1
|
Lendino A, Castellanos AA, Pigott DM, Han BA. A review of emerging health threats from zoonotic New World mammarenaviruses. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:115. [PMID: 38575867 PMCID: PMC10993514 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite repeated spillover transmission and their potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human hosts, the New World mammarenaviruses remain largely understudied. These viruses are endemic to South America, with animal reservoir hosts covering large geographic areas and whose transmission ecology and spillover potential are driven in part by land use change and agriculture that put humans in regular contact with zoonotic hosts.We compiled published studies about Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Chapare virus, Sabia virus, and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus to review the state of knowledge about the viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by New World mammarenaviruses. We summarize what is known about rodent reservoirs, the conditions of spillover transmission for each of these pathogens, and the characteristics of human populations at greatest risk for hemorrhagic fever diseases. We also review the implications of repeated outbreaks and biosecurity concerns where these diseases are endemic, and steps that countries can take to strengthen surveillance and increase capacity of local healthcare systems. While there are unique risks posed by each of these six viruses, their ecological and epidemiological similarities suggest common steps to mitigate spillover transmission and better contain future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Lendino
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute for Public Health, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manning JT, Maruyama J, Wanninger T, Reyna RA, Stevenson HL, Peng BH, Mantlo EK, Huang C, Paessler S. The roles of XJ13 and XJ44-specific mutations within the Candid #1 GPC in Junin virus attenuation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172792. [PMID: 37334351 PMCID: PMC10272451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) is a member of the Arenaviridae family of viruses and is the pathogen responsible for causing Argentine hemorrhagic fever, a potentially lethal disease endemic to Argentina. A live attenuated vaccine for human use, called Candid#1, is approved only in Argentina. Candid#1 vaccine strain of Junin virus was obtained through serial passage in mouse brain tissues followed by passage in Fetal Rhesus macaque lung fibroblast (FRhL) cells. Previously, the mutations responsible for attenuation of this virus in Guinea pigs were mapped in the gene encoding for glycoprotein precursor (GPC) protein. The resulting Candid#1 glycoprotein complex has been shown to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in vitro resulting in the degradation of the GPC. To evaluate the attenuating properties of specific mutations within GPC, we created recombinant viruses expressing GPC mutations specific to key Candid#1 passages and evaluated their pathogenicity in our outbred Hartley guinea pig model of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Here, we provide evidence that early mutations in GPC obtained through serial passaging attenuate the visceral disease and increase immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Specific mutations acquired prior to the 13th mouse brain passage (XJ13) are responsible for attenuation of the visceral disease while having no impact on the neurovirulence of Junin virus. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that the mutation within an N-linked glycosylation motif, acquired prior to the 44th mouse brain passage (XJ44), is unstable but necessary for complete attenuation and enhanced immunogenicity of Candid#1 vaccine strain. The highly conserved N-linked glycosylation profiles of arenavirus glycoproteins could therefore be viable targets for designing attenuating viruses for vaccine development against other arenavirus-associated illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The glycoprotein precursor gene of Junin virus determines the virulence of the Romero strain and the attenuation of the Candid #1 strain in a representative animal model of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. J Virol 2015; 89:5949-56. [PMID: 25810546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00104-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The New World arenavirus Junin virus (JUNV) is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a potentially deadly disease endemic to central regions of Argentina. The live-attenuated Candid #1 (Can) strain of JUNV is currently used to vaccinate the human population at risk. However, the mechanism of attenuation of this strain is still largely unknown. Therefore, the identification and functional characterization of viral genetic determinants dictating JUNV virulence or attenuation would significantly improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying AHF and facilitate the development of novel, more effective, and safer vaccines. Here, we utilized a reverse genetics approach to generate recombinant JUNV (rJUNV) strains encoding different gene combinations of the pathogenic Romero (Rom) and attenuated Can strains of JUNV. All strains of rJUNV exhibited in vitro growth kinetics similar to those of their parental counterparts. Analysis of virulence of the rJUNV in a guinea pig model of lethal infection that closely reproduces the features of AHF identified the envelope glycoproteins (GPs) as the major determinants of pathogenesis and attenuation of JUNV. Accordingly, rJUNV strains expressing the full-length GPs of Rom and Can exhibited virulent and attenuated phenotypes, respectively, in guinea pigs. Mutation F427I in the transmembrane region of JUNV envelope glycoprotein GP2 has been shown to attenuate the neurovirulence of JUNV in suckling mice. We document that in the guinea pig model of AHF, mutation F427I in GP2 is also highly attenuating but insufficient to prevent virus dissemination and development of mild clinical and pathological symptoms, indicating that complete attenuation of JUNV requires additional mutations present in Can glycoprotein precursor (GPC). IMPORTANCE Development of antiviral strategies against viral hemorrhagic fevers, including AHF, is one of the top priorities within the Implementation Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise. Live-attenuated Candid #1 strain, derived from the 44th mouse brain passage of the prototype XJ strain of JUNV, has been demonstrated to be safe, immunogenic, and highly protective and is currently licensed for human use in Argentina. However, the bases for the attenuated phenotype of Candid #1 have not been established. Therefore, the identification and functional characterization of viral genetic factors implicated in JUNV pathogenesis and attenuation would significantly improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AHF and facilitate the development of novel antiviral strategies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Paessler S, Walker DH. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 8:411-40. [PMID: 23121052 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-164041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four families of enveloped RNA viruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, and bunyaviruses, cause hemorrhagic fevers. These viruses are maintained in specific natural cycles involving nonhuman primates, bats, rodents, domestic ruminants, humans, mosquitoes, and ticks. Vascular instability varies from mild to fatal shock, and hemorrhage ranges from none to life threatening. The pathogenic mechanisms are extremely diverse and include deficiency of hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors owing to hepatocellular necrosis, cytokine storm, increased permeability by vascular endothelial growth factor, complement activation, and disseminated intravascular coagulation in one or more hemorrhagic fevers. The severity of disease caused by these agents varies tremendously; there are extremely high fatality rates in Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, and asymptomatic infection predominates in yellow fever and dengue viral infections. Although ineffective immunity and high viral loads are characteristic of several viral hemorrhagic fevers, severe plasma leakage occurs at the time of viral clearance and defervescence in dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang C, Kolokoltsova OA, Yun NE, Seregin AV, Poussard AL, Walker AG, Brasier AR, Zhao Y, Tian B, de la Torre JC, Paessler S. Junín virus infection activates the type I interferon pathway in a RIG-I-dependent manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1659. [PMID: 22629479 PMCID: PMC3358329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV), an arenavirus, is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, an infectious human disease with 15-30% case fatality. The pathogenesis of AHF is still not well understood. Elevated levels of interferon and cytokines are reported in AHF patients, which might be correlated to the severity of the disease. However the innate immune response to JUNV infection has not been well evaluated. Previous studies have suggested that the virulent strain of JUNV does not induce IFN in human macrophages and monocytes, whereas the attenuated strain of JUNV was found to induce IFN response in murine macrophages via the TLR-2 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the interaction between JUNV and IFN pathway in human epithelial cells highly permissive to JUNV infection. We have determined the expression pattern of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and IFN-β at both mRNA and protein levels during JUNV infection. Our results clearly indicate that JUNV infection activates the type I IFN response. STAT1 phosphorylation, a downstream marker of activation of IFN signaling pathway, was readily detected in JUNV infected IFN-competent cells. Our studies also demonstrated for the first time that RIG-I was required for IFN production during JUNV infection. IFN activation was detected during infection by either the virulent or attenuated vaccine strain of JUNV. Curiously, both virus strains were relatively insensitive to human IFN treatment. Our studies collectively indicated that JUNV infection could induce host type I IFN response and provided new insights into the interaction between JUNV and host innate immune system, which might be important in future studies on vaccine development and antiviral treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olga A. Kolokoltsova
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nadezdha E. Yun
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexey V. Seregin
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allison L. Poussard
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aida G. Walker
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giusti CJD, Alberdi L, Frik J, Ferrer MF, Scharrig E, Schattner M, Gomez RM. Galectin-3 is upregulated in activated glia during Junin virus-induced murine encephalitis. Neurosci Lett 2011; 501:163-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
7
|
Gómez RM, Jaquenod de Giusti C, Sanchez Vallduvi MM, Frik J, Ferrer MF, Schattner M. Junín virus. A XXI century update. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:303-11. [PMID: 21238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Junín virus of the Arenaviridae family is the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, a febrile syndrome causing hematological and neurological symptoms. We review historical perspectives of current knowledge on the disease, and update information related to the virion and its potential pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Gómez
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute, CONICET-UNLP, calle 49 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enria DA, Briggiler AM, Sánchez Z. Treatment of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res 2007; 78:132-9. [PMID: 18054395 PMCID: PMC7144853 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a rodent-borne illness caused by the arenavirus Junin that is endemic to the humid pampas of Argentina. AHF has had significant morbidity since its emergence in the 1950s, with a case-fatality rate of the illness without treatment between 15% and 30%. The use of a live attenuated vaccine has markedly reduced the incidence of AHF. Present specific therapy involves the transfusion of immune plasma in defined doses of neutralizing antibodies during the prodromal phase of illness. However, alternative forms of treatment are called for due to current difficulties in early detection of AHF, related to its decrease in incidence, troubles in maintaining adequate stocks of immune plasma, and the absence of effective therapies for severely ill patients that progress to a neurologic–hemorrhagic phase. Ribavirin might be a substitute for immune plasma, provided that the supply is guaranteed. Immune immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies should also be considered. New therapeutic options such as those being developed for systemic inflammatory syndromes should also be valuated in severe forms of AHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia A Enria
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, 2700 Pergamino, Argentina.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Enria DA, Pinheiro F. Rodent-borne emerging viral zoonosis. Hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus infections in South America. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2000; 14:167-84, x. [PMID: 10738678 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses and arenaviruses are naturally occurring viruses of rodents. Four South American hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses have emerged in the last 5 decades. All have similar clinical manifestations, with a case-fatality rate as high as 15% to 30%. Hantavirus infections have been increasingly recognized in South America since the description in 1993 of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Given the diversity of rodent species in the region, it can be foreseen that many other viruses will be discovered, and some of them will be causing human illnesses of high public health impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Enria
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Administración Nacional de Laboratories e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Pergamino, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|