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Monazzah F, Morady Moghaddam M, Ostovar-Namaghi SA. The Art of Influencing: Exploring Persuasive Strategies in the Writings of Iranian University Students. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2024; 53:62. [PMID: 39138811 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-024-10106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates persuasive strategies used in the writings of Iranian university students in the field of teaching English as foreign language (TEFL). The study utilized the 7 principles of persuasive strategies presented by Cialdini (The psychology of persuasion, Quill William Morrow, New York 1984; Pre-suasion: A revolutionary way to influence and persuade, Simon & Schuster, New York 2016), which include 'reciprocity', 'commitment and consistency', 'social proof', 'liking', 'authority', 'scarcity', and 'unity'. The results indicate that strategies such as 'liking', 'unity', and 'authority' were used more frequently than other persuasive strategies. On the other hand, 'scarcity' was the least used strategy by the participants. Significant gender differences were also observed in the data. These findings have important pedagogical implications and suggest the need to incorporate persuasive strategies into instructional materials and teaching practices to enhance the persuasive writing skills of university students. Furthermore, gender differences highlight the importance of considering individual differences when teaching persuasive writing. Finally, the study discusses the pedagogical implications of these findings in the context of learning and teaching.
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Mellor PD, Gregoric C. New Graduate Registered Nurses and the Spectrum of Comfort in Clinical Practice. J Contin Educ Nurs 2020; 50:563-571. [PMID: 31774928 DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20191115-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The comfort zone is where a person consistently performs his or her role in an affective state devoid of anxiety and without a feeling of risk. This study challenges the notion of a singular comfort zone and suggests that a spectrum of comfort is a more accurate reflection of the new graduate experience. A grounded theory methodology was used to identify and explain the spectrum of comfort considerations helpful to nine new graduates amid their transition to professional practice. Emerging from the data were themes that encompassed both the positive and negative regions of the spectrum of comfort. Negative themes were: Feeling Abandoned, Sometimes I Get Frightened, and Feeling Betrayed-Catching Hold. The more positive themes were: Moderation of Emotions, and Letting Go. Each of these themes requires an appropriate response from new graduates and experienced staff. The spectrum of comfort model and practical considerations of support could accomplish this. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2019;50(12):563-571.].
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Lundell S, Modig M, Holmner Å, Wadell K. Perceptions of Home Telemonitoring Use Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Qualitative Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e16343. [PMID: 32490844 PMCID: PMC7301260 DOI: 10.2196/16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem and an economic burden globally. There is growing interest in how electronic health (eHealth) can be used to provide efficient health care. Telemonitoring, where the patient's health-related data is transmitted to a health care provider, can be used to detect early signs of exacerbations. A successful implementation of telemonitoring systems into clinical practice requires in-depth knowledge of the users' preferences. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of the use of a home telemonitoring system among patients with COPD. METHODS Semistructured individual interviews were carried out with 8 women and 5 men who were participants in a project aimed at developing and evaluating a telemonitoring system. The web-based telemonitoring system measured pulmonary function, subjective symptoms, and oxygen saturation. Participants were interviewed after having used the system for 2-4 months. Interview transcripts were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The analysis resulted in the theme A transition toward increased control and security and four categories: using with (in)security, affecting technical concern or confidence, providing easy access to health care, and increasing control over the disease. The participants reported various perceptions of using the telemonitoring system. They expressed initial feelings of insecurity, both in terms of operating the system and in terms of their disease. However, the practical management of the telemonitoring system became easier with time; the participants gradually gained confidence and improved their self-management. New technology was perceived as an important complement to existing health care, but the importance of maintaining a human contact in real life or through the telemonitoring system was emphasized. CONCLUSIONS This study captured a transition among the participants from being insecure and experiencing technical concerns to acquiring technical confidence and improving disease management. Telemonitoring can be a valuable complement to health care, leading to increased self-knowledge, a sense of security, and improved self-management. Suggestions to improve the further development and implementation of telemonitoring systems include better patient education and the involvement of end users in the technical development process. Additional research is needed, particularly in the design of user-friendly systems, as well as in developing tools to predict which patients are most likely to find the equipment useful, as this may result in increased empowerment, improved quality of life, reduced costs, and a contribution to equity in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lundell
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mari Modig
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Holmner
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Wadell
