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Villamizar X, Higuera A, Herrera G, Vasquez-A LR, Buitron L, Muñoz LM, Gonzalez-C FE, Lopez MC, Giraldo JC, Ramírez JD. Molecular and descriptive epidemiology of intestinal protozoan parasites of children and their pets in Cauca, Colombia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:190. [PMID: 30808303 PMCID: PMC6390308 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections, particularly those caused by protozoa, represent a considerable public health problem in developing countries. Blastocystis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and the Entamoeba complex (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii) are the most common etiological causes of intestinal parasitic infections. METHODS We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional study in school-age children attending a daycare institution in commune eight of Popayán, Cauca (Southwest Colombia). A total of 266 fecal samples were collected (258 from children and eight from pets). Blastocystis, G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and the Entamoeba complex were identified by microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and conventional PCR. The concordance of qPCR and microscopy was assessed using the Kappa index. Molecular characterization was conducted to identify Blastocystis subtypes (18S), G. duodenalis assemblages (tpi and gdh) and Cryptosporidium species/subtypes (18S and GP60). Potential associations between intestinal parasitism and sociodemographic factors were examined using bivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 258 fecal samples from children were analyzed by microscopy and 255 samples were analyzed by qPCR. The prevalence of Blastocystis was between 25.19% (microscopy) and 39.22% (qPCR), that of G. duodenalis was between 8.14% (microscopy) and 10.59% (qPCR), that of Cryptosporidium spp. was estimated at 9.8% (qPCR), and that of the Entamoeba complex was between 0.39% (conventional PCR) and 0.78% (microscopy). The concordance between microscopy and qPCR was very low. Blastocystis ST1 (alleles 4, 8, and 80), ST2 (alleles 11, 12, and 15), ST3 (alleles 31, 34, 36, 38,57, and 151), and ST4 (alleles 42 and 91), G. duodenalis assemblages AII, BIII, BIV and D, C. parvum subtype IIa and C. hominis subtype IbA9G3R2 were identified. The only identified member of the Entamoeba complex corresponded to E. histolytica. No statistically significant association was identified between parasitic infection and any sociodemographic variable. CONCLUSION This study revealed the usefulness of molecular methods to depict the transmission dynamics of parasitic protozoa in southwest Colombia. The presence of some of these protozoa in domestic animals may be involved in their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Villamizar
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Higuera
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanny Herrera
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Reinel Vasquez-A
- Centro de estudios en Microbiología y Parasitología (CEMPA), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Lorena Buitron
- Centro de estudios en Microbiología y Parasitología (CEMPA), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Lina Maria Muñoz
- Centro de estudios en Microbiología y Parasitología (CEMPA), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Fabiola E. Gonzalez-C
- Centro de estudios en Microbiología y Parasitología (CEMPA), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Myriam Consuelo Lopez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Lass A, Karanis P, Korzeniewski K. First detection and genotyping of Giardia intestinalis in stool samples collected from children in Ghazni Province, eastern Afghanistan and evaluation of the PCR assay in formalin-fixed specimens. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2255-2264. [PMID: 28612148 PMCID: PMC5529491 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that faecal-orally transmitted diseases are common in Afghanistan, as a consequence of poor hygienic standards of life and widespread contamination of water and food with both human and animal faeces. However, there is little information in the literature concerning infections caused by intestinal parasites in the Afghan population. In this study, we report the occurrence of Giardia intestinalis assemblages (A and B) in formalin-fixed stool samples collected from 245 Afghan schoolchildren living in Ghazni Province in eastern Afghanistan. Detection of the parasite’s DNA and genotyping was performed using real-time PCR, specific to the β-giardin gene of G. intestinalis. Positive results were recorded in 52 (21.2%) samples. Genotyping was successful in 39 faecal samples and showed the predominance of assemblage B of G. intestinalis in this population (15 assemblage A and 24 assemblage B). Co-infection with both genotypes A and B was detected in four samples. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of 10% buffered formalin fixative on the detection of G. intestinalis DNA using real-time PCR and nested PCR characterised by different lengths of PCR products (74 and 479 bp, respectively). The human faeces containing the Giardia cysts were tested for 16 weeks. Amplification of G. intestinalis DNA with real-time PCR was possible up to 6 weeks of preservation of stool sample in formalin, compared to only 2 weeks with nested PCR. This suggests that real-time PCR is a more suitable tool in cases where stool samples have to be kept in formalin for longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lass
