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Shelling AN, Ahmed Nasef N. The Role of Lifestyle and Dietary Factors in the Development of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1601. [PMID: 37627595 PMCID: PMC10451748 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition that arises from dysfunction or early depletion of the ovarian follicle pool accompanied by an earlier-than-normal loss of fertility in young women. Oxidative stress has been suggested as an important factor in the decline of fertility in women and POI. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of oxidative stress implicated in ovarian ageing and dysfunction in relation to POI, in particular mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and inflammation. Genetic defects, autoimmunity and chemotherapy, are some of the reviewed hallmarks of POI that can lead to increased oxidative stress. Additionally, we highlight lifestyle factors, including diet, low energy availability and BMI, that can increase the risk of POI. The final section of this review discusses dietary factors associated with POI, including consumption of oily fish, mitochondria nutrient therapy, melatonin, dairy and vitamins that can be targeted as potential interventions, especially for at-risk women and in combination with personalised nutrition. Understanding the impact of lifestyle and its implications for POI and oxidative stress holds great promise in reducing the burden of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Shelling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Centre for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Tramice A, Paris D, Manca A, Guevara Agudelo FA, Petrosino S, Siracusa L, Carbone M, Melck D, Raymond F, Piscitelli F. Analysis of the oral microbiome during hormonal cycle and its alterations in menopausal women: the "AMICA" project. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22086. [PMID: 36543896 PMCID: PMC9772230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of human health is dependent on a symbiotic relationship between humans and associated bacteria. The diversity and abundance of each habitat's signature microbes vary widely among body areas and among them the oral microbiome plays a key role. Significant changes in the oral cavity, predominantly at salivary and periodontal level, have been associated with changes in estrogen levels. However, whether the oral microbiome is affected by hormonal level alterations is understudied. Hence the main objective pursued by AMICA project was to characterize the oral microbiome (saliva) in healthy women through: profiling studies using "omics" technologies (NMR-based metabolomics, targeted lipidomics by LC-MS, metagenomics by NGS); SinglePlex ELISA assays; glycosidase activity analyses and bioinformatic analysis. For this purpose, thirty-nine medically healthy women aged 26-77 years (19 with menstrual cycle and 20 in menopause) were recruited. Participants completed questionnaires assessing detailed medical and medication history and demographic characteristics. Plasmatic and salivary levels of sexual hormones were assessed (FSH, estradiol, LH and progesteron) at day 3 and 14 for women with menstrual cycle and only once for women in menopause. Salivary microbiome composition was assessed through meta-taxonomic 16S sequencing and overall, the salivary microbiome of most women remained relatively stable throughout the menstrual cycle and in menopause. Targeted lipidomics and untargeted metabolomics profiling were assessed through the use of LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy technologies, respectively and significant changes in terms of metabolites were identified in saliva of post-menopausal women in comparison to cycle. Moreover, glycosyl hydrolase activities were screened and showed that the β-D-hexosaminidase activity was the most present among those analyzed. Although this study has not identified significant alterations in the composition of the oral microbiome, multiomics analysis have revealed a strong correlation between 2-AG and α-mannosidase. In conclusion, the use of a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the oral microbiome of healthy women provided some indication about microbiome-derived predictive biomarkers that could be used in the future for developing new strategies to help to re-establish the correct hormonal balance in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tramice
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - D. Paris
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - A. Manca
- CNR Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Sassari, Italy
| | | | - S. Petrosino
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy ,Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo (PD), Italy
| | - L. Siracusa
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - M. Carbone
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - D. Melck
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - F. Raymond
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Université Laval, Québéc City, Canada
| | - F. Piscitelli