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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dos Santos MA, da Conceição AP, Ferretti-Rebustini REDL, Ciol MA, Heithkemper MM, da Cruz DDALM. Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep and quality of life: a randomized pilot study. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2018; 26:e3079. [PMID: 30462790 PMCID: PMC6248705 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.2598.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to estimate the effects of non-pharmacological interventions to improve the quality of sleep and quality of life of patients with heart failure. METHOD pilot study of a randomized controlled trial with 32 individuals assigned to four groups. Sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, while health-related quality of life was assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, at the baseline and at the 12th and 24th weeks. The means of the outcomes according to intervention groups were compared using analysis of covariance; effect sizes were calculated per group. RESULTS all groups experienced improved quality of sleep and health-related quality of life at the end of the intervention (week 12) and at follow-up (week 24), though differences were not statistically significant (p between 0.22 and 0.40). The effects of the interventions at the 12th week ranged between -2.1 and -3.8 for the quality of sleep and between -0.8 and -1.7 for quality of life, with similar values at the 24th week. CONCLUSION the effects found in this study provide information for sample size calculations and statistical power for confirmatory studies. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry - RBR 7jd2mm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcia Aparecida Ciol
- University of Washington, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine,
Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Margareth McLean Heithkemper
- University of Washington, Department of Behavioral Nursing and
Health Informatics, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Mellor P, Gregoric C. Ways of Being: Preparing Nursing Students for Transition to Professional Practice. J Contin Educ Nurs 2016; 47:330-40. [DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20160616-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Couch D, Thomas SL, Lewis S, Blood RW, Holland K, Komesaroff P. Obese people's perceptions of the thin ideal. Soc Sci Med 2015; 148:60-70. [PMID: 26685706 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The media play a key role in promoting the thin ideal. A qualitative study, in which we used in depth interviews and thematic analysis, was undertaken to explore the attitudes of 142 obese individuals toward media portrayals of the thin ideal. Participants discussed the thin ideal as a social norm that is also supported through the exclusion of positive media portrayals of obese people. They perceived the thin ideal as an 'unhealthy' mode of social control, reflecting on their personal experiences and their concerns for others. Participants' perceptions highlighted the intersections between the thin ideal and gender, grooming and consumerism. Participants' personal responses to the thin ideal were nuanced--some were in support of the thin ideal and some were able to critically reflect and reject the thin ideal. We consider how the thin ideal may act as a form of synoptical social control, working in tandem with wider public health panoptical surveillance of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Couch
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- School of Health and Social Development, Burwood, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Sophie Lewis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Warwick Blood
- News and Media Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Design, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kate Holland
- News and Media Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Design, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paul Komesaroff
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Australia
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Ward K, Gott M, Hoare K. Participants' views of telephone interviews within a grounded theory study. J Adv Nurs 2015; 71:2775-85. [PMID: 26256835 DOI: 10.1111/jan.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To offer a unique contribution to the evolving debate around the use of the telephone during semistructured interview by drawing on interviewees' reflections on telephone interview during a grounded theory study. BACKGROUND The accepted norm for qualitative interviews is to conduct them face-to-face. It is typical to consider collecting qualitative data via telephone only when face-to-face interview is not possible. During a grounded theory study, exploring users' experiences with overnight mask ventilation for sleep apnoea, the authors selected the telephone to conduct interviews. This article reports participants' views on semistructured interview by telephone. DESIGN An inductive thematic analysis was conducted on data pertaining to the use of the telephone interview in a grounded theory study. METHODS The data were collected during 4 months of 2011 and 6 months in 2014. The article presents an inductive thematic analysis of sixteen participants' opinions about telephone interviewing and discusses these in relation to existing literature reporting the use of telephone interviews in grounded theory studies. FINDINGS Overall, participants reported a positive experience of telephone interviewing. From each participants reports we identified four themes from the data: being 'phone savvy; concentrating on voice instead of your face; easy rapport; and not being judged or feeling inhibited. CONCLUSION By drawing on these data, we argue that the telephone as a data collection tool in grounded theory research and other qualitative methodologies need not be relegated to second best status. Rather, researchers can consider telephone interview a valuable first choice option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ward
- The University of Auckland's School of Nursing, New Zealand
