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Das B, Kumar N, Solanki JB, Jadav MM, Kalyani IH. Morphological and molecular characterization of Haemonchus contortus isolated from the small ruminants of south Gujarat, India. Helminthologia 2023; 60:175-188. [PMID: 37745222 PMCID: PMC10516478 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful design of strategic control measures against the blood-sucking gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants can be facilitated by revealing its general features from morphology to the molecular level. In the south Gujarat region of India, a total of 2408 H. contortus were collected from 84 slaughtered sheep's abomasum, consisting of 347 males and 2061 females (1:6 ratio) (p<0.05). Furthermore, 726 H. contortus were collected from 61 goats, comprising 145 males and 581 females (1:4 ratio) (p<0.05). The male worms were approximately 12±0.06 mm long, while female worms were about 20±0.09 mm long. The vulvar morphotypes of the female worms were found to be 17.7% linguiform, 76.6 % knobbed/button (p<0.05), and 5.7 % smooth type, demonstrating common features of H. contortus. The nucleotide sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) of 165 bp or ITS-2 plus of 256 bp were aligned, and it was found that the genotypes of male and female specimens of either sheep or goat origin were identical, with a 100 % match. The present isolates shared >95 % and >94 % homology with published sequences of ITS-1 and ITS-2 plus of H. contortus, respectively, with more nucleotide transitions than transversions in the aligned sequences. The reconstructed phylogram of either ITS-1 or ITS-2 plus revealed two major clades, one for H. contortus and another for other nematodes, with Haemonchus placei showing its proximity with the clade of H. contortus. The study established the role of morphological and molecular features in identifying and differentiating H. contortus parasite at the local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - N. Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - J. B. Solanki
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - M. M. Jadav
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
| | - I. H. Kalyani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari-396 450, Gujarat, India
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Keys to solving health problems in small ruminants: Anthelmintic resistance as a threat to sustainable nematode control. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sinclair R, Melville L, Sargison F, Kenyon F, Nussey D, Watt K, Sargison N. Gastrointestinal nematode species diversity in Soay sheep kept in a natural environment without active parasite control. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Briscoe AG, Bray RA, Brabec J, Littlewood DTJ. The mitochondrial genome and ribosomal operon of Brachycladium goliath (Digenea: Brachycladiidae) recovered from a stranded minke whale. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:271-5. [PMID: 26883466 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Brachycladiidae are known to cause pathologies implicated in cetacean strandings and it is important to develop accurate diagnostic markers to differentiate these and other helminths found in cetaceans. Brachycladium goliath (van Beneden, 1858) is a large trematode found, as adults, usually in the hepatic (bile) and pancreatic ducts of various cetaceans. Complete sequences were determined for the entire mitochondrial genome, and phylogenetically informative nuclear genes contained within the ribosomal operon, from a small piece of an individual worm taken from a common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804. Genomic DNA was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. The mtDNA is 15,229 bp in length consisting of 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 2 non-coding regions of which the larger is comprised of 4 tandemly repeated units (260 bp each). The ribosomal RNA operon is 9297 bp long. These data provide a rich resource of molecular markers for diagnostics, phylogenetics and population genetics in order to better understand the role, and associated pathology of helminth infections in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Briscoe
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Rodney A Bray
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jan Brabec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - D T J Littlewood
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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Serological and molecular detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among an Orang Asli community in Malaysia. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2811-6. [PMID: 23666229 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Strongyloides stercoralis infection particularly in asymptomatic individuals is often hampered due to the lack of standard diagnostic tools. In this study, the use of serological and molecular approaches were investigated for the detection of S. stercoralis infection among an Orang Asli (indigenous) community following a preliminary detection by microscopic examination of faecal samples. Out of 54 individuals studied, 17/54 (31.5%) were detected to be positive for S. stercoralis infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), compared to 0/54 (0%) by faecal examination. Further confirmation performed by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA extracted from faecal samples of these 17 individuals yielded 3/17 (17.6%) positives for S. stercoralis DNA amplification. No amplification was seen with the other 37 faecal samples, which were negative by microscopy and ELISA. As the high ELISA positive results were suspected to be false-positives, ELISA is not recommended for use as a detection tool but may be beneficial for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-Strongyloides drugs. The present finding indicated that PCR should be considered as an alternative diagnostic tool for the detection of S. stercoralis infection.
