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de Miranda MC, Rodrigues MA, de Angelis Campos AC, Faria JAQA, Kunrath-Lima M, Mignery GA, Schechtman D, Goes AM, Nathanson MH, Gomes DA. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) triggers nuclear calcium signaling through the intranuclear phospholipase Cδ-4 (PLCδ4). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16650-16662. [PMID: 31537645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling within the cell nucleus regulates specific cellular events such as gene transcription and cell proliferation. Nuclear and cytosolic Ca2+ levels can be independently regulated, and nuclear translocation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is one way to locally activate signaling cascades within the nucleus. Nuclear RTKs, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are important for processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA-damage repair, and cancer therapy resistance. RTKs can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) within the nucleus, leading to Ca2+ release from the nucleoplasmic reticulum by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis is mediated by phospholipase C (PLC). However, it is unknown which nuclear PLC isoform is triggered by EGFR. Here, using subcellular fractionation, immunoblotting and fluorescence, siRNA-based gene knockdowns, and FRET-based biosensor reporter assays, we investigated the role of PLCδ4 in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced nuclear Ca2+ signaling and downstream events. We found that EGF-induced Ca2+ signals are inhibited when translocation of EGFR is impaired. Nuclear Ca2+ signals also were reduced by selectively buffering inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) within the nucleus. EGF induced hydrolysis of nuclear PI(4,5)P2 by the intranuclear PLCδ4, rather than by PLCγ1. Moreover, protein kinase C, a downstream target of EGF, was active in the nucleus of stimulated cells. Furthermore, PLCδ4 and InsP3 modulated cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of cyclins A and B1. These results provide evidence that EGF-induced nuclear signaling is mediated by nuclear PLCδ4 and suggest new therapeutic targets to modulate the proliferative effects of this growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Coutinho de Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil.,Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8056
| | - Michele Angela Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil.,Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8056
| | - Ana Carolina de Angelis Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil.,Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8056
| | | | - Marianna Kunrath-Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gregory A Mignery
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Deborah Schechtman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo-SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Miranda Goes
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Michael H Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8056
| | - Dawidson A Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil .,Section of Digestive Diseases, Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8056
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Kunrath-Lima M, de Miranda MC, Ferreira ADF, Faraco CCF, de Melo MIA, Goes AM, Rodrigues MA, Faria JAQA, Gomes DA. Phospholipase C delta 4 (PLCδ4) is a nuclear protein involved in cell proliferation and senescence in mesenchymal stromal stem cells. Cell Signal 2018; 49:59-67. [PMID: 29859928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is an important second messenger, and it is involved in many cellular processes such as cell death and proliferation. The rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels can be due to the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), which is a product of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis by phospholipases C (PLCs), that leads to Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum by InsP3 receptors (InsP3R). Ca2+ signaling patterns can vary in different regions of the cell and increases in nuclear Ca2+ levels have specific biological effects that differ from those of Ca2+ increase in the cytoplasm. There are PLCs in the cytoplasm and nucleus, but little is known about the functions of nuclear PLCs. This work aimed to characterize phenotypically the human PLCδ4 (hPLCδ4) in mesenchymal stem cells. This nuclear isoform of PLC is present in different cell types and has a possible role in proliferative processes. In this work, hPLCδ4 was found to be mainly nuclear in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC). PLCδ4 knockdown demonstrated that it is essential for hASC proliferation, without inducing cell death. An increase of cells in G1, and a reduction of cells on interphase and G2/M in knockdown cells were seen. Furthermore, PLCδ4 knockdown increased the percentage of senescent cells, p16INK4A+ and p21Cip1 mRNAs expression, which could explain the impaired cell proliferation. The results show that hPLCδ4 is in involved in cellular proliferation and senescence in hASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kunrath-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coutinho de Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrea da Fonseca Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Fraga Faraco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariane Izabella Abreu de Melo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Miranda Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele Angela Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Bak HJ, Kim MS, Kim NY, Lee AR, Park JH, Lee JY, Kim BS, Ahn SJ, Lee HH, Chung JK. Expression analysis and enzymatic characterization of phospholipase Cδ4 from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 166:215-24. [PMID: 24029817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cδ4 (PLCδ4) plays a significant role in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and in an early stage of fertilization. Despite the characterization of the mammalian PLCδ4, extensive study in aquatic organisms has not been