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Abstract
Pentamidine (PTM), which is a diamine that is widely known for its antimicrobial activity, is a very interesting drug whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. In recent years, PTM has been proposed as a novel potential drug candidate for the treatment of mental illnesses, myotonic dystrophy, diabetes, and tumors. Nevertheless, the systemic administration of PTM causes severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. In order to efficiently deliver PTM and reduce its side effects, several nanosystems that take advantage of the chemical characteristics of PTM, such as the presence of two positively charged amidine groups at physiological pH, have been proposed as useful delivery tools. Polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, and other types of nanocarriers have been reported in the literature for PTM delivery, and they are all in different development phases. The available approaches for the design of PTM nanoparticulate delivery systems are reported in this review, with a particular emphasis on formulation strategies and in vitro/in vivo applications. Furthermore, a critical view of the future developments of nanomedicine for PTM applications, based on recent repurposing studies, is provided. Created with BioRender.com.
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Valle IV, Machado ME, Araújo CDCB, da Cunha-Junior EF, da Silva Pacheco J, Torres-Santos EC, da Silva LCRP, Cabral LM, do Carmo FA, Sathler PC. Oral pentamidine-loaded poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles: an alternative approach for leishmaniasis treatment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:455102. [PMID: 31365912 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab373e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by a protozoa parasite from one of over 20 Leishmania species. Depending on the tissues infected, these diseases are classified as cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. For the treatment of leishmaniasis refractory to antimony-based drugs, pentamidine (PTM) is a molecule of great interest. However, PTM displays poor bioavailability through oral routes due to its two strongly basic amidine moieties, which restricts its administration by a parenteral route and limits its clinical use. Among various approaches, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (nano-DDS) have potential to overcome the challenges associated with PTM oral administration. Here, we present the development of PTM-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) with a focus on the characterization of their physicochemical properties and potential application as an oral treatment of leishmaniasis. NPs were prepared by a double emulsion methodology. The physicochemical properties were characterized through the mean particle size, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, yield process, drug loading, morphology, in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacological activity. The PTM-loaded PLGA NPs presented with a size of 263 ± 5 nm (PdI = 0.17 ± 0.02), an almost neutral charge (-3.2 ± 0.8 mV) and an efficiency for PTM entrapment of 91.5%. The release profile, based on PTM dissolution, could be best described by a zero-order model, followed by a drug diffusion profile that fit to the Higuchi model. In addition, in vivo assay showed the efficacy of orally given PTM-loaded PLGA NPs (0.4 mg kg-1) in infected BALB/c mice, with significant reduction of organ weight and parasite load in spleen (p-value < 0.05). This work successfully reported the oral use of PTM-loaded NPs, with a high potential for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, opening a new perspective to utilization of this drug in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Viol Valle
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Souto EB, Dias-Ferreira J, Craveiro SA, Severino P, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, Silva AM, Souto SB, Mahant S. Therapeutic Interventions for Countering Leishmaniasis and Chagas's Disease: From Traditional Sources to Nanotechnological Systems. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030119. [PMID: 31374930 PMCID: PMC6789685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neglected diseases in tropical countries, such as Leishmaniasis and Chagas's disease, is attributed to a set of biological and ecological factors associated with the socioeconomic context of developing countries and with a significant burden to health care systems. Both Leishmaniasis and Chagas's disease are caused by different protozoa and develop diverse symptoms, which depend on the specific species infecting man. Currently available drugs to treat these disorders have limited therapeutic outcomes, frequently due to microorganisms' drug resistance. In recent years, significant efforts have been made towards the development of innovative drug delivery systems aiming to improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles of classical drug therapy. This paper discusses the key facts of Leishmaniasis and Chagas's disease, the currently available pharmacological therapies and the new drug delivery systems for conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - João Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara A Craveiro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, Paranhos, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