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdansk, 9b Powstania Styczniowego Str, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Krzysztof Korzeniewski
- Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine Department in Gdynia, Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw, Grudzinskiego St. 4, 81-103, Gdynia, Poland
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Figgatt M, Mergen K, Kimelstein D, Mahoney DM, Newman A, Nicholas D, Ricupero K, Cafiero T, Corry D, Ade J, Kurpiel P, Madison-Antenucci S, Anand M. Giardiasis Outbreak Associated with Asymptomatic Food Handlers in New York State, 2015. J Food Prot 2017; 80:837-841. [PMID: 28402185 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan that causes a gastrointestinal illness called giardiasis. Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States are most commonly associated with waterborne transmission and are less commonly associated with food, person-to-person, and zoonotic transmission. During June to September 2015, an outbreak of 20 giardiasis cases occurred and were epidemiologically linked to a local grocery store chain on Long Island, New York. Further investigation revealed three asymptomatic food handlers were infected with G. duodenalis, and one food handler and one case were coinfected with Cryptosporidium spp. Although G. duodenalis was not detected in food samples, Cryptosporidium was identified in samples of spinach dip and potato salad. The G. duodenalis assemblage and subtype from one of the food handlers matched two outbreak cases for which genotyping could be performed. This outbreak highlights the potential role of asymptomatically infected food handlers in giardiasis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Figgatt
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, 2872 Woodcock Boulevard, Suite 250, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Kimberly Mergen
- Parasitology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Deborah Kimelstein
- Nassau County Department of Health, 200 County Seat Drive, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | - Danielle M Mahoney
- Nassau County Department of Health, 200 County Seat Drive, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | - Alexandra Newman
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237
| | - David Nicholas
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237
| | - Kristen Ricupero
- Nassau County Department of Health, 200 County Seat Drive, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | - Theresa Cafiero
- Nassau County Department of Health, 200 County Seat Drive, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | - Daniel Corry
- Nassau County Department of Health, 200 County Seat Drive, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
| | - Julius Ade
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237
| | - Philip Kurpiel
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237
| | - Susan Madison-Antenucci
- Parasitology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Madhu Anand
- New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237
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Hussein EM, Ismail OA, Mokhtar AB, Mohamed SE, Saad RM. Nested PCR targeting intergenic spacer (IGS) in genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic infected Egyptian school children. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:763-771. [PMID: 27975120 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distinct sequences of Giardia duodenalis assemblages raised the hypothesis that certain assemblages may contribute to its clinical outcome. However, sequences analysis is time consuming, expensive, and needs many manual operations. Nested PCR targeting intergenic spacer (IGS) region was applied successfully to genotype G. duodenalis. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of G. duodenalis assemblages among giardiasis school children and its relation to the presence of symptoms using nested IGS/PCR. Of 65 microscopically confirmed Giardia-positive samples, 65 samples were genotyped proving high sensitivity (92.3%) of IGS/PCR. Negative IGS/PCR samples were also negative for β-giardin gene. Subassemblage AI was the commonest with 66.6% (20/30) among asymptomatic children compared to 53.3% (16/30) of symptomatic, while assemblage B was found in 40% (12/30) of symptomatic compared to 20% (6/30) of asymptomatic. The difference was significant. AII was only found in asymptomatic with 13.4% (4/30), while mixed infections (AI&B) were recorded only in 6.6% (2/30) of symptomatic group. A significant relation was found between younger children susceptibility for AI and B infections as presented in 77.7 (12/16) and 83.3% (10/12) of symptomatic, respectively, and 80 (16/80) and 33.4% (2/4) of asymptomatic, respectively. Significant relations were found between AI with intermittent diarrhea and B with chronic. A significant relation was found between assemblage distributions and heavy infection intensity. In conclusion, higher incidence of assemblage B among symptomatic children compared to asymptomatic could denote its possible pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Hussein
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Ola A Ismail
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Amira B Mokhtar
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Samer E Mohamed
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Rania M Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Ramírez JD, Heredia RD, Hernández C, León CM, Moncada LI, Reyes P, Pinilla AE, Lopez MC. Molecular diagnosis and genotype analysis of Giardia duodenalis in asymptomatic children from a rural area in central Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:208-13. [PMID: 25795384 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects around 200 million people worldwide. This parasite presents a remarkable genetic variability observed in 8 genetic clusters named as 'assemblages' (A-H). These assemblages are host restricted and could be zoonotic where A and B infect humans and animals around the globe. The knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of human giardiasis in South-America is scarce and also the usefulness of PCR to detect this pathogen in fecal samples remains controversial. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional study to compare the molecular targets employed for the molecular diagnosis of Giardia DNA and to discriminate the parasite assemblages circulating in the studied population. We analyzed 181 fecal samples from Children at La Virgen, Cundinamarca, Colombia that were DNA-extracted and analyzed by SSU rDNA, tpi and gdh loci. We observed positivity by microscopy of 13% and by PCR around 76-80% depending on the molecular marker. Additionally, a lack of statistical concordance between microscopy and PCR was detected. Regarding the genetic assemblages, we detected assemblage A (3%), assemblage B (90%) and mixed infections assemblages A+B (7%). Hence, the sub-assemblages were typed as AI, AII, BIII and BIV across the population. This study represents a reliable attempt to understand the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis in Colombia and the use of PCR to detect cryptic infections. The epidemiological implications are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Rubén Darío Heredia
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cielo M León
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ligia Inés Moncada
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricia Reyes
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Myriam Consuelo Lopez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Sotiriadou I, Pantchev N, Gassmann D, Karanis P. Molecular identification of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from dogs and cats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:8. [PMID: 23477297 PMCID: PMC3718527 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to diagnose the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in household animals using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. One hundred faecal samples obtained from 81 dogs and 19 cats were investigated. The Cryptosporidium genotypes were determined by sequencing a fragment of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, while the Giardia Assemblages were determined through analysis of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) locus. Isolates from five dogs and two cats were positive by PCR for the presence of Giardia, and their sequences matched the zoonotic Assemblage A of Giardia. Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from one dog and one cat were both found to be C. parvum. One dog isolate harboured a mixed infection of C. parvum and Giardia Assemblage A. These findings support the growing evidence that household animals are potential reservoirs of the zoonotic pathogens Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. for infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Sotiriadou
- Medical and Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Medical School, Centre of Anatomy, Institute II, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, D-50931 Cologne, Germany - Centre of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 32, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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The sympatric occurrence of two genetically divergent lineages of sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura), on the four-striped mouse genus, Rhabdomys (Rodentia: Muridae). Parasitology 2013; 140:604-16. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201200217x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWithin southern Africa, the widely distributed four-striped mouse genus (Rhabdomys) is parasitized by, amongst others, the specific ectoparasitic sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis. Given the presence of significant geographically structured genetic divergence in Rhabdomys, and the propensity of parasites to harbour cryptic diversity, the molecular systematics of P. arvicanthis was investigated. Representatives of P. arvicanthis were sampled from Rhabdomys at 16 localities throughout southern Africa. Parsimony and Bayesian gene trees were constructed for the mitochondrial COI, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and nuclear CAD genes. Our findings support the existence of 2 genetic groups within P. arvicanthis separated by at least 25% COI sequence divergence, which is comparable to that observed among recognized Polyplax species. We therefore propose that these 2 genetic lineages probably represent distinct species and that the apparent absence of clear morphological differences may point to cryptic speciation. The 2 taxa have sympatric distributions throughout most of the sampled host range and also occasionally occur sympatrically on the same host individual. The co-occurrence of these genetically distinct lineages probably resulted from parasite duplication via host-associated allopatric divergence and subsequent reciprocal range expansions of the 2 parasite taxa throughout southern Africa.
