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Hayashi K, Sugisawa R, Saito T, Matsui T, Taniguchi Y, Batanova T, Yanai T, Matsumoto J, Kitoh K, Takashima Y. Suppression of inflammatory genes expression in the injured host intestinal wall during Mesocestoides vogae tetrathyridium larvae migration. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008685. [PMID: 33048942 PMCID: PMC7598923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesocestoides vogae is a cestode parasite of the family Mesocestoididae (order Cyclophyllidea). Its larvae, tetrathyridium, are approximately 1 mm long and 300 μm wide and infect a wide range of host species including humans. Tetrathyridium migrate through the intestinal wall to invade the peritoneal cavity. Despite intestinal penetration by such a large-sized parasite, symptomatic intestinal disorders are not common during the migration period. In this study, the dynamics of tetrathyridia migration and their pathogenicity towards intestinal tissues were examined in mice infected orally with these parasites. Most tetrathyridia were found to migrate through the intestinal wall, moving into the peritoneal cavity or liver 24 to 48 hours after the oral infections. Next, the pathogenicity of tetrathyridium in the intestinal wall was histopathologically evaluated, and tissue injury from tetrathyridium migration was confirmed. Inflammatory foci were observed as tetrathyridium migration tracks from 48 hours after oral infection; however, the number of inflammatory foci had decreased by half more than 48 hours later. Therefore, we examined the gene expression levels of the macrophage driving cytokine, IL-1β, and the eosinophil recruiting chemokine, CCL11, by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. The expression levels of these genes in the infected group were significantly lower than those of the non-infected group at 48 hours post-infection. Although the immunomodulating ability of the excretory-secretory products released from tetrathyridium has been previously shown by in vitro assays, the significance of this ability in their lifecycle has remained unclear. In this study, we discovered that tetrathyridium causes temporal inflammation in the intestinal wall during penetration and large-scale migration in this organ, but tetrathyridium simultaneously suppresses the host’s inflammatory gene expression, might to be a strategy that reduces inflammatory responses and increases survival of the parasite. Excretory-secretory (ES) products are released by parasitic helminths into their migration sites and/or the intestinal regions they inhabit where parasite and host immune responses interact. ES products are release by a wide range of parasitic helminths, some of which are known to modulate the host’s immune system. Some ES products from some cestode parasites are known to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from artificially stimulated cells under in vitro conditions. However, the immunomodulatory properties of the ES products have only been observed with in vitro experimental models and the biological consequences of their potential ability to suppress the host’s immune system during the parasite’s lifecycle and how they affect host–parasite interactions await discovery. Our results show that tetrathyridium, the larval stage of the Mesocestoides vogae cestode, strongly inhibits the host’s inflammatory gene expression in the injured intestinal wall, and that the inflammatory hot-spots caused by larval migration disappear almost immediately after mice are orally infected with these parasites. The ability to suppress the host’s inflammatory gene expression when larvae migrate through and damage the host’s tissues is an effective survival strategy for M. vogae intestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoinooka, Imabari, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Rinako Sugisawa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Taizo Saito
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Yuji Taniguchi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tatiana Batanova
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Jun Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kitoh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3705-3718. [PMID: 32901341 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) of parasitic helminths are well known to exert immunostimulation and immunomodulation in hosts. Immune regulation plays a key role in anti-tumour therapy. The present study explored the anti-tumour effect of ESPs released by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. In Hepa1-6 mouse tumour models, ESPs significantly reduced tumour growth. Tumour-bearing mice treated with ESPs had significantly higher CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell counts than those treated with Freund's adjuvant. In vitro, human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells, human lung cancer A549 cells, and normal human liver HL-7702 cells were co-incubated with ESPs for 24 h and 48 h. ESPs significantly accelerated HepG2 apoptosis but had no inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A549 and HL-7702 cells. Apoptotic HepG2 cells displayed condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related factors activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) in HepG2 cells increased with increasing ESP concentration and treatment time. Calreticulin (CRT) is a key effector protein of ESPs, and recombinant calreticulin (rCRT) was produced in BL21 Escherichia coli (E. coli). In contrast to ESPs, rCRT markedly reduced the proliferation of HepG2 cells. The expression levels of ATF6 and CHOP in HepG2 cells treated with 30 μg/mL rCRT significantly increased at 48 h. Notably, these findings synergistically suggest that ESPs and rCRT are promising candidates for anti-tumour immunotherapy.