| | - Merryn Gott
- The University of Auckland's School of Nursing, New Zealand.,The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Hoare
- The University of Auckland's School of Nursing and the Department of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, New Zealand
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Chin HB, Johnson CY, Kim KH, Knight JH, Mertens AC, Mink PJ, Simeone RM, Woodard JJ, Howards PP. Piloting a computer assisted telephone interview: the FUCHSIA Women's Study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:149. [PMID: 25434679 PMCID: PMC4261975 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-014-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of fertility has been reported as an important concern of reproductive age women diagnosed with cancer. The Furthering Understanding of Cancer, Health, and Survivorship In Adult (FUCHSIA) Women's Study examines how cancer treatment affects the fertility of cancer survivors who were diagnosed during their reproductive years. In this paper we discuss the process of developing and pilot testing the FUCHSIA computer assisted telephone interview (CATI). METHODS The CATI was developed in several phases and pilot tested twice to evaluate several aspects of the instrument including question sequencing, understandability of the questions, and women's comfort with certain questions. Participants were recruited from cancer and infertility support groups and study team contacts. RESULTS Fifty-two women were recruited and participated in the first pilot. The participants had a mean age of 31.5 years, 17.3% had cancer, and 38.5% experienced a period of infertility. Twenty-four women participated in the second pilot with similar representation. CONCLUSIONS The collection of detailed information on reproductive outcomes with the CATI may improve the understanding of how cancer treatment during the reproductive years affects female fertility. The pilot studies provided important information to improve the CATI before the full study. Our comprehensive recruitment strategy allowed us to interview a diverse group of women to ensure that questions and answer choices were easily interpreted, check complicated skip patterns and the flow of questions, and evaluate the length of the interview. This experience can be used to help inform others in what steps can be useful for developing telephone interviews for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Chin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Candice Y Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Konny H Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jessica H Knight
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Ann C Mertens
- Aflac Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Pamela J Mink
- Division of Applied Research, Allina Health, Mail Route 10039, 2925 Chicago Ave S, Minneapolis, MN, 55407, USA.
| | - Regina M Simeone
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Jill J Woodard
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Penelope P Howards
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, CNR 3rd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Evaluation of a 12-Month Coping Intervention Intended to Enhance Future-Oriented Coping in Goal-Oriented Domains. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a mixed methods approach to evaluate the usage and perceived effectiveness of a 12-month coping intervention. Twelve junior national netball players followed an intervention that had two objectives: 1) to encourage the use of future-oriented coping across goal-oriented contexts and 2) to facilitate resource accumulation and maintenance by developing coping related competencies. Mentors and players maintained reflective diaries throughout the intervention and were contacted via telephone or e-mail every 2–3 months. In addition, players completed the Brief COPE measure at 1, 6, and 12 months. Eight players and 8 mentors completed postintervention interviews. Data indicated that following completion of the intervention, players perceived themselves to have a better understanding of when and how to use future-oriented coping. They also perceived enhanced psychosocial resources, and a more flexible approach toward goal pursuits. Recommendations for future research developments and the evaluation of coping interventions are presented.
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Experiences of predictive testing in young people at risk of Huntington's disease, familial cardiomyopathy or hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:396-401. [PMID: 23860040 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While debate has focused on whether testing of minors for late onset genetic disorders should be carried out if there is no medical benefit, less is known about the impact on young people (<25 years) who have had predictive testing often many years before the likely onset of symptoms. We looked at the experiences of young people who had had predictive testing for a range of conditions with variable ages at onset and options for screening and treatment. A consecutive series of 61 young people who had a predictive test aged 15-25 years at the Clinical Genetic Service, Manchester, for HD, HBOC (BrCa 1 or 2) or FCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy or Dilated Cardiomyopathy), were invited to participate. Thirty-six (36/61; 59%) agreed to participate (10 HD, 16 HBOC and 10 FCM) and telephone interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. None of the participants expressed regret at having the test at a young age. Participants saw the value of pretest counselling not in facilitating a decision, but rather as a source of information and support. Differences emerged among the three groups in parent/family involvement in the decision to be tested. Parents in FCM families were a strong influence in favour of testing, in HBOC the decision was autonomous but usually congruent with the views of parents, whereas in HD the decision was autonomous and sometimes went against the opinions of parents/grandparents. Participants from all three groups proposed more tailoring of predictive test counselling to the needs of young people.
