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Bügel P, Krummenacher I, Weigend F, Eichhöfer A. Experimental and theoretical evidence for low-lying excited states in [Cr 6E 8(PEt 3) 6] (E = S, Se, Te) cluster molecules. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14568-14580. [PMID: 36074758 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three [Cr6E8(PEt3)6] cluster molecules with E = S, Se, and Te have been synthesized by reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Cr(II) and Cr(III) metal salts with silylated chalcogen reagents E(SiMe3)2 (E = S, Se, Te) in the presence of L = PEt3 = triethylphosphine. For the sulfide- and selenide-bridged clusters two crystallographic forms (trigonal R3̄ and triclinic P1̄), which differ in the presence of lattice solvent molecules, have been isolated. Structural data, optical spectra and quantum chemical calculations reveal the presence of low-lying excited states in [Cr6E8(PEt3)6] (E = S, Se), which would help in rationalizing the non-vanishing magnetic moments at 2 K revealed by DC magnetic measurements and EPR spectroscopy. These findings are partially in contrast to a previous report by Saito and co-workers (S. Kamiguchi, H. Imoto, T. Saito, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 37, 6852-6857.), who postulated an incorporated hydrogen atom as the source of paramagnetism at low temperatures for the trigonal forms of [Cr6E8(PEt3)6] (E = S, Se).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bügel
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eichhöfer
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Liu G, Pinkard A, Ciborowski SM, Chauhan V, Zhu Z, Aydt AP, Khanna SN, Roy X, Bowen KH. Tuning the electronic properties of hexanuclear cobalt sulfide superatoms via ligand substitution. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1760-1766. [PMID: 30842842 PMCID: PMC6369407 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03862g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic properties of the Co6S8L8 superatom can be tuned by changing its ligand composition while maintaining its electron count and closed shell.
Molecular clusters are attractive superatomic building blocks for creating materials with tailored properties due to their unique combination of atomic precision, tunability and functionality. The ligands passivating these superatomic clusters offer an exciting opportunity to control their electronic properties while preserving their closed shells and electron counts, which is not achievable in conventional atoms. Here we demonstrate this concept by measuring the anion photoelectron spectra of a series of hexanuclear cobalt sulfide superatomic clusters with different ratios of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing ligands, Co6S8(PEt3)6–x(CO)x (x = 0–3). We find that Co6S8(PEt3)6 has a low electron affinity (EA) of 1.1 eV, and that the successive replacement of PEt3 ligands with CO gradually shifts its electronic spectrum to lower energy and increases its EA to 1.8 eV. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the increase of EA results from a monotonic lowering of the cluster highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO). Our work provides unique insights into the electronic structure and tunability of superatomic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
| | - Andrew Pinkard
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Sandra M Ciborowski
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
| | - Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , 701 W. Grace St. , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , USA .
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , 701 W. Grace St. , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , USA .
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , USA .
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Hong MC, Huang ZY, Lei XJ, Wei GW, Kang BS, Liu HQ. A cobalt-selenium cluster with triethylphosphine: preparation and structure of Co6(μ3-Se)8(PEt3)6·THF. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19910090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hong MC, Huang ZY, Lei XJ, Kang BS, Jiang FL, Liu HQ. Synthetic and structural chemistry of hexacobalt cluster compounds II. Preparation and structure of Co6(μ-S)8 (Ph2PCH2P(O)Ph2)6. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19910090508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lei XJ, Jiang FL, Wu DX, Hong MC, Huang ZY, Liu HQ. Synthesis and crystal structure of [V2(μ-S2)2(S2CNEt2)4] · 2CH3Cl. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19930110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Szczepura LF, Ketcham KA, Ooro BA, Edwards JA, Templeton JN, Cedeño DL, Jircitano AJ. Synthesis and Study of Hexanuclear Molybdenum Clusters Containing Thiolate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7271-8. [PMID: 18646747 DOI: 10.1021/ic800613d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F. Szczepura
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
| | - Karen A. Ketcham
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
| | - Betty A. Ooro
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
| | - Julia A. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
| | - Jeffrey N. Templeton
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
| | - David L. Cedeño
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
| | - Alan J. Jircitano
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 4160, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, and School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563