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Suppression of IP-10/CXCL10 gene expression in LPS- and/or IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages by parasite-secreted products. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:101-9. [PMID: 22608126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T helper (Th)2 polarized immune responses are characteristically dominant in helminth infections. The gene expression of interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), which promotes Th1 responses, in mouse macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or IFN-γ was suppressed by excretory/secretory (ES) products of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids. ES products suppressed LPS- and/or IFN-γ-induced transcriptional activities of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of a 243-bp fragment of the IP-10 gene promoter/enhancer, which contains an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and two κB elements. Consistent with this result, ES products inhibited ISRE-dependent heterologous promoter activities and LPS- or IFN-γ-induced ISRE-binding activity. ES products also suppressed LPS-induced IFN-β gene expression. Furthermore, ES products suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-κB RelA (p65)-dependent transcriptional activity, whereas ES products had no effect on the κB-binding activity. These results suggest that ES products suppress the IP-10 gene expression by inhibiting the ISRE- and RelA-dependent transcriptional activities in mouse macrophages.
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Baig S, Damian RT, Morales-Montor J, Olecki P, Talhouk J, Hashmey R, White AC. Characterization of excretory/secretory endopeptidase and metallo-aminopeptidases from Taenia crassiceps metacestodes. J Parasitol 2006; 91:983-7. [PMID: 16419737 DOI: 10.1645/ge-200r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia spp. metacestodes, which must survive in the host tissues to complete their life cycle. Their survival depends on their control of host immune responses. Because many parasites use proteases to modulate host responses, we examined culture media from Taenia crassiceps metacestodes for protease activity using peptide substrates. We identified prominent aminopeptidase activity at neutral pH, which was inhibited by chelating agents and partially inhibited by the aminopeptidase inhibitor, bestatin. Endopeptidase substrates were optimally cleaved at slightly acidic pH and endopeptidase activity was inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors. Gel filtration FPLC and subsequent visualization by silver staining revealed a metallo-aminopeptidase of molecular weight 21 kDa and cysteine proteases of Mr 70 and 64 kDA. Recombinant IL-2 was digested when incubated with parasite culture supernatants, but not with control media. IL-2 degradation was completely inhibited by 1,10 phenanthroline and partially inhibited by bestatin, suggesting that a metallo-aminopeptidase was responsible. Incubation of human IgG with culture supernatants resulted in complete degradation of IgG, which was blocked by cysteine protease inhibitors. These observations demonstrate that Taenia spp. metacestodes secrete a number of proteolytic enzymes, which may target molecules from the host immune system and assist in evasion of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Baig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Biological Sciences Building, Athens, USA
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Kina Y, Fukumoto S, Miura K, Tademoto S, Nunomura K, Dirgahayu P, Hirai K. A glycoprotein from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids suppresses osteoclastogenesis and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:1399-406. [PMID: 16051245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various parasites modify the immune-reactions of the host. We have previously shown that crude excretory/secretory (ES) products from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, the plerocercoids of which cause sparganosis in humans, suppress the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-1beta in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. As osteoclasts are cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, we hypothesised that ES products might suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis. Crude ES products from plerocercoids suppressed osteoclastogenesis, judged by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cell counting, and the mature osteoclast-specific gene expression (calcitonin receptor and TRAP). Second, we purified the inhibitory factor for osteoclastogenesis from the crude ES products. The factor was a trypsin-sensitive glycoprotein and had a relative molecular mass of 90 kDa. The glycoprotein, plerocercoid-immunosuppressive factor, from crude ES products could suppress the gene expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and NO synthesis in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kina