carried out so far. Here, we performed the molecular and biochemical characterization of flatfish Paralichthys olivaceus PLCδ4 (PoPLCδ4) to understand its enzymatic properties and physiological functions. The olive flounder PLCδ4 cDNA has an open reading frame (ORF) of 2,268 bp, and encodes a 755 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 86 kDa. All the characteristic domains found in mammalian PLCδ isoforms (PH domain, EF hands, an X-Y catalytic region, and a C2 domain) were found to be present in PoPLCδ4. The mRNA expression analysis of PoPLCδ4 showed that PoPLCδ4 is predominantly expressed in the brain, eye and heart tissues. Like other mammalian PLCδ proteins, the enzyme activity of recombinant PoPLCδ4 to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bis-phosphate (PIP2) was noted to be concentration- and Ca(2+)-dependent. The structural features and biochemical characteristics of PoPLCδ4 were found to be similar to those of mammalian PLCδ4. This is the first demonstration of the expression analysis and enzymatic characterization of piscine PLCδ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Bak
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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4
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Heck JN, Mellman DL, Ling K, Sun Y, Wagoner MP, Schill NJ, Anderson RA. A conspicuous connection: structure defines function for the phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase family. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 42:15-39. [PMID: 17364683 DOI: 10.1080/10409230601162752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) kinases are a unique family of enzymes that generate an assortment of lipid messengers, including the pivotal second messenger phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2). While members of the PIP kinase family function by catalyzing a similar phosphorylation reaction, the specificity loop of each PIP kinase subfamily determines substrate preference and partially influences distinct subcellular targeting. Specific protein-protein interactions that are unique to particular isoforms or splice variants play a key role in targeting PIP kinases to appropriate subcellular compartments to facilitate the localized generation of PI4,5P2 proximal to effectors, a mechanism key for the function of PI4,5P2 as a second messenger. This review documents the discovery of the PIP kinases and their signaling products, and summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the localized generation of PI4,5P2 by PIP kinases for the regulation of cellular events including actin cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, cell migration, and an assortment of nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Heck
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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Akutagawa A, Fukami K, Banno Y, Takenawa T, Kannagi R, Yokoyama Y, Oda K, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Yoshida S, Tamiya-Koizumi K. Disruption of Phospholipase Cδ4 Gene Modulates the Liver Regeneration in Cooperation with Nuclear Protein Kinase C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 140:619-25. [PMID: 16998201 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cdelta4 (PLC delta4) gene has been cloned from the cDNA library of regenerating rat liver. Using PLC delta4 gene-disrupted mice (PLC delta4(-/-)), we studied a role of PLC delta4 during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). In PLC delta4(-/-), liver regeneration occurred in an apparently normal way. However, BrdU-indices indicated that PLC delta4 gene disruption delayed the onset of DNA synthesis by 2 h. Noticeably, the BrdU-indices in PLC delta4(+/+) remained rather constant throughout S phase, 25-35%, whereas in PLC delta4(-/-), it fluctuated drastically from 25% at 34 h to 65% at late S, 42 h after PH. This fact showed that PLC delta4 gene disruption caused a higher synchronization of cell proliferation. The mRNA for PLC delta4 in PLC delta4(+/+) appeared at late G1, and the expression continued throughout S phase. PLC activity increased transiently in chromatin at the late G1 and S phases in only PLC delta4(+/+), but not in PLC delta4(-/-). The specific increases in PLC activity well correlated with the transient increases of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha in chromatin of PLC delta4(+/+). PKC epsilon also increased transiently in chromatin from PLC delta4(+/+) at late S. It is concluded that PLC delta4 regulates the liver regeneration in cooperation with nuclear PKC alpha and epsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Akutagawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550
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6
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Ho KK, Mann DJ. Nuclear signalling through phospholipase C and phosphatidyl 4,5-bisphosphate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Stallings JD, Tall EG, Pentyala S, Rebecchi MJ. Nuclear Translocation of Phospholipase C-δ1 Is Linked to the Cell Cycle and Nuclear Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22060-9. [PMID: 15809301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear phosphoinositides, especially phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, fluctuate throughout the cell cycle and are linked to proliferation and differentiation. Here we report that phospholipase C-delta(1) accumulates in the nucleus at the G(1)/S boundary and in G(0) phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, as wild-type protein accumulated in the nucleus, nuclear phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels were elevated 3-5-fold, whereas total levels were decreased compared with asynchronous cultures. To test whether phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding is important during this process, we introduced a R40D point mutation within the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase C-delta(1), which disables high affinity phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding, and found that nuclear translocation was significantly reduced at G(1)/S and in G(0). These results demonstrate a cell cycle-dependent compartmentalization of phospholipase C-delta(1) and support the idea that relative levels of phosphoinositides modulate the portioning of phosphoinositide-binding proteins between the nucleus and other compartments.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Detergents/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- G1 Phase