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Duggleby W, Bally J, Cooper D, Doell H, Thomas R. Engaging Hope: The Experiences of Male Spouses of Women With Breast Cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2012; 39:400-6. [DOI: 10.1188/12.onf.400-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Bolderston A. Conducting a Research Interview. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2012; 43:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harmonizing hope: a grounded theory study of the experience of hope of registered nurses who provide palliative care in community settings. Palliat Support Care 2012; 9:281-94. [PMID: 21838949 DOI: 10.1017/s147895151100023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the hope experience of registered nurses (RNs) who provide palliative care services in community settings. The specific aims of the study were to (1) describe their hope experience, (2) develop a reflexive understanding of the processes of their hope, and (3) construct a substantive theory of hope of palliative care RNs. METHODS Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, purposeful theoretical sampling was used to enroll 14 practicing community palliative care RNs in the study. Twenty-seven open-ended telephone interviews were conducted and nine daily journal entries on hope were copied. Interviews and journals were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Charmaz's grounded theory approach. RESULTS Participants described their hope as a positive state of being involving a perseverant and realistic understanding of future possibilities. Their hope sustained and motivated them, and helped them to strive to provide high-quality care. The main concern for participants was keeping their hope when faced with work life challenges and contrasting viewpoints (i.e., when their hopes differed from the hopes of others around them). They dealt with this through harmonizing their hope by the processes of "looking both ways," "connecting with others," "seeing the bigger picture," and "trying to make a difference." Their experience of hope was defined within the social context of their work and lives. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The results of this study suggest that hope is very important to palliative care RNs, in that it helps them to persevere and sustains them when faced with work life challenges in their practice. This study also highlights the need for continued research in this area as there appears to be a lack of evidence on the meaning of hope for healthcare professionals, and, in particular, understanding hope in the context of palliative and end-of-life care delivery.
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How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study. Soc Sci Med 2011; 73:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ward-King J, Cohen IL, Penning H, Holden JJA. Brief report: telephone administration of the autism diagnostic interview--revised: reliability and suitability for use in research. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 40:1285-90. [PMID: 20195733 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-0987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Autism Diagnostic Interview--revised is one of the "gold standard" diagnostic tools for autism spectrum disorders. It is traditionally administered face-to-face. Cost and geographical concerns constrain the employment of the ADI-R for large-scale research projects. The telephone interview is a reasonable alternative, but has not yet been examined for reliability with face-to-face administration. In this study, participants were interviewed both face-to-face and on the telephone using the complete ADI-R interview. Results indicate that there was no significant difference between the algorithm scores or the diagnoses arrived at for face-to-face and telephone administrations. Reliability statistics across the two modalities were very good and indicate that telephone interviews using the ADI-R are a viable option for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ward-King
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7M 8A6, Canada
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Smith J, Cheater F, Chatwin J, Bekker H. Parent's involvement in decisions when their child is admitted to hospital with suspected shunt malfunction: study protocol. J Adv Nurs 2010; 65:2198-207. [PMID: 20568324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper outlines the protocol for a study aimed at exploring parent's involvement during professional-parent interactions and decisions about their child's care in the context of suspected shunt malfunction. BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus is a long-term condition treated primarily by the insertion of a shunt that diverts fluid from the brain to another body compartment. Shunts frequently malfunction, and parents of children with shunted hydrocephalus are responsible for recognizing and responding to shunt complications. Parents feel that interactions with professionals when they seek healthcare advice for their child do always not encourage active participation in care decisions. METHODS The study design is based on qualitative methodologies: a combination of conversation analysis applied to consultation recordings of professional-parent interactions when a child is admitted to hospital with suspected shunt malfunction, and semi-structured follow-up interviews with the same participants within 2 weeks of the consultation. PARTICIPANTS This is a prospective study and participants will be purposefully selected. Parents of children who have been admitted to hospital with suspected shunt malfunction and healthcare professionals responsible for the initial assessment of the child will be invited to participate. DISCUSSION The study will identify how decisions about a child's care are negotiated between parents and healthcare professionals at key stages of the care pathway. In addition, examining interactions between healthcare professionals and parents may identify approaches that support or hinder parents in contributing to the decision-making processes when they seek advice from healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smith
- School of Healthcare, Baines Wing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Young P, Yates S, Rickaby C, Snelling P, Lipscomb M, Lockyer L. Researching student absence: methodological challenges and ethical issues. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2010; 30:291-295. [PMID: 19758729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the challenges encountered in a research project aiming to explore non-attendance from the perspective of absent students. These students are nursing students in a Faculty of Health and Social Care, but the issues raised here are of wider interest. Although attendance at the sessions monitored for this project is stated to be compulsory, there is typically a non-attendance rate of around 20%. Previous studies within the Faculty have reported positively on students' views of the sessions, but have relied on data collected from students present in the university and attending the sessions. We felt it was important to correct this imbalance with the views of those students who do not attend. We hoped to access the views of students not present in the university by means of telephone interviews, carried out by a researcher independent from the course management. This article explores a number of ethical and methodological issues which arose from the research, focusing on the difficulties in gaining informed consent from students who do not attend, and the challenges in moving beyond surface responses to questions on reasons for non-attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Young
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Blackberry Hill, Bristol BS16 1DD, UK.