- grid.473581.c0000 0004 1761 6004CNR Istituto Di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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Yamakawa M, Wada K, Nakashima Y, Nagata C. Dietary lactose and galactose intakes are associated with a later onset of natural menopause among women in a Japanese community. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35945659 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Galactose and its metabolites, primarily derived from lactose, may have toxic effects on the ovary. We aimed to prospectively examine the associations of galactose and lactose intakes with the onset of natural menopause. The data of a population-based cohort study in a Japanese community (the Takayama study) initiated in 1992 were analysed, with follow-up data collected in 2002. Among the participants of the Takayama study, premenopausal women (n 3115) aged 35-56 years at baseline were included in this study. Dietary intake, including lactose and galactose was assessed only at baseline using a FFQ. The menopausal status and age at menopause were determined based on the participants' self-reports, and natural menopause was defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 months or more. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. A total of 1790 women experienced natural menopause within the 10-year follow-up. Lactose and galactose intakes were associated with a later onset of natural menopause after adjusting for potential confounding factors and the HR (95 % CI) for the highest v. lowest quartile were 0·80 (0·69, 0·92) (P-trend = 0·001) in lactose and 0·86 (0·74, 1·00) in galactose (P-trend = 0·036), respectively. High intakes of lactose and galactose were associated with a later onset of natural menopause. Despite the presumed ovotoxicity effects, lactose and galactose intakes at usual levels may not be deleterious to the ovarian aging process among Japanese community-dwelling women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Yamakawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuma Nakashima
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Rostami Dovom M, Noroozzadeh M, Mosaffa N, Piryaei A, Zadeh-Vakili A, Aabdollahifar MA, Rahmati M, Farhadi-Azar M, Ramezani Tehrani F. Maternal Exposure to D-galactose Reduces Ovarian Reserve in Female Rat Offspring Later in Life. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2022; 20:e123206. [PMID: 35993036 PMCID: PMC9383541 DOI: 10.5812/ijem-123206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embryonic life is critical for the formation of ovaries in mammals, and the intrauterine environment may affect ovarian reserve. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the impact of prenatal D-galactose exposure on ovarian reserve in female rat offspring in their later lives. METHODS Ten pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. In one group, rats were fed with 35% D-galactose-enriched food from the third day to the end of pregnancy, and in the other group, rats were fed with a standard diet throughout pregnancy. Female offspring (prenatally galactose-exposed rats and non-exposed control rats) were examined in terms of hormonal levels [anti-Mullerian hormones (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2)] and ovarian histology at 45 - 50, 105 - 110, and 180 - 185 days of their age. RESULTS The number of primordial follicles significantly decreased time-dependently in prenatally galactose-exposed rats compared to controls (P-value = 0.002). In addition, decreases in AMH (3.25 vs. 7.5 ng/mL; P = 0.000) and E2 (7.9 vs. 19.5 pg/mL; P = 0.000) and increases in FSH (6.5 vs. 0.8 mIU/mL; P < 0.007) were observed in galactose-exposed rats compared to controls at 45 - 50 days of age. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to D-galactose negatively affects ovarian reserve in female rats in their later lives. However, further investigation is needed to confirm our findings and explore underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rostami Dovom
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Noroozzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Mosaffa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Amin Aabdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rahmati
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking is associated with increased follicle-stimulating hormone levels and early menopause. Smoking may directly accelerate ovarian follicular depletion or may act indirectly by increasing the pituitary production of follicle-stimulating hormone. Antimüllerian hormone (AMH), produced by ovarian follicles, is a more direct measure of ovarian reserve. The objective of our study was to determine the extent to which smoking influences ovarian reserve, as measured by AMH levels. METHODS A community sample of 284 women aged 38 to 50 years completed a self-administered questionnaire including a detailed smoking history. Serum AMH levels were measured on day 2, 3, or 4 of the menstrual cycle. The association between AMH and smoking was analyzed using linear regression, adjusting for age and body mass index. RESULTS Participants aged 38 to 42, 43 to 45, and 46 to 50 years had geometric mean AMH values of 6.7 pM (95% CI, 5.2-8.7 pM), 2.7 pM (95% CI, 1.9-3.8 pM), and 1.3 pM (95% CI, 1.0-1.7 pM), respectively. Current smokers, but not past smokers, had 44% lower AMH values than did the reference group (participants with neither active nor former or passive smoke exposure; P = 0.04). Passive smoking had no effect on AMH values when compared with the reference group (P = 0.55). The impact of smoking on AMH values was not dose dependent based on cigarettes per day (P = 0.08) or pack-years (P = 0.22). Finally, prenatal exposure to smoking (either maternal or paternal) had no impact on AMH levels (P = 0.47 and P = 0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Active smoking, but not former smoking, is associated with decreased AMH values in late-reproductive-age and perimenopausal women, suggesting a possible direct effect of smoking on the depletion of the antral but not primordial follicles. The direct impact of active smoking on AMH levels in younger women requires further investigation.