- Glioma/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Isoenzymes/chemistry
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/metabolism
- Phospholipase C delta
- Point Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Transport
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle
- S Phase
- Subcellular Fractions
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Type C Phospholipases/chemistry
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Stallings
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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8
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Wiedłocha A, Nilsen T, Wesche J, Sørensen V, Małecki J, Marcinkowska E, Olsnes S. Phosphorylation-regulated nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of internalized fibroblast growth factor-1. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:794-810. [PMID: 15574884 PMCID: PMC545912 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-05-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), which stimulates cell growth, differentiation, and migration, is capable of crossing cellular membranes to reach the cytosol and the nucleus in cells containing specific FGF receptors. The cell entry process can be monitored by phosphorylation of the translocated FGF-1. We present evidence that phosphorylation of FGF-1 occurs in the nucleus by protein kinase C (PKC)delta. The phosphorylated FGF-1 is subsequently exported to the cytosol. A mutant growth factor where serine at the phosphorylation site is exchanged with glutamic acid, to mimic phosphorylated FGF-1, is constitutively transported to the cytosol, whereas a mutant containing alanine at this site remains in the nucleus. The export can be blocked by leptomycin B, indicating active and receptor-mediated nuclear export of FGF-1. Thapsigargin, but not leptomycin B, prevents the appearance of active PKCdelta in the nucleus, and FGF-1 is in this case phosphorylated in the cytosol. Leptomycin B increases the amount of phosphorylated FGF-1 in the cells by preventing dephosphorylation of the growth factor, which seems to occur more rapidly in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus. The nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of the phosphorylated growth factor is likely to play a role in the activity of internalized FGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Wiedłocha
- Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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9
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Abstract
Lipids have long been recognized as quantitatively minor components of the nucleus, where they were initially thought to have little functional importance; but they now command growing interest, with recognition of their diverse signaling and modulating properties in that organelle. This applies to the lipid-poor compartments of the nucleoplasm as well as the relatively lipid-rich nuclear envelope. Phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin, as the predominant lipids, have attracted the most interest among researchers, but some of the less-abundant lipids such as gangliosides, sphingosine, and sphingosine phosphate are now becoming recognized as functionally important nuclear constituents. Among recent advances in this emerging field are detailed findings on the metabolic enzymes that synthesize and catabolize nuclear lipids; the fact that these are localized primarily within the nucleus itself indicates considerable autonomy with respect to lipid metabolism. Current studies suggest several key processes involving RNA and DNA reactivity that are dependent on these lipid-initiated events. Neural cell nuclei have been the subject of such investigations, with results that closely parallel the more numerous studies on nuclei of extraneural cells. This review attempts to outline some of the major findings on nuclear lipids of diverse cell types; results with nonneural nuclei will hopefully provide useful guideposts to further studies of neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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10
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Albi E, Rossi G, Maraldi NM, Magni MV, Cataldi S, Solimando L, Zini N. Involvement of nuclear phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipases C in cell cycle progression during rat liver regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2003; 197:181-8. [PMID: 14502557 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear lipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Modulation of the expression and activity of nuclear PI-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been reported during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, although it has not been determined whether different PLC isoforms play specific roles in the regulation of cell cycle progression. Here, we report evidence that the increased activity of nuclear PLCs in regenerating rat liver occurs before the peak of DNA replication and involves the enzyme activity associated to the chromatin and not that associated to the nuclear membrane. Immunocytochemical analyses indicate that PI-PLC beta(1) isoform is exclusively localized at the chromatin level, PI-PLC beta(1) co-localizes with DNA replication sites much more than PI-PLC gamma(1), which is also present at the nuclear envelope. These findings and the increased amount of PI-PLC gamma(1) occurring after the peak of DNA replication suggest that PI-PLC beta(1) and gamma(1) play different roles in cell cycle progression during regenerating liver. The increased activity of PI-PLC beta(1) constitutively present within the hepatocyte nucleus, should trigger DNA replication, whereas PI-PLC gamma(1) should be involved in G2/M phase transition through lamin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Physiopathology, Policlinico Monteluce, Perugia, Italy