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Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: implications for parasitology. Parasitology 2011; 138:1688-709. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201000168x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHerein we review theoretical and methodological considerations important for finding and delimiting cryptic species of parasites (species that are difficult to recognize using traditional systematic methods). Applications of molecular data in empirical investigations of cryptic species are discussed from an historical perspective, and we evaluate advantages and disadvantages of approaches that have been used to date. Developments concerning the theory and practice of species delimitation are emphasized because theory is critical to interpretation of data. The advantages and disadvantages of different molecular methodologies, including the number and kind of loci, are discussed relative to tree-based approaches for detecting and delimiting cryptic species. We conclude by discussing some implications that cryptic species have for research programmes in parasitology, emphasizing that careful attention to the theory and operational practices involved in finding, delimiting, and describing new species (including cryptic species) is essential, not only for fully characterizing parasite biodiversity and broader aspects of comparative biology such as systematics, evolution, ecology and biogeography, but to applied research efforts that strive to improve development and understanding of epidemiology, diagnostics, control and potential eradication of parasitic diseases.
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Giardia taxonomy, phylogeny and epidemiology: Facts and open questions. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:321-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nolan MJ, Jex AR, Pangasa A, Young ND, Campbell AJ, Stevens M, Gasser RB. Analysis of nucleotide variation within the triose-phosphate isomerase gene ofGiardia duodenalisfrom sheep and its zoonotic implications. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:287-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tashima NT, Simões MJS, Leite CQF, Fluminhan A, Nogueira MA, Malaspina AC. Classic and molecular study of Giardia duodenalis in children from a daycare center in the region of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:19-24. [PMID: 19229386 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on giardiasis by using molecular techniques such as RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) may give information on factors related to the transmission of Giardia duodenalis. The aim of this work was to assess the epidemiology of G. duodenalis in 101 children attended at a daycare center in Presidente Bernardes, SP, Brazil. After parasitological examinations in feces samples, 15 children presented cysts of G. duodenalis. Their respective parents, brothers and pets, besides the daycare center workers, also had their feces submitted to parasitological analysis. Seven mothers and nine brothers also presented G. duodenalis cysts, while fathers, daycare workers and pets (dogs) did not presented the parasite. Besides the 15 cases with G. duodenalis, other 23 children presented other enteroparasites (Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). Samples of G. duodenalis cysts from children and their relatives were submitted to molecular typing by RAPD after genomic DNA extraction and amplification of a fragment of the 18S rDNA region by PCR. After examining 31 isolates of G. duodenalis (children and their respective mothers and brothers), it was concluded that the parasite transmission occurred in children, probably during daily cohabitation at the daycare center, but not at home among their relatives or pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nair Toshiko Tashima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil.
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Monis PT, Caccio SM, Thompson RA. Variation in Giardia: towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Plutzer J, Karanis P, Domokos K, Törökné A, Márialigeti K. Detection and characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 211:524-33. [PMID: 18550431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species and analysed the genotypes in 36 samples collected from different water sources and various geographic areas in Hungary. Samples were collected from drinking water and sewage treatment plants and from the recreation area of Lake Balaton. The (oo)cysts were purified according to the US EPA 1623 method and they were detected by immunofluorescence test (IFT). Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and then the GDH target gene for Giardia and the SSUrDNA for both Giardia and for Cryptosporidium species were amplified by PCR. 24 out of 36 samples (67%) were Giardia positive and 15 (42%) were Cryptosporidium positive by IFT. PCR confirmed that 13 out of 36 samples (36%) were Giardia positive and 10 (28%) contained Cryptosporidium. Twelve Giardia and two Cryptosporidium PCR products were successfully sequenced. In seven samples G. lamblia Assemblage A and in one sample Assemblage B and in four cases Assemblages A and B have been found. In one sample C. parvum and in the other separate sample C. meleagridis were detected. Sequence analysis revealed a new subtype of G. duodenalis complex, clustered close to the Assemblage A group. This study provides the first report on simultaneous detection and genotyping of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium species from water supplies in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Plutzer
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Department of Water Hygiene, Gyáli ut 2-6, Budapest H-1096, Hungary.