- University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Industrial Biotechnology Program, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), P.O. Box 1013; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB-UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Selma B Souto
- Department of Endocrinology of Braga Hospital, Sete Fontes, 4710-243 São Victor, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sheefali Mahant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
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Varshosaz J, Arbabi B, Pestehchian N, Saberi S, Delavari M. Chitosan-titanium dioxide-glucantime nanoassemblies effects on promastigote and amastigote of Leishmania major. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:212-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Britta EA, da Silva CC, Rubira AF, Nakamura CV, Borsali R. Generating nanoparticles containing a new 4-nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone compound with antileishmanial activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Unciti-Broceta JD, Arias JL, Maceira J, Soriano M, Ortiz-González M, Hernández-Quero J, Muñóz-Torres M, de Koning HP, Magez S, Garcia-Salcedo JA. Specific Cell Targeting Therapy Bypasses Drug Resistance Mechanisms in African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004942. [PMID: 26110623 PMCID: PMC4482409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a deadly neglected disease caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Current therapies are characterized by high drug toxicity and increasing drug resistance mainly associated with loss-of-function mutations in the transporters involved in drug import. The introduction of new antiparasitic drugs into therapeutic use is a slow and expensive process. In contrast, specific targeting of existing drugs could represent a more rapid and cost-effective approach for neglected disease treatment, impacting through reduced systemic toxicity and circumventing resistance acquired through impaired compound uptake. We have generated nanoparticles of chitosan loaded with the trypanocidal drug pentamidine and coated by a single domain nanobody that specifically targets the surface of African trypanosomes. Once loaded into this nanocarrier, pentamidine enters trypanosomes through endocytosis instead of via classical cell surface transporters. The curative dose of pentamidine-loaded nanobody-chitosan nanoparticles was 100-fold lower than pentamidine alone in a murine model of acute African trypanosomiasis. Crucially, this new formulation displayed undiminished in vitro and in vivo activity against a trypanosome cell line resistant to pentamidine as a result of mutations in the surface transporter aquaglyceroporin 2. We conclude that this new drug delivery system increases drug efficacy and has the ability to overcome resistance to some anti-protozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Unciti-Broceta
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra” (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Arias
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Maceira
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra” (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Matilde Ortiz-González
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Hernández-Quero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñóz-Torres
- Unidad de Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Magez
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - José A. Garcia-Salcedo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra” (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Mérian J, De Souza R, Dou Y, Ekdawi SN, Ravenelle F, Allen C. Development of a liposome formulation for improved biodistribution and tumor accumulation of pentamidine for oncology applications. Int J Pharm 2015; 488:154-64. [PMID: 25910415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine isethionate, widely used for the treatment of parasitic infections, has shown strong anticancer activity in cancer cells and models of melanoma and lung cancer. Systemic administration of pentamidine is associated with serious toxicities, particularly renal, affecting as many as 95% of patients (O'Brien et al., 1997). This work presents the development of a liposome pentamidine formulation for greater tumor accumulation and lower drug exposure to vulnerable tissues. Liposomes formulated with saturated/unsaturated phospholipids of different chain lengths, varying cholesterol content, and surface PEG were explored to understand the effects of such variations on drug release, encapsulation efficiency, stability and in vivo performance. Saturated phospholipids with longer chain lengths, higher cholesterol content and PEG resulted in greater stability. The optimal formulation obtained showed significantly lower clearance rate (3.6 ± 1.2 mL/h/Kg) and higher AUC0-inf (348 ± 31 μmol/L × h) in vivo when compared to free drug (414 ± 138 mL/h/Kg and 2.58 ± 0.74 μmol/L × h, respectively). In tumor-bearing mice, liposomal delivery decreased kidney drug levels by up to 5-fold at 6 and 24h post-administration. Tumor drug exposure was up to 12.7-fold greater with liposomal administration compared to free drug. Overall, the liposomal pentamidine formulation developed has significant potential for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Mérian
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; Oncozyme Pharma Inc., Montreal, QC H2Z 1B1, Canada
| | - Raquel De Souza
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Yannan Dou