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11
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Cocco L, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Falconi M, Barnabei O, Stewart Gilmour R, Manzoli FA. Inositides in the nucleus: regulation of nuclear PI-PLCbeta1. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:181-93. [PMID: 12123715 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Cocco
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Cellular Signaling Laboratory, University of Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA-1) belongs to a group of polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the expansion of a glutamine tract within the mutant disease-causing protein. In SCA-1, the expression of mutant ataxin-1 induces a progressive functional loss and the subsequent degeneration of a set of neurons including cerebellar Purkinje cells. Studies on SCA-1 transgenic mice have provided further understanding of the molecular and cellular events important for the disease. This review discusses what has been learned about the pathogenesis of SCA-1 through the transgenic mouse models in reference to Ca(2+) dependent pathways. This article also discusses the role of Ca(2+) regulating cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of SCA-1. Finally, we discuss the use of double mutant mouse models to understand the association between Ca(2+) binding proteins and Purkinje cell pathology in SCA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Vig
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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13
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Cocco L, Martelli AM, Barnabei O, Manzoli FA. Nuclear inositol lipid signaling. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2001; 41:361-84. [PMID: 11384755 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(00)00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Cocco
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Cocco L, Martelli AM, Gilmour RS, Rhee SG, Manzoli FA. Nuclear phospholipase C and signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1530:1-14. [PMID: 11341954 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Cocco
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Avazeri N, Courtot AM, Pesty A, Duquenne C, Lefèvre B. Cytoplasmic and nuclear phospholipase C-beta 1 relocation: role in resumption of meiosis in the mouse oocyte. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:4369-80. [PMID: 11102530 PMCID: PMC15079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.12.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The location of the phospholipase C beta 1-isoform (PLC-beta 1) in the mouse oocyte and its role in the resumption of meiosis were examined. We used specific monoclonal antibodies to monitor the in vitro dynamics of the subcellular distribution of the enzyme from the release of the oocyte from the follicle until breakdown of the germinal vesicle (GVBD) by Western blotting, electron microscope immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscope immunofluorescence. PLC-beta 1 became relocated to the oocyte cortex and the nucleoplasm during the G2/M transition, mainly in the hour preceding GVBD. The enzyme was a 150-kDa protein, corresponding to PLC-beta 1a. Its synthesis in the cytoplasm increased during this period, and it accumulated in the nucleoplasm. GVBD was dramatically inhibited by the microinjection of anti-PLC-beta1 monoclonal antibody into the germinal vesicle (GV) only when this accumulation was at its maximum. In contrast, PLC-gamma 1 was absent from the GV from the time of release from the follicle until 1 h later, and microinjection of anti-PLC-gamma 1 into the GV did not affect GVBD. Our results demonstrate a relationship between the relocation of PLC-beta 1 and its role in the first step of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Avazeri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 355, 92140 Clamart, France
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16
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Rebecchi MJ, Pentyala SN. Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Physiol Rev 2000; 80:1291-335. [PMID: 11015615 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) subtypes beta, gamma, and delta comprise a related group of multidomain phosphodiesterases that cleave the polar head groups from inositol lipids. Activated by all classes of cell surface receptor, these enzymes generate the ubiquitous second messengers inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The last 5 years have seen remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular and biological facets of PLCs. New insights into their multidomain arrangement and catalytic mechanism have been gained from crystallographic studies of PLC-delta(1), while new modes of controlling PLC activity have been uncovered in cellular studies. Most notable is the realization that PLC-beta, -gamma, and -delta isoforms act in concert, each contributing to a specific aspect of the cellular response. Clues to their true biological roles were also obtained. Long assumed to function broadly in calcium-regulated processes, genetic studies in yeast, slime molds, plants, flies, and mammals point to specific and conditional roles for each PLC isoform in cell signaling and development. In this review we consider each subtype of PLC in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals and discuss their molecular regulation and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rebecchi
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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17
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Maraldi NM, Zini N, Santi S, Riccio M, Falconi M, Capitani S, Manzoli FA. Nuclear domains involved in inositol lipid signal transductionmaltese cross. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2000; 40:219-53. [PMID: 10828353 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(99)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Maraldi