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Sanders RD, Spencer JB, Epstein MP, Pollak SV, Vardhana PA, Lustbader JW, Fridovich-Keil JL. Biomarkers of ovarian function in girls and women with classic galactosemia. Fertil Steril 2008; 92:344-51. [PMID: 18684449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) associated with classic galactosemia results from a true impairment of ovarian function or from aberrant FSH. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Study subjects included 35 girls and women with galactosemia and 43 control girls and women between the ages of <1 and 51 years. INTERVENTION(S) Blood sampling and medical and reproductive histories were obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT(S) We determined FSH and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in subjects with and without classic galactosemia. FSH bioactivity was measured in a subset of girls and women with and without galactosemia who were not on hormone therapy. RESULT(S) FSH levels were significantly higher and AMH levels were significantly lower in our galactosemic cases relative to controls. FSH bioactivity did not significantly differ between cases and controls. CONCLUSION(S) Close to 90% of girls and women with classic galactosemia have a profound absence of ovarian function, a deficit that is evident shortly after birth, if not before. These patients have no evidence of abnormally functioning FSH. AMH levels can be assessed before menarche or after initiation of hormone therapy and may supplement FSH as a useful blood biomarker of ovarian function for patients with classic galactosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Sanders
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is gonadal failure before the age of 40 years. Several rare causes have been discovered yet we still fail to identify the cause in many cases. Although it was once thought to be a permanent condition, a substantial number of patients experience spontaneous remissions and even pregnancy. HRT remains the cornerstone of treatment and the only proven method of achieving pregnancy in these patients is by ovum donation. New alternatives to HRT and fertility preservation are under development. Basic understanding of ovarian physiology and pathogenesis of POF is necessary for the development of newer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sinha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Conquest Hospital, St Leonard's on Sea, UK.
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8
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Forges T, Monnier-Barbarino P, Leheup B, Jouvet P. Pathophysiology of impaired ovarian function in galactosaemia. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12:573-84. [PMID: 16835432 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical galactosaemia is an inherited inborn error of the major galactose assimilation pathway, caused by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency. Many GALT mutations have been described, with different clinical consequences. In severe forms, newborns present with a life-threatening, acute toxic syndrome that rapidly regresses under a galactose-restricted diet. However, long-term complications, particularly cognitive and motor abnormalities, as well as hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism in female patients are still unavoidable. The pathogenesis of galactose-induced ovarian toxicity remains unclear but probably involves galactose itself and its metabolites such as galactitol and UDP-galactose. Possible mechanisms of ovarian damage include direct toxicity of galactose and metabolites, deficient galactosylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids, oxidative stress and activation of apoptosis. As there is no aetiological treatment, clinical management of ovarian failure in galactosaemic patients principally relies on hormonal replacement therapy to induce pubertal development and to prevent bone loss and other consequences of estrogen deprivation. Further investigations will be necessary to better understand the metabolic flux of galactose through its biochemical pathways and the mechanisms of these secondary complications. The aim of this article is to present an extensive review on the pathogenesis and clinical management of galactose-induced premature ovarian failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Forges
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Maternité Régionale Universitaire, Nancy Cedex, France.
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Mlinar B, Gersak K, Karas N, Zitnik IP, Battelino T, Lukac-Bajalo J. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase gene mutations in women with premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2005; 84:253-5. [PMID: 16009197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We determined the frequency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase gene mutations: Q188R, K285N, and the Duarte allelle in 86 patients with idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF) and 95 controls. No association of the mutations with POF was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mlinar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Forges T, Monnier-Barbarino P. [Premature ovarian failure in galactosaemia: pathophysiology and clinical management]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2003; 51:47-56. [PMID: 12628293 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(02)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Classic galactosaemia is a rare aetiology of premature ovarian failure. It is caused by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency and leads to a severe disease in the newborn. This acute toxic syndrome will completely regress under a galactose-free diet, but some long-term complications, particularly hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in female patients, are frequently observed. Ovarian toxicity could be due to intracellular accumulation of galactose metabolites or to deficient glycosylation reactions. Moreover, the tremendous follicular decrease in the galactosaemic ovary could also involve programmed cell death (apoptosis). As the exact mechanisms of this ovarian injury are still unknown, there is no prevention of follicular loss, thus clinical management especially includes hormonal replacement therapy in order to prevent bone loss and cardiovascular risks and sometimes to allow patients to become pregnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Forges
- Centre d'assistance médicale à la procréation, maternité régionale et universitaire A. Pinard, 10, rue du Dr Heydenreich, 54042 cedex, Nancy, France.