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sandra N Ekdawi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Asthana S, Gupta PK, Chaurasia M, Dube A, Chourasia MK. Polymeric colloidal particulate systems: intelligent tools for intracellular targeting of antileishmanial cargos. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1633-51. [PMID: 24147603 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.838216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeted cargo delivery systems can overcome drawbacks associated with antileishmanials delivery, by defeating challenges of physiological barriers. Various colloidal particulate systems have been developed in the past; few of them even achieved success in the market, but still are limited in some ways. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on the pathobiology of leishmaniasis, interactions of particulate systems with biological environment, targeting strategies along with current conventional and vaccine therapies with special emphasis on polymeric nanotechnology for effective antileishmanial cargo delivery. EXPERT OPINION The problems concerned with limited accessibility of chemotherapeutic cargos in conventional modes to Leishmania-harboring macrophages, their toxicity, and resistant parasitic strain development can be sorted out through target-specific delivery of cargos. Vaccination is another therapeutic approach employing antigen alone or adjuvant combinations delivered by means of a carrier, and can provide preventive measures against human leishmaniasis (HL). Therefore, there is an urgent need of designing site-specific antileishmanial cargo carriers for safe and effective management of HL. Among various colloidal carriers, polymeric particulate systems hold tremendous potential as an effective delivery tool by providing control over spatial and temporal distribution of cargos after systemic or localized administration along with enhancing their stability profile at a comparatively cost-effective price leading to improved chances of commercial applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Asthana
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, CDRI communication No. 8523, Pharmaceutics Division , Lucknow-226031, UP , India +91 522 2612411 18 ; +91 522 2623405 ;
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Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: current drug-delivery systems and future perspectives. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1877-88. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases with numerous clinical manifestations for instance harshness from skin lesions to severe disfigurement and chronic systemic infection in the liver and spleen. So far, the most classical leishmaniasis therapy, despite its documented toxicities, remains pentavalent antimonial compounds. The arvailable therapeutic modalities for leishmaniasis are overwhelmed with resistance to leishmaniasis therapy. Mechanisms of classical drug resistance are often related with the lower drug uptake, increased efflux, the faster drug metabolism, drug target modifications and over-expression of drug transporters. The high prevalence of leishmaniasis and the appearance of resistance to classical drugs reveal the demand to develop and explore novel, less toxic, low cost and more promising therapeutic modalities. The review describes the mechanisms of classical drug resistance and potential drug targets in Leishmania infection. Moreover, current drug-delivery systems and future perspectives towards Leishmaniasis treatment are also covered.
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Soflaei S, Dalimi A, Abdoli A, Kamali M, Nasiri V, Shakibaie M, Tat M. Anti-leishmanial activities of selenium nanoparticles and selenium dioxide on Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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In Vitro Antiparasitic and Apoptotic Effects of Antimony Sulfide Nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:756568. [PMID: 22792443 PMCID: PMC3390137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/756568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the most important sever diseases in tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study the effects of antimony sulfide nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum in vitro were evaluated. Antimony sulfide NPs (Sb(2)S(5)) were synthesized by biological method from Serratia marcescens bacteria. Then the cytotoxicity effects of different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) of this nanoparticle were assessed on promastigote and amastigote stages of L. infantum. MTT method was used for verification results of promastigote assay. Finally, the percentages of apoptotic, necrotic, and viable cells were determined by flow cytometry. The results indicated the positive effectiveness of antimony sulfide NPs on proliferation of promastigote form. The IC(50) (50% inhibitory concentration) of antimony sulfide NPs on promastigotes was calculated 50 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity effect was dose-dependent means by increasing the concentration of antimony sulfide NPs, the cytotoxicity curve was raised and the viability curve of the parasite dropped simultaneously. Moreover, the IC(50) of antimony sulfide NPs on amastigote stage was calculated 25 μg/mL. On the other hand, however, antimony sulfide NPs have a low cytotoxicity effect on uninfected macrophages but it can induce apoptosis in promastigote stage at 3 of 4 concentrations.