- Institute of Cytomorphology, CNR Chieti and Bologna, c/o IOR, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Adebanjo OA, Biswas G, Moonga BS, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Sun L, Bevis PJ, Sodam BR, Lai FA, Avadhani NG, Zaidi M. Novel biochemical and functional insights into nuclear Ca(2+) transport through IP(3)Rs and RyRs in osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278:F784-91. [PMID: 10807590 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.5.f784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first biochemical and functional characterization of inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the nuclear membrane of bone-forming (MC3T3-E1) osteoblasts. Intact nuclei fluoresced intensely with anti-RyR (Ab(34)) and anti-IP(3)R (Ab(40)) antisera in a typically peripheral nuclear membrane pattern. Isolated nuclear membranes were next subjected to SDS-PAGE and blotted with isoform-specific anti-receptor antisera, notably Ab(40), anti-RyR-1, anti-RyR-2 (Ab(129)), and anti-RyR-3 (Ab(180)). Only anti-RyR-1 and Ab(40) showed bands corresponding, respectively, to full-length RyR-1 ( approximately 500 kDa) and IP(3)R-1 (approximately 250 kDa). Band intensity was reduced by just approximately 20% after brief tryptic proteolysis of intact nuclei; this confirmed that isolated nuclear membranes were mostly free of endoplasmic reticular contaminants. Finally, the nucleoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](np)) was measured in single nuclei by using fura-dextran. The nuclear envelope was initially loaded with Ca(2+) via Ca(2+)-ATPase activation (1 mM ATP and approximately 100 nM Ca(2+)). Adequate Ca(2+) loading was next confirmed by imaging the nuclear envelope (and nucleoplasm). Exposure of Ca(2+)-loaded nuclei to IP(3) or cADP ribose resulted in a rapid and sustained [Ca(2+)](np) elevation. Taken together, the results provide complementary evidence for nucleoplasmic Ca(2+) influx in osteoblasts through nuclear membrane-resident IP(3)Rs and RyRs. Our findings may conceivably explain the direct regulation of osteoblastic gene expression by hormones that use the IP(3)-Ca(2+) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Adebanjo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Bronx Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, New York 10029, USA
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19
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Adebanjo OA, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Koval AP, Moonga BS, Biswas G, Sun L, Sodam BR, Bevis PJ, Huang CL, Epstein S, Lai FA, Avadhani NG, Zaidi M. A new function for CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase in nuclear Ca2+ homeostasis. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1:409-14. [PMID: 10559984 DOI: 10.1038/15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoplasmic calcium ions (Ca2+) influence nuclear functions as critical as gene transcription, apoptosis, DNA repair, topoisomerase activation and polymerase unfolding. Although both inositol trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors, types of Ca2+ channel, are present in the nuclear membrane, their role in the homeostasis of nuclear Ca2+ remains unclear. Here we report the existence in the inner nuclear membrane of a functionally active CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase that has its catalytic site within the nucleoplasm. We propose that the enzyme catalyses the intranuclear cyclization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose. The latter activates ryanodine receptors of the inner nuclear membrane to trigger nucleoplasmic Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Adebanjo
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Abstract
An increasing body of evidence shows that many of the key inositol lipids and enzymes responsible for their metabolism reside in nuclei. Moreover, the association of the nuclear phosphoinositide cycle with progression through the cell cycle and commitment toward differentiation has built a wider picture of the implications of phosphoinositides in the control of nuclear functions. This article reviews a central aspect of inositide nuclear signaling, i.e., the spatial organization of the signaling system within the nucleus in relationship to the nuclear organization in functional domains. Most of the evidence obtained with a variety of confocal and electron microscopy immunocytochemical techniques indicates that the phosphoinositides, the enzymes required for their synthesis and hydrolysis, and the targets of the lipid second messengers are localized at ribonucleoprotein structures involved in the transcript processing in the interchromatin domains. These findings demonstrate that nuclear inositol lipids exist in a nonmembranous form, linked to structural nuclear proteins of the inner nuclear matrix. They also suggest that the inositol signaling in the nucleus is completely independent of that at the cell surface and that it probably preceded in evolution the systems that are present at the cytoskeletal and cell membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Maraldi
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Cytomorphology, C.N.R., Laboratory of Cell Biology, IOR, Bologna, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
The elevation of intracellular calcium is a major effector of stimulus-induced physiological change in a variety of cell types. Such change is invariably complex and frequently involves the activation of gene expression. Calcium signals are often able to activate different subsets of genes within the same cell, the basis for which has been unclear. Recent studies have revealed that a number of differing properties of the calcium signal are responsible for distinct cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hardingham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
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22
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Tsugane K, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Yoshida S. A possible role of nuclear ceramide and sphingosine in hepatocyte apoptosis in rat liver. J Hepatol 1999; 31:8-17. [PMID: 10424278 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(99)80158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Portal vein branch ligation induces apoptosis of hepatocytes in the ligated lobes in rat liver. