI values for native semen correlated significantly with sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Multiple regression analysis revealed sperm concentration after preparation, and the concentration of motile spermatozoa with normal morphology and SMI (before preparation) to be the independent determinants for SMI after preparation. SMI values were significantly higher after, than before, preparation (p < 0.0001). In regular IVF (n = 44) the percentage of fertilized oocytes correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with sperm motility (A + B%, r = 0.33), with the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology (r = 0.46) before preparation, with the values of SMI both before and after preparation (r = 0.54, r = 0.48), with sperm concentration (r = 0.34) and with the motile sperm concentration (r = 0.29) after preparation. For the occurrence of pregnancy (all treatment methods), comparison of areas under ROC curves (AURC) indicated motile sperm concentration after preparation, as well as SMI both before and after preparation, to have the highest AURC, with no significant difference between these values as far as predictive power was concerned. These results indicate that the SQA allows for rapid evaluation of sperm characteristics and of the effectiveness of sperm preparation techniques. However, it is not superior to conventional semen analysis in predicting the outcome of assisted reproduction.

Effects of nitrogenous components of urine on sperm motility: an in vitro study

The effects of the major nitrogenous components of urine (ammonia, creatinine, urea and uric acid) on sperm motility were investigated. Semen samples were obtained by masturbation from a young volunteer with a normal spermiogram and fertility. Sperm motility was measured using a Sperm Quality Analyzer and Makler Chamber. When semen was mixed with a urine sample for which acidity and osmolality were adjusted to pH 7.5 and 340 mOsm/kg, the higher the concentration of the urine, the poorer the sperm motility. When solutions of various concentrations of the nitrogenous compounds which are excreted in urine were mixed with semen, sperm motility decreased in proportion to ammonia levels and was markedly decreased after 30 min. However, in the case of creatinine, urea and uric acid, good motility was maintained for 30 min regardless of their amounts. In conclusion, urine ammonia content is detrimental to sperm motility and may be an important factor in retrograde ejaculation.

Sperm motility index

Within 40 s the Sperm Quality Analyzer (United Medical Systems, Santa Ana, CA, USA) provides a numerical value called the sperm motility index. This index reflects both the concentration of motile sperm cells and the intensity of their motility and cannot be determined by conventional semen analysis. To assess the diagnostic value and reliability of the sperm motility index, 155 ejaculates were investigated by the sperm quality analyzer and routine manual methods. The sperm motility index shows a good correlation with sperm density, motility, morphology, which are crucial parameters for male fertility.

Measurement of the sperm motility index via the sperm quality analyzer and its relationship to other qualitative sperm parameters

Sperm parameters such as the concentration and percentage of motile spermatozoa are commonly used to assess semen quality. The sperm quality analyzer (SQA) is a device that detects variations in the optical density of motile spermatozoa, providing a sperm motility index (SMI) that is based on various sperm parameters including the concentration, morphology and acrosomal status of motile spermatozoa. The relationship between SMI values of frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa undergoing swelling in a hypoosmotic medium (100 mOsm/L) and other sperm parameters were evaluated. Frozen semen specimens from 3 bulls were thawed and washed with Ham's F-10 supplemented with 3% BSA and split into 3 (0.2 mL) aliquots. The aliquots were diluted with 1.0 mL of Ham's F-10 (Aliquot 1), isotonic sodium citrate (Aliquot 2), and hypotonic sodium citrate (Aliquot 3). The osmotic pressure of the media used for dilution of Aliquots 1 and 2 was 300 mOsm/L, while that for Aliquot 3 was 100 mOsm/L. Following dilution, the aliquots were incubated for 30 min and manually assessed at 5-min intervals for the percentage and grade of motility (Grades 0 to 4) as well as for the percentage of swollen spermatozoa. Sperm samples were simultaneously evaluated by SQA to obtain the SMI values at the same 5-min intervals during the 30-min incubation. Significant correlations were observed between SMI values and other sperm parameters in Aliquot 3 (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the SMI values obtained from frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa exposed to a 100 mOsm/L diluent, which causes optimal swelling of spermatozoa, are highly correlated to other sperm parameters. The SQA unit, as applied in this study, can be used for rapid and reliable screening of sperm samples.