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Kroubi M, Karembe H, Betbeder D. Drug delivery systems in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:735-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.574122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticulate-mediated drug delivery research has examined a full spectrum of nanoparticles that can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic cancer applications. A key aspect of this technology is in the potential to specifically target the nanoparticles to diseased cells using a range of molecules, in particular antibodies. Antibody–nanoparticle conjugates have the potential to elicit effective targeting and release of therapeutic targets at the disease site, while minimizing off-target side effects caused by dosing of normal tissues. This article provides an overview of various antibody-conjugated nanoparticle strategies, focusing on the rationale of cell-surface receptors targeted and their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Fay
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Kroubi M, Daulouede S, Karembe H, Jallouli Y, Howsam M, Mossalayi D, Vincendeau P, Betbeder D. Development of a nanoparticulate formulation of diminazene to treat African trypanosomiasis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:505102. [PMID: 21098928 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/50/505102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a real need to develop new therapeutic strategies for African trypanosomiasis infections. In our study, we developed a new drug delivery system of diminazene (DMZ), a trypanocidal drug registered for veterinary use. This drug candidate presents a limited efficacy, a poor affinity for brain tissue and instability. The development of colloidal formulations based on a porous cationic nanoparticle with an oily core ((70)DGNP(+)), has potentially two advantages: stabilization of the drug and potential targeting of the parasite. We analyzed two processes of drug loading: in process (DMZ was added during the preparation of (70)DGNP(+) at 80 °C) and post-loading (DMZ was mixed with a (70)DGNP(+) solution at room temperature). Poor stability of the drug was observed using the in process technique. When using the post-loading technique over 80% drug entrapment efficiency was obtained at a ratio of DMZ:phospholipids (wt:wt) < 5%. Moreover, DMZ loaded into (70)DGNP(+) was found to be protected against oxidation and was stable for at least six months at 4 °C. Finally, in vitro tests on T.b. brucei showed an increased efficacy of DMZ loaded in (70)DGNP(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kroubi
- EA 4483, IFR 114 IMPRT, Faculté de Médecine, Pôle recherche, Département de Physiologie, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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Gupta S, Pal A, Vyas SP. Drug delivery strategies for therapy of visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:371-402. [PMID: 20201740 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903548232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most overwhelming type of leishmaniasis associated with the poverty of developing countries and usually mortal if untreated. Most of the conventionally used dosage forms offer us the shortcomings of toxic side effects and emergence of drug resistance. Several efforts have been made to overcome the barriers involved in the treatment of VL. Colloidal carriers extensively represent the drug delivery systems (DDSs) for intracellular localization of antileishmanial compounds in macrophage-rich organs such as liver, spleen and bone marrow. These DDSs offer superior therapeutic efficacy over the conventional treatment in terms of site-specific drug delivery with reduced side effects. However, after 35 years of research in the field, AmBisome (Amphotericin B liposome for injection, Astellas Pharma US, Inc.) is the only DDS used against the VL. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A literature search was performed (for drugs and DDSs against VL) on PubMed and through Google. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review aims to describe the pathophysiology of VL and its current conventional treatment with special reference to DDSs designed against VL. TAKE HOME MESSAGE On reviewing the conventional drugs and DDSs developed against VL, it is concluded that advances in the field of targeted drug delivery can result in more efficient strategies for the therapy of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (PB), India.
