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May AM, Dempsey JL. A new era of LMCT: leveraging ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited states for photochemical reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6661-6678. [PMID: 38725519 PMCID: PMC11079626 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05268k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excited states are capable of undergoing a wide array of photochemical reactions, yet receive minimal attention compared to other charge transfer excited states. This work provides general criteria for designing transition metal complexes that exhibit low energy LMCT excited states and routes to drive photochemistry from these excited states. General design principles regarding metal identity, oxidation state, geometry, and ligand sets are summarized. Fundamental photoreactions from these states including visible light-induced homolysis, excited state electron transfer, and other photoinduced chemical transformations are discussed and key design principles for enabling these photochemical reactions are further highlighted. Guided by these fundamentals, this review outlines critical considerations for the future design and application of coordination complexes with LMCT excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie May
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-3290 USA
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2
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Rodriguez TM, Deegbey M, Jakubikova E, Dempsey JL. The ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited state of [Re(dmpe) 3] 2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 151:155-161. [PMID: 34258679 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions of [Re(dmpe)3]2+ (dmpe = bis-1,2-(dimethylphosphino)ethane) were interrogated using UV/Vis absorbance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and time-dependent density functional theory. The solvent dependence of the lowest energy charge transfer transition was quantified; no solvatochromism was observed. TD-DFT calculations reveal the dominant LMCT transition is highly symmetric and delocalized involving all phopshine ligand donors in the charge transfer, providing an understanding for the absence of solvatochromism of [Re(dmpe)3]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayliz M Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Mawuli Deegbey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA.
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3
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Chábera P, Lindh L, Rosemann NW, Prakash O, Uhlig J, Yartsev A, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P. Photofunctionality of iron(III) N-heterocyclic carbenes and related d transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Saldías M, Manzur J, Palacios RE, Gómez ML, Fuente JDL, Günther G, Pizarro N, Vega A. The binuclear dual emitter [Br(CO) 3Re(PN)(NP)Re(CO) 3Br] (PN): 3-chloro-6-(4-diphenylphosphinyl)butoxypyridazine, a new bridging P,N-bidentate ligand resulting from the ring opening of tetrahydrofuran. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:1567-1576. [PMID: 28091640 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diphenylphosphide unexpectedly provokes the ring-opening of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and by reaction with 3,6-dichloropyridazine leads to the formation of the ligand 3-chloro-6-(4-diphenylphosphinyl)butoxypyridazine (P⋯N), which was isolated. The reaction of this ligand with the (Re(CO)3(THF)Br)2 dimer yields the novel complex [Br(CO)3Re(μ-3-chloro-6-(4-diphenylphosphinyl)butoxypyridazine)2Re(CO)3Br] (BrRe(P⋯N)(N⋯P)ReBr), which was crystallized in the form of a chloroform solvate, (C46H40Br2Cl2N4O8P2Re2)·(CHCl3). The monoclinic crystal (P21/n) displays a bimetallic cage structure with a symmetry inversion centre in the middle of the rhenium to rhenium line. The molecule shows two oxidation signals occurring at +1.50 V and +1.76 V which were assigned to the ReI/ReII and ReII/ReIII metal-centered couples, respectively, while signals observed at -1.38 V and -1.68 V were assigned to ligand centered reductions. Experimental and DFT/TDDFT results indicate that the UV-Vis absorption maximum of BrRe(P⋯N)(N⋯P)ReBr occurring near 380 nm displays a metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character, which is consistent with CV results. Upon excitation at this wavelength, a weak emission (Φem < 1 × 10-3) is observed around 580 nm (in dichloromethane) which decays with two distinct lifetimes τ1 and τ2 of 24 and 4.7 ns, respectively. The prevalence of non-radiative deactivation pathways is consistent with efficient internal conversion induced by the high conformational flexibility of the P⋯N ligand's long carbon chain. Measurements in a frozen solvent at 77 K, where vibrational deactivation is hindered, show intense emission associated with the 3MLCT state. These results demonstrate that BrRe(P⋯N)(N⋯P)ReBr preserves the dual emitting nature previously reported for the mononuclear complex RePNBr, with emission associated with and states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Saldías
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Jorge Manzur
- Universidad De Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Departamento de Ciencias de los Materiales, Av. Tupper 2460, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo E Palacios
- Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto y CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitario, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto y CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Departamento de Química, Campus Universitario, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julio De La Fuente
- Universidad De Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Günther
- Universidad De Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nancy Pizarro
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Andrés Vega
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile. and Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Chile
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5
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Adams JJ, Arulsamy N, Sullivan BP, Roddick DM, Neuberger A, Schmehl RH. Homoleptic Tris-Diphosphine Re(I) and Re(II) Complexes and Re(II) Photophysics and Photochemistry. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11136-49. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amelia Neuberger
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Russell H. Schmehl
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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Pizarro N, Duque M, Chamorro E, Nonell S, Manzur J, de la Fuente JR, Günther G, Cepeda-Plaza M, Vega A. Dual Emission of a Novel (P,N) ReI Complex: A Computational and Experimental Study on [P,N-{(C6H5)2(C5H4N)P}Re(CO)3Br]. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3929-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512614w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Pizarro
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mario Duque
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut
Quimic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzur
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Los Materiales,
Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Av. Tupper 2069, Santiago, Chile
- Centro
para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio R. de la Fuente
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de
Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Germán Günther
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de
Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Chile
| | - Marjorie Cepeda-Plaza
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Vega
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro
para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
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Schroll CA, Chatterjee S, Heineman WR, Bryan SA. Semi-Infinite Linear Diffusion Spectroelectrochemistry on an Aqueous Micro-Drop. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4214-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200551n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Schroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Messersmith SJ, Kirschbaum K, Kirchhoff JR. Luminescent Low-Valent Rhenium Complexes with 1,2-Bis(dialkylphosphino)ethane Ligands. Synthesis and X-ray Crystallographic, Electrochemical, and Spectroscopic Characterization. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:3857-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902549b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon R. Kirchhoff
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
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9
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Morris L, Seliskar C, Heineman W, Del Negro A, Bryan S. Absorbance-Based Spectroelectrochemical Sensor for [Re(dmpe)3]+(dmpe=dimethylphosphinoethane). ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Juliarena M, Lezna R, Ruiz G, Féliz M, Ferraudi G, Wolcan E. On the nature of the redox products of 4-((CH3)2N)C6H4–CO2−and 4-((CH3)2N)C6H4–CO2–Re(CO)3(1,10-phenanthroline): A spectroelectrochemical, pulse radiolysis and flash photochemical study. Polyhedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Del Negro AS, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR, Hightower SE, Bryan SA, Sullivan BP. Highly Oxidizing Excited States of Re and Tc Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:16494-5. [PMID: 17177386 DOI: 10.1021/ja067114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Like the Re analogue, the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excited-state of [Tc(dmpe)3]2+ (dmpe is bis-1,2-(dimethylphosphino)ethane) is luminescent in solution at room temperature. Surprisingly, both [M(dmpe)3]2+* species have extremely large excited-state potentials (ESPs) as oxidants-the highest for any simple coordination complex of a transition metal. Furthermore, this potential is available using a photon of visible light (calculated for M = Re(Tc); E1/2* = +2.61(2.52) V versus SCE; lambdamax = 526(585) nm). Using a Rehm-Weller analysis with a series of aromatic hydrocarbons as electron-transfer quenchers, E1/2(Re2+*/Re+) has been determined to be 2.58 V, in good agreement with the calculated value. Both [M(dmpe)3]2+* species are quenched by chloride ion and both can function as excited-state oxidants in water solution.
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Hu Z, Seliskar CJ, Heineman WR. Voltammetry of [Re(DMPE)3]+ at Ionomer-Entrapped Composite-Modified Electrodes. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9806409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Carl J. Seliskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
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