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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yao H, Deng S, Gao T, Shang L, Chen X, Cui X, Zeng J. Peroxisomal β-oxidation stimulates cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101572. [PMID: 35007532 PMCID: PMC8819034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diabetes normally causes an elevation of cholesterol biosynthesis and induces hypercholesterolemia in animals and human, the mechanism linking diabetes to the dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver is not fully understood. As liver peroxisomal β-oxidation is induced in the diabetic state and peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids generates free acetate, we hypothesized that peroxisomal β-oxidation might play a role in liver cholesterol biosynthesis in diabetes. Here, we used erucic acid, a specific substrate for peroxisomal β-oxidation, and 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid, a specific inhibitor for peroxisomal β-oxidation, to specifically induce and suppress peroxisomal β-oxidation. Our results suggested that induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation increased liver cholesterol biosynthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We found that excessive oxidation of fatty acids by peroxisomes generated considerable free acetate in the liver, which was used as a precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition, we show that specific inhibition of peroxisomal β-oxidation decreased cholesterol biosynthesis by reducing acetate formation in the liver in diabetic mice, demonstrating a crosstalk between peroxisomal β-oxidation and cholesterol biosynthesis. Based on these results, we propose that induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation serves as a mechanism for a fatty acid-induced upregulation in cholesterol biosynthesis and also plays a role in diabetes-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yaoqing Wang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Haoya Yao
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Senwen Deng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Shang
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cui
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China.
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Chen T, Zhang M, Li J, Surhio MM, Li B, Ye M. Structural characterization and hypoglycemic activity of Trichosanthes peel polysaccharide. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Antidiabetic effect of Sida cordata in alloxan induced diabetic rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:671294. [PMID: 25114914 PMCID: PMC4119905 DOI: 10.1155/2014/671294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are efficient ameliorator of oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus. In this study, ethyl acetate fraction (SCEE) of Sida cordata was investigated for scientific validation of its folk use in diabetes. Antidiabetic effect of SCEE was confirmed by antihyperglycemic activity in normal glucose loaded and diabetic glucose loaded animals as well as normal off feed animals. Confirmation of antidiabetic activity and toxicity ameliorative role of S. cordata was investigated in a chronic multiple dose treatment study of fifteen days. A single dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg) produced a decrease in insulin level, hyperglycemia, elevated total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol and decreased the high-density lipoproteins. Concurrent with these changes, there was an increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), H2O2, and nitrite in pancreas, liver, and testis. This oxidative stress was related to a decrease in glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes. Administration of SCEE for 15 days after diabetes induction ameliorated hyperglycemia, restored lipid profile, blunted the increase in TBARS, H2O2, and nitrite content, and stimulated the GSH production in the organs of alloxan-treated rats. We suggested that SCEE could be used as antidiabetic component in case of diabetes mellitus. This may be related to its antioxidative properties.
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Evaluation of Mallotus oppositifolius Methanol Leaf Extract on the Glycaemia and Lipid Peroxidation in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats: A Preliminary Study. Biochem Res Int 2013; 2013:527205. [PMID: 24224091 PMCID: PMC3810516 DOI: 10.1155/2013/527205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is folklorically used to “treat” diabetic conditions in some parts of Nigeria therefore the study, to investigate the extract of the leaves for activities on hyperglycaemia, lipid peroxidation, and increased cholesterol levels in vivo in alloxan diabetic rats as well as its potential antioxidant activity in vitro. Methods. Albino rats (240–280 g) were given an injection of 120 mg/kg body weight, i.p. of alloxan monohydrate. After 8 days, diabetic animals with elevated fasting blood glucose levels (>9 mmol/L) were considered and selected for the study. Results. Oral treatment with the extract administered every 12 h by gavage at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract to the test rats, for 14 days, resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose levels from 12.82 ± 1.02 mmol/dL to 4.92 ± 2.01 mmol/dL at the highest dose of 400 mg/kg compared to the control drug and glibenclamide as well as attendant significant decline in diabetic rats employed in the study. Conclusion. The extract also showed in vitro concentration-dependent antioxidant activity following the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing assays. Findings further suggest the presence of active antidiabetic and antioxidant principles in M. oppositifolius leaves.