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Luborsky JL, Meyer P, Sowers MF, Gold EB, Santoro N. Premature menopause in a multi-ethnic population study of the menopause transition. Hum Reprod 2003; 18:199-206. [PMID: 12525467 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature menopause, also termed premature ovarian failure (POF), is characterized by cessation of menstruation before the age of 40 years. Little information is available on the general prevalence of POF or on the prevalence by ethnic group. There is also a lack of information on the association of POF with health indicators. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of women aged 40-55 years was conducted at seven sites in the USA to determine eligibility for a community-based, multi-ethnic longitudinal study of the peri-menopause (The Study of Women Across the Nation, SWAN). Interview data were used to (i). determine the prevalence of self-reported POF overall and by ethnic group, and (ii). assess the association of POF with selected self-reported variables related to health. Cases of POF included only women with no discernible cause for POF. RESULTS POF was reported by 1.1% (126/11 652) of women. By ethnicity, 1.0% (95% CI, 0.7-1.4) of Caucasian, 1.4% (95% CI, 1.0-2.1) of African American, 1.4% (95% CI, 0.8-2.5) of Hispanic, 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1-1.9) of Chinese and 0.1% (95% CI, 0.02-1.1) of Japanese women experienced POF. The differences in frequency across ethnic groups were statistically significant (P = 0.01). Only Caucasian, African American and Hispanic women were included in further analyses since too few Asian women had POF. In a multivariate model, POF was independently associated with osteoporosis, female hormone use (excluding oral contraceptives), higher body mass index (BMI) and current smoking after adjustment for education level, ability to pay for basics, site and age at interview. In Caucasian women, use of female hormones, osteoporosis, severe disability and smoking were significantly associated with POF. In contrast, POF in African American women was associated with higher BMI and female hormone use, but not osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of POF appears to vary by ethnicity. Health factors associated with POF also vary by ethnicity but because of the cross-sectional study design, it is not possible to determine cause and effect relationships. Health risks of POF would benefit from further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Luborsky
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Luborsky J. Ovarian autoimmune disease and ovarian autoantibodies. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2002; 11:585-99. [PMID: 12396892 DOI: 10.1089/152460902760360540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection of specific autoantibodies remains the most practical clinical and research marker of autoimmune disease. The lack of consensus on ovary specific antibodies as a marker for ovarian autoimmunity has clinical and research consequences. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence for ovarian autoimmunity and the detection of ovary specific autoantibodies in humans. Evidence favors the presence of an autoimmune disease of the ovary. Ovarian autoantibodies are associated primarily with premature ovarian failure (POF) and unexplained infertility. Variations in detection of ovarian autoantibodies are likely to be due to study design elements such as antibody test format, antigen preparation, and criteria for study and comparison groups. In addition, multiple targets appear to be involved in ovarian autoimmunity including ovarian cellular elements and oocyte related antigens. Many studies only assess one target antigen, leaving individuals with ovarian autoimmunity unidentified. The next most significant advance in characterizing ovarian autoimmunity will be definitive identification of the specific antigens and development of standardized tests based on use of specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Luborsky
- Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical College, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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13
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Abstract
The underlying cause of the menopausal transition is a dwindling supply of FSH-responsive follicles available for ovulation. Additional factors may include dysregulation of existing follicles and concurrent follicle and oocyte deficits that may be strictly anatomic or consequences of the hormonal milieu. In the early transition, menstrual irregularity is infrequent but cycle length shortens by 1-4 days. Oestrogen production may be overall elevated, even in ovulatory cycles. As anovulatory cycles become more common, and amenorrhoea of greater duration, evidence of impaired hypothalamic-pituitary function is present. Oestradiol has been implicated as an agent responsible for the impaired positive feedback response. A model of the early menopausal transition suggests that the loss of FSH restraint by the inhibins, due to a critically diminished follicle pool, is the early event that precedes overt follicle failure and may initiate intervals of hyperoestrogenaemia. The hormonal fluctuations in the early and late menopausal transition may account for some of the signs and symptoms seen during these phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Zapantis