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Dyson PJ, McIndoe JS. An Octahedral Rhodium Cluster with Six Phosphine and 12 Hydride Ligands and 10 Too Few Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:6028-30. [PMID: 15538758 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-BCH, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Dyson PJ, McIndoe JS. Ein oktaedrischer Rhodium-Cluster mit sechs Phosphan- und zwölf Hydridliganden, dem zehn Elektronen fehlen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Crawford NRM, Hee AG, Long JR. Cluster synthesis via ligand-arrested solid growth: triethylphosphine-capped fragments of binary metal chalcogenides. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:14842-3. [PMID: 12475314 DOI: 10.1021/ja027862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new and potentially highly generalizable technique for synthesizing molecular fragments of binary solids is demonstrated through application to selected transition metal chalcogenides. Employing a metal atom reactor, the solids are evaporated with a tungsten heating boat, and the resulting vapor is co-condensed with triethylphosphine. Major cluster products identified from a survey of first-row transition metal sulfides include the known species Cr6S8(PEt3)6, Co6S8(PEt3)6, and Cu12S6(PEt3)8, as well as the unprecedented species Fe4S4(PBun3)4, Ni4S4(PEt3)8, and Cu6S4(PEt3)4. Reactions utilizing Cu2Se resulted in the much larger clusters Cu26Se13(PEt3)14 and Cu70Se35(PEt3)21. The core of the former has a Th-symmetry structure featuring a body-centered icosahedron of Se2- anions, while the latter adopts a triangular structure based on three hexagonal closest packed layers of Se2- anions. In both cases, the Cu+ cations occupy distorted tetrahedral or trigonal planar sites similar to those encountered in Cu2Se; however, emergence of the face-centered cubic anion lattice of the bulk solid is not yet apparent at these cluster sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Tsuge K, Imoto H, Saito T. Syntheses, Structures, and Molecular-Orbital Calculations of Chromium Chevrel-Type Cluster Complexes [Cr6E8(PR3)6] (E = S, PR3= PEt3, PMe3; E = Se, PR3= PEt3, PMe3, PMe2Ph). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1996. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.69.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Corrigan JF, Balter S, Fenske D. Synthesis and structural characterisation of new copper–tellurium clusters: TeBun(SiMe3) as a source of RTe–and Te2–ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9960000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cecconi F, Ghilardi CA, Midollini S, Orlandini A, Bencini A. Synthesis of the cobalt–tellurium ‘stellated’ octahedral clusters [Co6(µ3-Te)8(PEt3)6]n+(n= 1 or 2). Molecular structure of [Co6(µ3-Te)8(PEt3)6][PF6]2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9960003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stuczynski S, Kwon YU, Steigerwald M. The use of phosphine chalcogenides in the preparation of cobalt chalcogenides. J Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(93)80120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jiang F, Lei X, Hong M, Huang Z, Kang B, Liu H. A low-valence cobalt cluster formed via capture of sulphur atom from ethanedithiol - synthesis and crystal structure of [Co7(μ4-S)3(μ3-S)3(PPh3)6Br] · CH3OH. J Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(93)80301-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bencini A, Midollini S. Some synthetic and theoretical aspects of the chemistry of polynuclear transition-metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(92)80048-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Synthesis and structural characterization of a monocapped-prismane cobalt cluster [Co77(μ4-S)3(μ3-S)3(PPh3)4Br1.5Cl1.5]. Polyhedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)83182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hong M, Huang Z, Lei X, Wei G, Kang B, Liu H. Syntheses, properties and X-ray crystal structures of hexanuclear cobalt-chalcogen clusters Co6S8(PPh3)6 and Co6Se8(PPh3)6·THF. Polyhedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A new cobalt-sulfur cluster with triphenyl-phosphine. Preparation and structure of Co6S8(PPh3)6. Inorganica Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fenske D, Ohmer J, Hachgenei J, Merzweiler K. Neue Übergangsmetallcluster-Komplexe mit Liganden der fünften und sechsten Hauptgruppe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19881001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zanello P. Electrochemistry of metal-sulfur clusters: stereochemical consequences of thermodynamically characterized redox changes. Coord Chem Rev 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(88)80024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Synthesis, properties and structures of the two “electron rich” cobalt-sulphur clusters [Co6(μ3-S)8(PEt3)6]1+,0. Polyhedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)87133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fenske D, Ohmer J, Hachgenei J. Neue Co- und Ni-Cluster mit Se und PPh3 als Liganden: [Co4(μ3-Se)4(PPh3)4], [Co6(μ3-Se)8(PPh3)6], [Co9(μ4-Se)3(μ3-Se)8(PPh3)6] und [Ni34(μ5-Se)2(μ4-Se)20(PPh3)10]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19850971131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fenske D, Hachgenei J, Ohmer J. Neue Cluster des Cobalts und Nickels mit S und PPh3 als Liganden; Kristallstrukturen von [Co7S6(PPh3)5Cl2], [Co6S8(PPh3)6]+[CoCl3(thf)]−, [Ni8S6Cl2(PPh3)6] und [Ni8S5(PPh3)7]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19850970808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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