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Ajayi AF, Akhigbe RE, Adewumi OM, Okeleji LO, Mujaidu KB, Olaleye SB. Effect of ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem on in vivo and in vitro glucose absorption and transport: Mechanism of its antidiabetic activity. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16 Suppl 1:S91-S96. [PMID: 22701855 PMCID: PMC3354926 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.94265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracts from various morphological parts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta are widely used traditionally in folklore medicine in many parts of the world for the management, control, and/or treatment of a plethora of human ailments, including diabetes mellitus. In order to scientifically appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, the present study was undertaken to investigate its influence at varying doses on intestinal glucose absorption and transport in relation to its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in rat experimental paradigms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals used were divided into four groups. Control animals received 2 ml of distilled water, while treated groups received 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg bw of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract per oral respectively daily for 21 days. RESULTS Cryptolepis sanguinolenta led to a significant decrease in glucose transport and absorption. It also caused significant reductions in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol. Biochemical changes observed were suggestive of dose dependence. Histopathological studies also showed increased sizes of β cells of the pancreas. CONCLUSION The findings in these normoglycemic laboratory animals suggest that Cryptolepis sanguinolenta has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities, possibly by reducing glucose absorption and transport, and enhancing the structural and functional abilities of the β cells. This is the first study to report the effect of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta on intestinal glucose absorption. This effect could be attributed to its major bioactive principle, cryptolepine, an indoloquinoline alkaloid. This study thus lends credence to the use of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta in the management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Ajayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - R. E. Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - O. M. Adewumi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - L. O. Okeleji
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - K. B. Mujaidu
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - S. B. Olaleye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Ezeigbo II, Asuzu IU. Anti-diabetic activities of the methanol leaf extracts of Hymenocardia acida (tul.) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2011; 9:204-9. [PMID: 23983336 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v9i2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of methanolic extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves on diabetes and associated lipidemia were investigated on experimentally-induced diabetic rats. The extract did not demonstrate any acutely toxic effect in rats within the dose range (250 mg/kg - 2000 mg/kg) employed in the study; hence it was well tolerated by the rats. In all experiments, the anti-diabetic effects were dose-dependent and comparable to that of glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) standard. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, lipid profile markers such as the serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, LDL-C, triglycerides and HDL-C were significantly lower (p <0.05) than those of both the treated and untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihechiluru I Ezeigbo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
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Owolabi, M, Jaja S, Olatunji O, Oyekanmi O, Adepoju S. Attenuation of Oxidative Damage in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rabbits Following Administration of the Extract of the Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2011.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ojaimi C, Kinugawa S, Recchia FA, Hintze TH. Oxidant-NO dependent gene regulation in dogs with type I diabetes: impact on cardiac function and metabolism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:43. [PMID: 20735837 PMCID: PMC2936363 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular mortality in type I diabetes (DM) have not been defined completely. We have shown in conscious dogs with DM that: 1) baseline coronary blood flow (CBF) was significantly decreased, 2) endothelium-dependent (ACh) coronary vasodilation was impaired, and 3) reflex cholinergic NO-dependent coronary vasodilation was selectively depressed. The most likely mechanism responsible for the depressed reflex cholinergic NO-dependent coronary vasodilation was the decreased bioactivity of NO from the vascular endothelium. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in cardiac gene expression in a canine model of alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes. Methods Mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented and the dogs were divided into two groups: one normal and the other diabetic. In the diabetic group, the dogs were injected with alloxan monohydrate (40-60 mg/kg iv) over 1 min. The global changes in cardiac gene expression in dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes were studied using Affymetrix Canine Array. Cardiac RNA was extracted from the control and DM (n = 4). Results The array data revealed that 797 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.01; fold change of at least ±2). 150 genes were expressed at significantly greater levels in diabetic dogs and 647 were significantly reduced. There was no change in eNOS mRNA. There was up regulation of some components of the NADPH oxidase subunits (gp91 by 2.2 fold, P < 0.03), and down-regulation of SOD1 (3 fold, P < 0.001) and decrease (4 - 40 fold) in a large number of genes encoding mitochondrial enzymes. In addition, there was down-regulation of Ca2+ cycling genes (ryanodine receptor; SERCA2 Calcium ATPase), structural proteins (actin alpha). Of particular interests are genes involved in glutathione metabolism (glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase), which were markedly down regulated. Conclusion our findings suggest that type I diabetes might have a direct effect on the heart by impairing NO bioavailability through oxidative stress and perhaps lipid peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ojaimi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Adewole SO, Ojewole JAO. Protective effects of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on serum lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2008; 6:30-41. [PMID: 20162039 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v6i1.57071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from various morphological parts of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) are widely used medicinally in many parts of the world for the management, control and/or treatment of a plethora of human ailments, including diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effects of A. muricata leaf aqueous extract (AME) in rat experimental paradigms of DM. The animals used were broadly divided into four (A, B, C and D) experimental groups. Group A rats served as 'control' animals and received distilled water in quantities equivalent to the