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Modification and further evaluation of a fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin test for identification of Haemonchus contortus eggs. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Helm J, Gilleard JS, Jackson M, Redman E, Bell R. A case of canine Angiostrongylus vasorum in Scotland confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:255-9. [PMID: 19413751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the first recognised case of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a native Scottish dog and its diagnostic confirmation using polymerase chain reaction. The use of this technique to definitively diagnose canine angiostrongylosis confirms the presence of this epidemiologically significant case. The implications of the changing distribution of this parasite are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helm
- Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
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Saijuntha W, Sithithaworn P, Wongkham S, Laha T, Satrawaha R, Chilton NB, Petney TN, Andrews RH. Genetic variation at three enzyme loci within a Thailand population of Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1283-7. [PMID: 18690476 PMCID: PMC2582050 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation among 231 individuals of Opisthorchis viverrini from the Ban Phai District, Khon Kaen Province (Thailand) was examined at three polymorphic enzymes: enolase (ENOL), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and triose phosphate isomerase (TPI). Four alleles were detected for TPI and PGM, whereas only two alleles were detected for ENOL. The inferred genotype frequencies for both TPI and ENOL were not significantly different from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In contrast, the inferred genotype frequencies for PGM showed a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a lack of heterozygous individuals. This heterozygote deficiency suggests non-random mating and/or potentially high self fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
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Králová-Hromadová I, Spakulová M, Horácková E, Turceková L, Novobilský A, Beck R, Koudela B, Marinculić A, Rajský D, Pybus M. Sequence analysis of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Trematoda: Fasciolidae): intraspecific variation and differentiation from Fasciola hepatica. J Parasitol 2008; 94:58-67. [PMID: 18372622 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1324.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete sequences of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes of the giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna are presented. In particular, small subunit (18S) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal gene (rDNA), as well as cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit I (nad1) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), were analyzed. The 18S and ITS sequences were compared with previously published sequences of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Fixed interspecific genetic differences were determined that allow molecular differentiation of F. magna and F. hepatica using either the PCR-RFLP method or PCR amplification of species-specific DNA regions. Additionally, intraspecific sequence polymorphism of the complete cox1 and nad1 mitochondrial genes in geographically distinct F. magna populations was determined. Based on the sequence divergences, short (< 500 bp) variable regions suitable for broader biogeographical studies of giant liver fluke were designed.
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Matejusová I, Koubková B, Cunningham CO. Identification of European diplozoids (Monogenea, Diplozoinae) by restriction digestion of the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer. J Parasitol 2004; 90:817-22. [PMID: 15357076 DOI: 10.1645/ge-138r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA genes of Diplozoon paradoxum and Paradiplozoon nagibinae were amplified and sequenced. The polymerase chain reaction product of D. paradoxum was bigger (840 bp) than that of P. nagibinae (820 bp). There was no intraspecific variability recorded in sequences from either species. Sequence comparisons and ITS2 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of 8 European diplozoid species aimed to resolve their identification and amend the previous studies. RFLP was used to distinguish the 2 species from each other and from P. bliccae, P. homoion, P. megan, P. pavlovskii, P. sapae, and Eudiplozoon nipponicum, using restriction enzymes AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, RsaI, and SphI. The criteria for morphological identification of 8 European diplozoids are also included, with the main morphological characters of clamps, trapeze spur, and anterior joining sclerites of 8 diplozoid species being illustrated. Combination of the shape and comparison of length of the trapeze spur and anterior joining sclerites could lead to accurate identification of diplozoid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matejusová
- FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
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Matejusová I, Cunningham CO. The first complete monogenean ribosomal RNA gene operon: sequence and secondary structure of the Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, large subunit ribosomal RNA gene. J Parasitol 2004; 90:146-51. [PMID: 15040682 DOI: 10.1645/ge-111r3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence of the Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957, large subunit, or 28S, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene has been determined. This gene is the final portion of the Gyrodactylus rRNA gene operon to be sequenced and results in the first complete sequence of all rRNA genes and spacers from a monogenean. The nucleotide sequence was used to predict the secondary structure of the large subunit rRNA, and regions of conserved and variable sequence and structure were identified. The site where the 5' terminus of the 5.8S rRNA binds to a region within the large subunit rRNA was predicted and complements the anticipated interaction of the 3' terminus of the 5.8S with the 5' terminus of the large subunit rRNA. The large subunit gene may be useful in phylogenetic analysis of the Monogenea or Platyhelminthes and comparisons with other eukaryotes. The variable domains C and H may be most suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matejusová
- FRS Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
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Wimmer B, Craig BH, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM. Non-invasive assessment of parasitic nematode species diversity in wild Soay sheep using molecular markers. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:625-31. [PMID: 15064127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been put into detecting and identifying parasitic nematodes in live ruminants, but to date most studies are limited to a small group of nematodes and/or to experimentally infected sheep. In this study, a PCR-based assay using species-specific primer pairs, located in the second internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA, was developed to identify nine different species from six different families of parasitic nematodes in a wild, unmanaged and naturally infected population of sheep. Each primer pair was tested for its specificity and sensitivity and it exclusively amplified the species it was designed for and exhibited a high degree of sensitivity. The method was applied to eggs and cultured larvae to identify the parasitic nematodes present in a pooled faecal sample from several host individuals with unknown parasite burden. To test detection reliability, a faecal sample from an individual with known parasite burden (through post-mortem analysis) was also examined. All species present could be correctly identified by PCR, but detecting very low levels and/or early stages of infection proved to be difficult. The method was also tested for its applicability to high through-put screening of faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wimmer
- Institute for Animal, Cell and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JT Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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