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Haas SE, Bettoni CC, de Oliveira LK, Guterres SS, Dalla Costa T. Nanoencapsulation increases quinine antimalarial efficacy against Plasmodium berghei in vivo. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Drug delivery systems against leishmaniasis? Still an open question. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:805-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.7.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Scott CJ, Marouf WM, Quinn DJ, Buick RJ, Orr SJ, Donnelly RF, McCarron PA. Immunocolloidal Targeting of the Endocytotic Siglec-7 Receptor Using Peripheral Attachment of Siglec-7 Antibodies to Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2007; 25:135-46. [PMID: 17674157 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare a nanoparticulate formulation expressing variable peripheral carboxyl density using non-endcapped and endcapped poly(lactide-co-glycolide), conjugated to antibodies recognising the siglec-7 receptor, which is expressed on most acute myeloid leukaemias. The aim is to exploit this receptor as a therapeutic target by constructing an internalising drug-loaded nanoparticle able to translocate into cytoplasm by siglec receptor-mediated internalisation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies to the siglec-7 (CD33-like) receptor were conjugated to dye-loaded nanoparticles using carbodiimide chemistry, giving 32.6 microg protein per mg of nanoparticles using 100% of the non-endcapped PLGA. Binding studies using cognate antigen were used to verify preservation of antibody function following conjugation. RESULTS Mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing recombinant siglec-7 receptor and exposed to Nile-Red-loaded nanoparticles conjugated to antibody accumulated intracellular fluorescence, which was not observed if either antibody or siglec-7 receptor was absent. Confocal microscopy revealed internalised perinuclear cytoplasmic staining, with an Acridine Orange-based analysis showing red staining in localised foci, indicating localisation within acidic endocytic compartments. CONCLUSIONS Results show antibody-NP constructs are internalised via siglec-7 receptor-mediated internalisation. If loaded with a therapeutic agent, antibody-NP constructs can cross into cytoplasmic space and delivery drugs intracellularly to cells expressing CD33-like receptors, such as natural killer cells and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scott
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK
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Dea-Ayuela MA, Rama-Iñiguez S, Sánchez-Brunete JA, Torrado JJ, Alunda JM, Bolás-Fernández F. Anti-leishmanial activity of a new formulation of amphotericin B. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9:981-90. [PMID: 15361111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of albumin microspheres loaded with amphotericin B was tested in an in vivo model of visceral leishmaniasis using the golden hamster. Free and encapsulated amphotericin B was tested at the dose of 1 mg/kg given by the intracardiac route on days 25, 26 and 27 post-infection (p.i.) to treat animals previously infected with 10(7) stationary promastigotes by the intracardiac route. Encapsulated amphotericin was highly effective against infection causing a reduction of 88.8% and 87.2% in the early stage of infection (day 32 p.i.) and of 66.7% and 54% in a later stage of infection (day 135 p.i.) in liver and spleen parasite load respectively, compared with untreated animals, whereas free amphotericin was inactive. Lymphocyte proliferation was restored together with an increase in CD4(+) subsets in animals treated with encapsulated amphotericin B, but not in those treated with the non-encapsulated compound. Antibody responses did not increase after treatment with encapsulated amphotericin B with antibody levels remaining at base levels for most animals in contrast to those of untreated or treated with free amphotericin, where in most animals the antibody levels sharply increased. This new formulation could be a more economical alternative to liposomes for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Cauchetier E, Paul M, Rivollet D, Fessi H, Astier A, Deniau M. Therapeutic evaluation of free and nanocapsule-encapsulated atovaquone in the treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2003; 97:259-68. [PMID: 12803857 DOI: 10.1179/000349803235001840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The activities of free atovaquone (ATV) and of poly(D,L-lactide) nanocapsules loaded with the drug, in the treatment of mice with visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum, were compared. Each mouse was infected intravenously with 2x10(7) promastigotes, on day 0. On days 15, 17 and 19, most of the infected mice were treated either with free ATV, in a dimethylsulphoxide/cremophor/water mixture, or with the ATV-loaded nanocapsules (at, respectively, 0.2-1.6 and 0.125-1.0 mg ATV/kg, on each treatment day). The rest of the mice were left untreated, as controls. All the mice were killed on day 21 and dissected so that their livers and spleens could be weighed. The liver parasite burdens, evaluated using the Stauber method, indicated that the ATV-loaded nanocapsules were significantly more effective than the free drug. In nanocapsules, for example, a total dose of 3.0 mg ATV/kg reduced liver burdens by 71.3%, whereas treatment with a higher total dose of the free drug (4.8 mg/kg) only cut the number of liver parasites by 34.4%. The dose-response data indicated that livers would have been cleared of parasites if the nanocapsule preparation had been given as three doses each equivalent to 3 mg ATV/kg, whereas the maximum suppression possible with the free drug would have been about 61%, whatever the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cauchetier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacotechnie, Service Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France.