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Lee JEC, Lemyre L. A social-cognitive perspective of terrorism risk perception and individual response in Canada. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2009; 29:1265-80. [PMID: 19650811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The volume of research on terrorism has increased since the events of September 11, 2001. However, efforts to develop a contextualized model incorporating cognitive, social-contextual, and affective factors as predictors of individual responses to this threat have been limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate a series of hypotheses drawn from such a model that was generated from a series of interviews with members of the Canadian public. Data of a national survey on perceived chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) terrorism threat and preparedness were analyzed. Results demonstrated that worry and behavioral responses to terrorism, such as individual preparedness, information seeking, and avoidance behaviors, were each a function of cognitive and social-contextual factors. As an affective response, worry about terrorism independently contributed to the prediction of behavioral responses above and beyond cognitive and social-contextual factors, and partially mediated the relationships of some of these factors with behavioral responses. Perceived coping efficacy emerged as the cognitive factor associated with the most favorable response to terrorism. Hence, findings highlight the importance of fostering a sense of coping efficacy to the effectiveness of strategies aimed at improving individual preparedness for terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E C Lee
- GAP-Santé Research Unit, Desmarais Hall, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Room 3217, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Ryan-Woolley B, Wilson K, Caress A. The implementation and evaluation of a community rehabilitation team: a case study. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 26:817-26. [PMID: 15371054 DOI: 10.1080/09638280410001696737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the UK, intermediate care schemes have been implemented with short-term funding, targeted at reducing pressures on hospitals/nursing homes. Many have lacked a reliable evidence-base and there are few publications on one form of intermediate care, the community rehabilitation team (CRT). This study was conducted to establish whether one specific CRT should gain recurrent funding. METHODS This qualitative case study took a multi-method, multi-perspective approach. Data sources included: three focus groups and 40 semi-structured interviews with patients, carers and health services/local authority/CRT staff, document review, and field notes. The resulting data were analysed thematically. RESULTS The CRT was designed without sufficient reference to reliable evidence and consultation with local health/social services, and implemented against a background of cultural divides between and within these services. It was also hampered by an ambitious remit and premature attempts at outcome evaluation. Patients/carers were satisfied with interventions, functional gains and social aspects of input but there was no reliable evidence of cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted problems related to service implementation, which exposed flaws within current policy of providing short-term funding for schemes that must demonstrate cost-effectiveness quickly in order to gain recurrent funding.
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Chittleborough CR, Taylor AW, Baum FE, Hiller JE. Non-response to a life course socioeconomic position indicator in surveillance: comparison of telephone and face-to-face modes. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008; 8:54. [PMID: 18700038 PMCID: PMC2527312 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of socioeconomic position (SEP) over the life course in population health surveillance systems is important for examining differences in health and illness between different population groups and for monitoring the impact of policies and interventions aimed at reducing health inequities and intergenerational disadvantage over time. While face-to-face surveys are considered the gold standard of interviewing techniques, computer-assisted telephone interviewing is often preferred for cost and convenience. This study compared recall of parents' highest level of education in telephone and face-to-face surveys. Methods Questions about father's and mother's highest education level were included in two representative population health surveys of South Australians aged 18 years and over in Spring 2004. A random sample selected from the electronic white pages (EWP) responded to a computer-assisted telephone interview (n = 2999), and a multistage clustered area sample responded to a face-to-face interview (n = 2893). A subsample of respondents in the face-to-face sample who owned a telephone that was listed in the EWP (n = 2206) was also compared to the telephone interview sample. Results The proportion of respondents who provided information about their father's and mother's highest education level was significantly higher in the face-to-face interview (86.3% and 87.8%, respectively) than in the telephone interview (80.4% and 79.9%, respectively). Recall was also significantly higher in the subsample of respondents in the face-to-face interview who had a telephone that was listed in the EWP. Those with missing data for parents' education were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged regardless of the survey mode. Conclusion While face-to-face interviewing obtained higher item response rates for questions about parents' education, survey mode did not appear to influence the factors associated with having missing data on father's or mother's highest education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Chittleborough