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Thompson RCA, Monis PT. Variation in Giardia: implications for taxonomy and epidemiology. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2005; 58:69-137. [PMID: 15603762 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(04)58002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy, life cycle patterns and zoonotic potential of Giardia infecting mammals and birds have been poorly understood and controversial for many years. The development of molecular tools for characterising isolates of Giardia directly from faeces or environmental samples has made an enormous contribution to resolving these issues. It is now clear that the G. duodenalis morphological group is a species complex comprising a series of what appear to be largely host-adapted species, and at least two zoonotic species for which humans are the major host, but which are also capable of infecting other mammals. It is proposed that this new information be reflected in the redesignation of several species of Giardia described previously. The molecular epidemiological tools that are now available need to be applied in different endemic foci of Giardia transmission, as well as in outbreak situations, in order to understand better the frequency of zoonotic transmission as well as to develop more effective approaches to controlling giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C A Thompson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 1650, Australia.
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Wu XY, Chilton NB, Zhu XQ, Xie MQ, Li AX. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) represents two species. Parasitology 2005; 130:669-77. [PMID: 15977904 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004007152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) and the D1-D3 domains of the large subunit (LSU) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were determined for multiple specimens of 4 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the monogenean, Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis. OTUs were defined based on their collecting localities, host and/or morphological characteristics. All P. lantauensis specimens of one group (OTUs 1 and 3) differed in their sequences of the ITS-1 and partial LSU rDNA when compared with specimens of a second group (OTUs 2 and 4) by 12% and 2%, respectively. Results of the phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA sequence data showed total (100%) bootstrap support for the separation of P. lantauensis into 2 distinct clades. At least 11 of the 18 nucleotide differences in the LSU sequence between the two P. lantauensis clades were derived (i.e. autapomorphic) characters when the morphologically distinct species, P. epinepheli and P. coioidesis, were used as outgroups. Furthermore, there were several autapomorphic character states for each P. lantauensis clade. This provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that P. lantauensis represents a single species. Morphological and morphometric differences between these two clades provided additional strong support for the separation of P. lantauensis into two species. These two parasite species were found to co-exist on one of the two species of serranid fish (i.e. Epinephelus coioides) examined in the South China Sea (Guangdong Province, China).
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, The People's Republic of China
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Sulaiman IM, Jiang J, Singh A, Xiao L. Distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subgenotypes in raw urban wastewater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3776-80. [PMID: 15184191 PMCID: PMC427756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3776-3780.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia cysts in 131 raw wastewater samples from Milwaukee, Wis., were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase gene which showed the presence of two distinct genotypes (assemblages A and B) of Giardia duodenalis. Of the 131 samples, 111 belonged to assemblage A, and the remaining samples belonged to assemblage B. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was evident within the assemblage B cluster, with 10 distinct subgenotypes identified, eight of which have not been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad M Sulaiman
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
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Rocha MO, Gomes MA, Costa AO, Furst C, Silva EF. Molecular characterization of Brazilian human Giardia duodenalis isolates using isoenzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 46:273-8. [PMID: 12944019 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(03)00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isoenzymes and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis were used to characterize three Brazilian human isolates of Giardia duodenalis and its clones. The Portland-1 strain (ATCC 30888) was included in the study as a reference pattern. Both methods divided the isolates into two main groups, one represented by the Portland-1 strain, the other constituted by the Brazilian isolates, which, in turn, were divided into 2 subgroups. The dendogram constructed with the RAPD data, using seven primers, revealed a great heterogeneity between Brazilian isolates and the Portland-1 strain. There was no relationship to the clinical characteristics of the isolates. Although a lot of similarity has been observed among Brazilian isolates and its clones, individual polymorphism was detected, which could be related to the clonal reproduction of this protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam O Rocha