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Bretagne S, Durand R, Olivi M, Garin JF, Sulahian A, Rivollet D, Vidaud M, Deniau M. Real-time PCR as a new tool for quantifying Leishmania infantum in liver in infected mice. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:828-31. [PMID: 11427436 PMCID: PMC96152 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.4.828-831.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic loads of mouse livers experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum were determined using a double real-time quantitative PCR test targeted to the parasite DNA polymerase gene and to the mouse brain-derived neutrophic factor gene. The Leishmania DNA copy number was normalized to the number of mouse gene copies in order to quantify the former independently of liver weight. The correlation coefficient with the microtitration method was 0.66. This PCR assay can be considered for experimental pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bretagne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor-APHP and Université Paris XII, Créteil, Paris, France.
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Cauchetier E, Paul M, Rivollet D, Fessi H, Astier A, Deniau M. Therapeutic evaluation of free and liposome-encapsulated atovaquone in the treatment of murine leishmaniasis. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:777-83. [PMID: 10856513 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of drug delivery systems may reduce the toxicity and improve the activity of anti-leishmanial compounds. The activity of atovaquone (ATV)-loaded liposomes was compared by determination of median effective doses (ED(25) and ED(50)), with that of free ATV in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania infantum. On day 0, mice were infected intravenously with 4.10(7) promastigotes and treated via the tail vein on days 15, 17 and 19 by free drug in a DMSO/cremophor/water solution (0.2 to 1.6 mg/kg body weight) or by liposomal drug (0.04 to 0.32 mg/kg body weight). Mice were killed and livers and spleens were removed and weighed on day 21 p.i. and liver parasite burdens evaluated using the Stauber method. Effective doses were determined using the Hill representation relating the percentage of parasite suppression to the dose. Liposomal ATV was significantly more effective than the free drug in reducing liver parasites (61.6% of parasite suppression at a dose of 0.32 mg/kg vs 34.9% at a dose of 1.6mg/kg). Liposomal ATV was 23 times more active than the free drug (ED(25) value=0. 02+/-0.01 mg/kg vs 0.46+/-0.15 mg/kg for free drug). It was not possible to obtain the ED(50) for free ATV because the dose-response curve reached a plateau around 33% of parasite suppression. Conversely, the ED(50) for liposomal ATV was 0.17+/-0.05 mg/kg. 100% efficacy of bound ATV could be obtained with a concentration of 1. 77+/-0.35 mg/kg. A significant decrease in spleen weights was also observed reflecting a leishmanicidal activity of ATV. These results suggest that liposome loaded ATV is more efficacious than the free drug against Leishmania infantum in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cauchetier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacotechnie, Service Pharmacie, C.H.U. H. Mondor, AP-HP, 94010, Créteil, France.
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Cauchetier E, Fessi H, Boulard Y, Deniau M, Astier A, Paul M. Preparation and physicochemical characterization of atovaquone-containing liposomes. Drug Dev Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199908)47:4<155::aid-ddr1>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Durand R, Faraut-Gambarelli F, Pratlong F, Paul M, Rivollet D, Houin R, Deniau M. Characteristics of multiple isolates of Leishmania infantum in an AIDS patient. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)00029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paul M, Laatiris A, Fessi H, Dufeu B, Durand R, Deniau M, Astier A. Pentamidine-loaded poly(D,L-lactide) nanoparticles: Adsorption and drug release. Drug Dev Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199802)43:2<98::aid-ddr2>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 1998. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049809008251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Paul M, Fessi H, Laatiris A, Boulard Y, Durand R, Deniau M, Astier A. Pentamidine-loaded poly(d,l-lactide) nanoparticles: physicochemical properties and stability work. Int J Pharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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