- Discipline of Public Health, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, Level 9, 10 Pulteney Street, Mail Drop 207, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Harris R, Kelly D, Hunt JA, Plant H, Kelley K, Richardson A, Sitzia J. Accessing elite nurses for research: reflections on the theoretical and practical issues of telephone interviewing. J Res Nurs 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1744987107084671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite groups are interesting as they frequently are powerful (in terms of position, knowledge and influence) and enjoy considerable authority. It is important, therefore, to involve them in research concerned with understanding social contexts and processes. This is particularly pertinent in healthcare, where considerable strategic development and change are features of everyday practice that may be guided or perceived as being guided, by elites. This paper evolved from a study investigating the availability and role of nurses whose remit involved leading nursing research and development within acute NHS Trusts in two health regions in Southern England. The study design included telephone interviews with Directors of Nursing Services during which time the researchers engaged in a reflective analysis of their experiences of conducting research with an `elite' group. Important issues identified were the role of gatekeepers, engagement with elites and the use of the telephone interview method in this context. The paper examines these issues and makes a case for involving executive nurses in further research. The paper also offers strategies to help researchers design and implement telephone interview studies successfully to maximise access to the views and experiences of `hard to reach groups', such as elites, while minimising the associated disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harris
- Kingston University and St. George's, University of London, Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences, London, UK,
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Middlesex University, School of Health and Social Science, London, UK
| | - Jane A Hunt
- Health Bournemouth University, Institute of Health and Community Studies, Dorset, UK
| | - Hilary Plant
- King's College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, London, UK
| | - Kate Kelley
- Psychology University of Sussex, Department of Life Sciences, Falmer, UK
| | - Alison Richardson
- College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, London, UK
| | - John Sitzia
- CCRN UK Clinical Research Network Coordinating Centre
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Artinian NT, Denison D, Nordstrom CK. Collecting data by telephone from low-income African Americans. Appl Nurs Res 2007; 20:195-9. [PMID: 17996806 PMCID: PMC2630111 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this report are to (a) describe challenges associated with collecting data by telephone from 368 urban-dwelling African Americans and (b) describe characteristics of easy-to-reach participants. Data collected through four telephone interviews were used for these analyses. Over 1 year, 55 (15.0%) participants had at least one telephone number change; 75 (20.4%) had their telephone disconnected. The mean (+/-SD) number of attempted telephone calls per participant was 9.5 (+/-4.0). Those who were easy to reach, requiring eight or fewer call attempts over 1 year (n = 170; 46%), were older (t = 3.0, p = .003), female (chi(2) = 4.6, p = .03), and currently not working (chi(2) = 7.9, p = .005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy T Artinian
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Musselwhite K, Cuff L, McGregor L, King KM. The telephone interview is an effective method of data collection in clinical nursing research: A discussion paper. Int J Nurs Stud 2007; 44:1064-70. [PMID: 16844128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are varying points of view regarding the advisability and utility of using the telephone to conduct research interviews. When undertaking the Women's Recovery from Sternotomy Study, we found the telephone was an effective mechanism for data collection. Our aim is to identify the advantages and challenges of using the telephone as a mechanism for data collection in clinical nursing research. The potential benefits associated with using telephone interviews as a mechanism of data collection include (a) using economic and human resources efficiently, (b) minimizing disadvantages associated with in-person interviewing, (c) developing positive relationships between researchers and participants, and (d) improving quality of data collection. The potential challenges to telephone interviewing include (a) maintaining participant involvement, (b) maintaining clear communication, (c) communicating with participants who offer extraneous information, (d) encountering participants with health concerns, and (e) communicating with a third party. Telephone interviewing can be an effective method of data collection when interviewers understand the potential benefits as well as challenges. We offer solutions to the identified challenges and make pragmatic recommendations to enhance researcher success based on the current literature and our research practice. Supportive training for interviewers, effective communication between interviewers and with research participants, and standardized telephone follow-up procedures are needed to ensure successful telephone data collection. We have found our 'Manual of Operations' to be an effective tool that assists research assistants to meet the requirements for successful telephone interviewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Musselwhite