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Monis PT, Andrews RH, Mayrhofer G, Ey PL. Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 3:29-38. [PMID: 12797970 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(02)00149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A genetic analysis of Giardia intestinalis, a parasitic protozoan species that is ubiquitous in mammals worldwide, was undertaken using organisms derived from a variety of mammalian hosts in different geographical locations. The test panel of 53 Giardia isolates comprised 48 samples of G. intestinalis, including representatives of all known genetic subgroups, plus an isolate of G. ardeae and four isolates of G. muris. The isolates were compared by allozymic analysis of electrophoretic data obtained for 21 cytosolic enzymes, representing 23 gene loci. Neighbour Joining analysis of the allelic profiles supported the monophyly of G. intestinalis but showed that the species encompasses a rich population substructure. Seven major clusters were evident within G. intestinalis, corresponding to lineages designated previously as genetic assemblages A-G. Some genotypes, e.g. those defining assemblage A, are found in divergent host species and may be zoonotic. However other genotypes, e.g. those defining assemblages C-G, appear to be confined to particular hosts or host groups. The findings reinforce other evidence that G. intestinalis, which was defined on the basis of morphological criteria only, is a species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Monis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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Abstract
The anaerobic protozoa Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba histolytica infect up to a billion people each year. G. duodenalis and E. histolytica are primarily pathogens of the intestinal tract, although E. histolytica can form abscesses and invade other organs, where it can be fatal if left untreated. T. vaginalis infection is a sexually transmitted infection causing vaginitis and acute inflammatory disease of the genital mucosa. T. vaginalis has also been reported in the urinary tract, fallopian tubes, and pelvis and can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and oral lesions. Respiratory infections can be acquired perinatally. T. vaginalis infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight, and increased mortality as well as predisposing to human immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS, and cervical cancer. All three organisms lack mitochondria and are susceptible to the nitroimidazole metronidazole because of similar low-redox-potential anaerobic metabolic pathways. Resistance to metronidazole and other drugs has been observed clinically and in the laboratory. Laboratory studies have identified the enzyme that activates metronidazole, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, to its nitroso form and distinct mechanisms of decreasing drug susceptibility that are induced in each organism. Although the nitroimidazoles have been the drug family of choice for treating the anaerobic protozoa, G. duodenalis is less susceptible to other antiparasitic drugs, such as furazolidone, albendazole, and quinacrine. Resistance has been demonstrated for each agent, and the mechanism of resistance has been investigated. Metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis is well documented, and the principal mechanisms have been defined. Bypass metabolism, such as alternative oxidoreductases, have been discovered in both organisms. Aerobic versus anaerobic resistance in T. vaginalis is discussed. Mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in E. histolytica have recently been investigated using laboratory-induced resistant isolates. Instead of downregulation of the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and ferredoxin pathway as seen in G. duodenalis and T. vaginalis, E. histolytica induces oxidative stress mechanisms, including superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin. The review examines the value of investigating both clinical and laboratory-induced syngeneic drug-resistant isolates and dissection of the complementary data obtained. Comparison of resistance mechanisms in anaerobic bacteria and the parasitic protozoa is discussed as well as the value of studies of the epidemiology of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Upcroft
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and The Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Abstract
In addition to its medical importance, the parasite Entamoeba histolytica has been studied by evolutionary biologists because of its unusual structural and biochemical features. Recent molecular data have revealed that many of our assumptions regarding the relationships of the organism and its relatives have been incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Clark
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
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Deng MQ, Peterson RP, Cliver DO. First findings of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). J Parasitol 2000; 86:490-4. [PMID: 10864244 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0490:ffocag]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the detection and identification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. Fecal samples were collected from Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in the northern California coastal area. By means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from California sea lions, 1 of which also contained Giardia cysts. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium and cysts of Giardia were morphologically indistinguishable from oocysts of C. parvum and cysts of G. duodenalis from other animal origins. Oocysts and cysts were then purified using immunomagnetic separation techniques and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from which species-specific products were obtained. Sequence analysis revealed that the 452-bp and 358-bp PCR products of Cryptosporidium isolated from California sea lion had identities of 98% with sequences of their template fragments of C. parvum obtained from infected calves. Based on morphological, immunological, and genetic characterization, the isolates were identified as C. parvum and G. duodenalis, respectively. The findings suggested that California sea lions could serve as reservoirs in the environmental transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Deng
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univerity of California at Davis, 95616-8743, USA
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