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Santoro
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Mazer 325, Bronx, NY 10461;
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15
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Martin A, Rambal C, Berger V, Perier S, Louisot P. Availability of specific sugars for glycoconjugate biosynthesis: a need for further investigations in man. Biochimie 1998; 80:75-86. [PMID: 9587665 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(98)80059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We review the metabolism of specific sugars used for protein glycosylation, focusing on the fate of exogenously provided sugars. Theoretically, all glycoprotein sugars can derive from glucose, but previous studies show that other exogenous sugars can be incorporated into glycoproteins. From data obtained in congenital galactosemia, exogenous galactose may be important for correct glycosylation. Contrary to galactose, the metabolism of other sugars seems to depend on insulin regulation: stimulation of their endogenous production in diabetic subjects might participate in some diabetic complications, precluding the need for an exogenous supply. The metabolic fate of these sugars is different according to the administration route and exogenous supply may be important either in enteral nutrition or in some clinical situations as has been suggested for sialic acid in the newborn. Data in man are too sparse to reach firm conclusions, implying a need for further investigations. Our preliminary results in animals and man demonstrate that stable isotope methodology allows one to trace glycoprotein sugar metabolism in nutritionally relevant conditions with accuracy and sensitivity, using doses of specific sugars well below toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martin
- INSERM-CNRS U189, Lyon-Sub Medical School, Oullins, France
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16
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Cooper GS, Busby MG, Fairchild AP. Measurement of lactose consumption reliability and comparison of two methods. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5:473-7. [PMID: 8680610 DOI: 10.1016/1047-2797(95)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of lactose consumption measured with a food-frequency questionnaire and to compare food-frequency data to prospectively recorded data. A self-administered food-frequency questionnaire (FF1) was completed by 295 women ages 38 to 49. Two months later, 75 received the same food-frequency questionnaire (FF2), and 75 received a 1-week diet diary listing 23 commonly eaten lactose-containing foods. Estimated mean intake of lactose was 16.1 g/d with FF1. Intake was slightly (but not significantly) higher at follow-up: Mean difference (95% confidence interval) was 1.4 (-0.8, 3.7) g/d for FF2 versus FF1, and 0.5 g (1.3, 2.3) g/d for the diet diary versus FF1. A moderate level of correlation was found: r = 0.57 between FF1 and FF2, and r = 0.65 between FF1 and the diet diary. Smaller subsets of items (n = 15 and n = 7) could be used to estimate lactose, with 89% and 82% agreement within tertiles, respectively. Since relatively few foods contain substantial amounts of lactose, a limited food-frequency or structured diary may be useful in research studies on the association between lactose consumption and ovarian cancer or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Cooper
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Barbieri RL, Gao X, Xu H, Cramer DW. Effects of previous use of oral contraceptives on early follicular phase follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil Steril 1995; 64:689-92. [PMID: 7672135 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if previous oral contraceptive (OC) use is associated with changes in early follicular phase FSH, LH or E2. DESIGN A cross-sectional study examining determinants of early follicular phase hormone levels. SUBJECTS Subjects included 106 premenopausal women with a family history of ovarian cancer and 116 premenopausal women without this history who were not taking OCs currently. All subjects completed a structured interview and gave an early follicular phase blood sample. SETTING Gynecologic Epidemiology Center and Familial Ovarian Cancer Research Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, and E2 were measured in early follicular phase plasma samples. RESULTS Recency or length of prior OC use did not affect early follicular phase LH or E2 levels. Length of OC use did not affect FSH levels in all subjects; but lower levels of FSH were observed in women over age 45 who had used OCs for > 5 years. Early follicular phase FSH is lower in women with OC use within the past 5 years compared with women with more remote use or who never used OCs, after adjustment for age, smoking, and family history status. CONCLUSIONS Past use of OCs may have a residual effect on basal FSH levels in women not using them currently that depends on recency of use and to a lesser extent duration of prior use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Barbieri
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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