- Faculty of Nursing and Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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Snowdon C, Elbourne DR, Garcia J, Campbell MK, Entwistle VA, Francis D, Grant AM, Knight RC, McDonald AM, Roberts I. Financial considerations in the conduct of multi-centre randomised controlled trials: evidence from a qualitative study. Trials 2006; 7:34. [PMID: 17184521 PMCID: PMC1781076 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Securing and managing finances for multicentre randomised controlled trials is a highly complex activity which is rarely considered in the research literature. This paper describes the process of financial negotiation and the impact of financial considerations in four UK multicentre trials. These trials had met, or were on schedule to meet, recruitment targets agreed with their public-sector funders. The trials were considered within a larger study examining factors which might be associated with trial recruitment (STEPS). METHODS In-depth semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted in 2003-04 with 45 individuals with various responsibilities to one of the four trials. Interviewees were recruited through purposive and then snowball sampling. Interview transcripts were analysed with the assistance of the qualitative package Atlas-ti. RESULTS The data suggest that the UK system of dividing funds into research, treatment and NHS support costs brought the trial teams into complicated negotiations with multiple funders. The divisions were somewhat malleable and the funding system was used differently in each trial. The fact that all funders had the potential to influence and shape the trials considered here was an important issue as the perspectives of applicants and funders could diverge. The extent and range of industry involvement in non-industry-led trials was striking. Three broad periods of financial work (foundation, maintenance, and resourcing completion) were identified. From development to completion of a trial, the trialists had to be resourceful and flexible, adapting to changing internal and external circumstances. In each period, trialists and collaborators could face changing costs and challenges. Each trial extended the recruitment period; three required funding extensions from MRC or HTA. CONCLUSION This study highlights complex financial aspects of planning and conducting trials, especially where multiple funders are involved. Recognition of the importance of financial stability and of the need for appropriate training in this area should be paralleled by further similar research with a broader range of trials, aimed at understanding and facilitating the conduct of clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Snowdon
- Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
- Centre for Family Research, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3 RF, UK
| | - Diana R Elbourne
- Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Jo Garcia
- Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Marion K Campbell
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Vikki A Entwistle
- Social Dimensions of Health Institute, Universities of Dundee and St Andrews, Airlie Place, Dundee DD1 4HJ, UK
| | - David Francis
- Centre for Research and Innovation Management, Brighton, UK
| | - Adrian M Grant
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rosemary C Knight
- Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Alison M McDonald
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ian Roberts
- Nutrition and Public Health Interventions Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
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Kerr C, Hawker S, Payne S, Lloyd-Williams M, Seamark D. Out-of-hours medical cover in community hospitals: implications for palliative care. Int J Palliat Nurs 2006; 12:75-80. [PMID: 16603996 DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2006.12.2.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new General Medical Services contract in England means many GPs have transferred out-of hours work to their primary care organization, with implications for continuity of palliative care in community hospitals. AIM To examine existing arrangements for out-of-hours medical cover in community hospitals, focusing on palliative care. METHODS Telephone survey of community hospital managers/senior nurses across England and Wales. RESULTS Interviews (n = 62) revealed nursing staff were satisfied with existing out-of-hours care. Concern was expressed about the future of out-of-hours medical care from GPs as new services will cover larger areas, meaning unknown doctors may attend, taking longer to arrive. CONCLUSION Arrangements for out-of-hours medical cover in community hospitals are in transition, threatening the continuity of care for dying patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kerr
- Wessex Institute of Health Research and Development, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK.
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van den Brink M, van den Hout WB, Stiggelbout AM, Putter H, van de Velde CJH, Kievit J. Self-reports of health-care utilization: Diary or questionnaire? Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005; 21:298-304. [PMID: 16110708 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462305050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:The feasibility and convergent validity of a cost diary and a cost questionnaire was investigated.Methods:Data were obtained as part of a cost-utility analysis alongside a multicenter clinical trial in patients with resectable rectal cancer. A sample of 107 patients from 30 hospitals was asked to keep a weekly diary during the first 3 months after surgery, and a monthly diary from 3 to 12 months after surgery. A second sample of seventy-two patients from twenty-eight hospitals in the trial received a questionnaire at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, referring to the previous 3 or 6 months. Format and items of the questions were similar and included a wide range of medical and nonmedical items and costs after hospitalization for surgery.Results:Small differences were found with respect to nonresponse (range, 79 to 86 percent) and missing questions (range, 1 to 6 percent between the diary and questionnaire). For most estimates of volumes of care and of costs, the diary and questionnaire did not differ significantly. Total 3-month nonhospital costs were €1,860, €1,280, and €1,050 in the diary sample and €1,860, €1,090, and €840 in the questionnaire sample at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, respectively (p=.50). However, with respect to open questions, the diary sample tended to report significantly more care.Conclusions:For the assessment of health-care utilization in economic evaluations alongside clinical trials, a cost questionnaire with structured closed questions may replace a cost diary for recall periods up to 6 months.