- Division of Molecular Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Tottori, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Dirgahayu P, Fukumoto S, Tademoto S, Kina Y, Hirai K. Excretory/secretory products from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei suppress interleukin-1beta gene expression in murine macrophages. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:577-84. [PMID: 15064122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows that ES products from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei suppressed interleukin-1beta mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in the absence or presence of a cyclic AMP analogue, dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Investigation using the inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways revealed that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are crucial for full induction of interleukin-1beta mRNA expression. ES products additionally suppressed interleukin-1beta mRNA expression in the cells treated with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (SB203580) or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059). Western blot analysis showed that dibutyryl cyclic AMP enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and, in turn, we demonstrated that ES products reduced the lipopolysaccharide and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, but not cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein. These data demonstrate that ES products from the plerocercoids of S. erinaceieuropaei may evade induction of interleukin-1beta mRNA by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in lipopolysaccharide and/or dibutyryl cyclic AMP-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasari Dirgahayu
- Division of Molecular Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Funakoshi T, Ishibe Y, Okazaki N, Miura K, Liu R, Nagai S, Minami Y. Effect of re-expansion after short-period lung collapse on pulmonary capillary permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in isolated rabbit lungs. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92:558-63. [PMID: 14977797 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re-expansion pulmonary oedema is a rare complication caused by rapid re-expansion of a chronically collapsed lung. Several cases of pulmonary oedema associated with one-lung ventilation (OLV) have been reported recently. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary oedema fluid are suggested to play important roles in its development. Activation of cytokines after re-expansion of collapsed lung during OLV has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we investigated the effects of re-expansion of the collapsed lung on pulmonary oedema formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. METHODS Lungs isolated from female white Japanese rabbits were perfused and divided into a basal (BAS) group (n=7, baseline measurement alone), a control (CONT) group (n=9, ventilated without lung collapse for 120 min) and an atelectasis (ATEL) group (n=9, lung collapsed for 55 min followed by re-expansion and ventilation for 65 min). Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and the coefficient of filtration (Kfc) were measured at baseline and 60 and 120 min. At the end of perfusion, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid/plasma protein ratio (B/P), wet/dry lung weight ratio (W/D) and mRNA expressions of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined. RESULTS TNF-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA were significantly up-regulated in lungs of the ATEL group compared with BAS and CONT, though no significant differences were noted in PVR, Kfc, B/P and W/D within and between groups. MPO increased at 120 min in CONT and ATEL groups. CONCLUSION Pro-inflammatory cytokines were up-regulated upon re-expansion and ventilation after short-period lung collapse, though no changes were noted in pulmonary capillary permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Funakoshi
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
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Dirgahayu P, Fukumoto S, Miura K, Hirai K. Excretory/secretory products from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei suppress the TNF-alpha gene expression by reducing phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in macrophages. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1155-62. [PMID: 12117498 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that excretory/secretory products from plerocercoids of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei suppress gene expression and production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The present study investigated the suppressive mechanisms of tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA by excretory/secretory products in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershift assay revealed that neither nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B nor conformation of the p50/p65 nuclear factor-kappa B subunits was affected by the treatment of excretory/secretory products in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 with PD98059 or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase with SB203580 partially reduced tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression, and a combination of the two inhibitors additionally suppressed the level of tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA, revealing that both pathways are crucial for full induction of the gene. Northern blot analysis showed that excretory/secretory products additionally suppressed tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression in cells treated with PD98059 or SB208530 and, in turn, we found that excretory/secretory products reduced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages by Western blot analysis. This is the first report demonstrating that excretory/secretory products from parasites suppress tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression by reducing phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase without any effect on nuclear factor-kappa B activity in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. We hypothesise that excretory/secretory products may enable this parasite to survive within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasari Dirgahayu
- Department of Molecular Medical Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, 683-8503 Yonago, Japan
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