administered volumes of AME and reference drugs' solutions intraperitoneally. Diabetes mellitus was induced in Groups B and C rats by intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ, 70 mg kg(-1)). Group C rats were additionally treated with AME (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1), p.o.) as from day 3 post STZ injection, for four consecutive weeks. Group D rats received AME (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) p.o.) only for four weeks. Post-euthanization, hepatic tissues were excised and processed biochemically for antioxidant enzymes and lipid profiles, such as catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), respectively. Treatment of Groups B and C rats with STZ (70 mg kg(-1) i. p.) resulted in hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, and increased TBARS, ROS, TC, TG and LDL levels. STZ treatment also significantly decreased (p<0.05) CAT, GSH, SOD, GSH-Px activities, and HDL levels. AME-treated Groups C and D rats showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in elevated blood glucose, ROS, TBARS, TC, TG and LDL. Furthermore, AME treatment significantly increased (p<0.05) antioxidant enzymes' activities, as well as serum insulin levels. The findings of this laboratory animal study suggest that A. muricata extract has a protective, beneficial effect on hepatic tissues subjected to STZ-induced oxidative stress, possibly by decreasing lipid peroxidation and indirectly enhancing production of insulin and endogenous antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Adewole
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Diwakar S, Tyagi A, Tandon V, Chandra R, Watal G. In vivo evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-lipidimic potential of Annona squamosa aqueous extract in Type 2 diabetic models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:21-25. [PMID: 18440739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Diabetes is known to involve oxidative stress and changes in lipid metabolism. Many secondary plant metabolites have been shown to possess antioxidant activities, improving the effects of oxidative stress due to diabetes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of water extract of Annona squamosa leaves on antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile of animal models of type 2, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). MATERIAL AND METHODS The plant material was extracted with boiling water for 2 h. Albino Wistar rats (n=24) were divided into four groups. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection (ip) at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Animals of treated groups were given the dose of 350 mg/kg of the extract. The excised rat tissues were rinsed in ice-cold saline, blotted dry and weighed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results clearly suggest that the water extract of Annona squamosa leaves possessed antioxidant activity as shown by increased activities of scavenging enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and decrease in malondialdehyde levels present in various tissues. Administration of the extract also improved the lipid profile of the treated groups indicating thereby that the high levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol associated with diabetes can also be significantly managed with the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Gupta
- Dr BR Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Owu DU, Antai AB, Udofia KH, Obembe AO, Obasi KO, Eteng MU. Vitamin C improves basal metabolic rate and lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. J Biosci 2006; 31:575-9. [PMID: 17301495 DOI: 10.1007/bf02708409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM)is a multi-factorial disease which is characterized by hyperglycaemia, lipoprotein abnormalities and oxidative stress. This study evaluated effect of oral vitamin C administration on basal metabolic rate and lipid profile of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Vitamin C was administered at 200 mg/kg body wt. by gavage for four weeks to diabetic rats after which the resting metabolic rate and plasma lipid profile was determined. The results showed that vitamin C administration significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced the resting metabolic rate in diabetic rats; and also lowered plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These results suggest that the administration of vitamin C in this model of established diabetes mellitus might be beneficial for the restoration of basal metabolic rate and improvement of lipid profile. This may at least in part reduce the risk of cardiovascular events seen in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D U Owu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
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Ugochukwu NH, Babady NE, Cobourne M, Gasset SR. The effect of Gongronema latifolium extracts on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of diabetic rats. J Biosci 2003; 28:1-5. [PMID: 12682417 DOI: 10.1007/bf02970124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is known to involve oxidative stress and changes in lipid metabolism. Many secondary plant metabolites have been shown to possess antioxidant activities, improving the effects of oxidative stress on diabetes. This study evaluated the effects of extracts from Gongronema latifolium leaves on antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile in a rat model of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The results confirmed that the untreated diabetic rats were subjected to oxidative stress as indicated by significantly abnormal activities of their scavenging enzymes (low superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide activities), compared to treated diabetic rats, and in the extent of lipid peroxidation (high malondialdehyde levels) present in the hepatocytes. The ethanolic extract of G. latifolium leaves possessed antioxidant activity as shown by increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and decreases in malondialdehyde levels. High levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, which are typical of the diabetic condition, were also found in our rat models of diabetes. The ethanolic extract also significantly decreased triglyceride levels and normalized total cholesterol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Ugochukwu
- Department of Chemistry, 500 Jones Hall, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Ugochukwu NH, Babady NE. Antioxidant effects of Gongronema latifolium in hepatocytes of rat models of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Fitoterapia 2002; 73:612-8. [PMID: 12490219 DOI: 10.1016/s0367-326x(02)00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gongronema latifolium is a rainforest plant, which has been traditionally used in the South Eastern part of Nigeria for the management of diabetes. The effects of oral administration of aqueous and ethanolic G. latifolium leaf extracts for 2 weeks on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Both extracts were shown to significantly increase the activity of superoxide dismutase and the level of reduced glutathione. The aqueous extract further increased the activity of glutathione reductase while the ethanolic extract caused a significant increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that the extracts from G. latifolium leaves could exert their antidiabetic activities through their antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Ugochukwu
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Florida, Tallahassee 32307, USA.
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