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Implications of Technology for Social and Emotional Communication. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j370v21n01_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Day H, Campbell KA. Is telephone assessment a valid tool in rehabilitation research and practice? Disabil Rehabil 2003; 25:1126-31. [PMID: 12944152 DOI: 10.1080/0963828031000152057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if face-to-face and telephone administration of questionnaires produce comparable results in rehabilitation research studies. METHOD A total of 80 participants who used eyeglasses as their primary visual assistive device agreed to participate. All completed the Life Orientation Test and the Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale. Approximately half of the participants completed the forms after being approached by an interviewer and then were contacted by telephone 2 weeks later to complete the forms a second time. The other half of the participants initially completed the forms over the telephone and then met with an interviewer 2 weeks later and completed the forms face-to-face. RESULTS For the forms used no statistically significant differences were found between groups or over time. CONCLUSION For some questionnaires telephone administration may provide a convenient and cost-effective method of data collection. However, it should not be automatically assumed that all questionnaires will yield the same results regardless of the mode of administration used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hy Day
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Adamsen L, Larsen K, Bjerregaard L, Madsen JK. Moving forward in a role as a researcher: the effect of a research method course on nurses' research activity. J Clin Nurs 2003; 12:442-50. [PMID: 12709119 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 1-year research course in basic research methodology, designed for clinical nurses, had a positive effect on the nurses' own research activity and their commitment to research in general. The research method applied was use of semistructured interviews. Seventy-nine clinical nurses participated in the study. Students of the research course (n = 37), i.e. the study group, were compared with a group of clinical nurses who did not participate in the course (n = 42), i.e. the reference group. A statistically significant difference was found in several variables between the two groups. Eighty-nine per cent of the study group members were active in planning their own research projects compared with 35.7% in the reference group. The study group also showed a higher level of interest and commitment to research results of others and read English language articles. A total of 13.9% of the study group experienced being unable to find time during working hours to participate in research projects, while this was true for 50% of nurses in the reference group. Experiences from the research course in basic methodology show that educational programmes designed for clinical nurses may facilitate and support their own research efforts as well as enhance their commitment to research in general. The course reinforced nurses' self-confidence in research-based practice. Clinical nurses require personal initiative, perseverance and competence in research methodology as well as sensitization towards a research culture in order to move away from the salaried work of a practitioner and into the role of a researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis Adamsen
- University Hospital Centre for Nursing and Care Research, Copenhagen O, Denmark.
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Public awareness and health education: findings from an evaluation of health services for incontinence in England. Int J Nurs Stud 2001; 38:79-89. [PMID: 11137726 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7489(00)00059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Improving the health and well being of local populations is a feature of international and national health policy and initiatives. Promotion of health has been attempted traditionally via health education and public awareness campaigns. More recently, attention has been drawn to inter-agency collaboration and alliances in formalised health improvement programmes. This study has evaluated health services for incontinence in two health authorities in England in relation to health education and public awareness. One health authority had an established continence service and the other did not. A convenience sample of self selecting respondents from an earlier postal survey were interviewed via the telephone (n=376). Significantly, more people in the health authority with a continence service than the one without received information on incontinence from within formal health services (p<0.001) and read about services in health centres and clinics (p<0.001), whereas people in the health authority without a continence service were more likely to obtain information on incontinence from local newspapers (p<0.01) and local chemist shops (p<0.01). People in the health authority without a continence service were significantly more likely to feel that services could be improved than those where there was a service (p<0.0001). Only a minority of people with incontinence had received information about their condition or related health care and services. The availability of a continence service significantly influenced the information received. More information on incontinence had been obtained from informal sources than formal health sources. Local initiatives on the availability of services and how to access them, as well as health education information on incontinence may be more effective in raising public awareness and should supplement national campaigns.
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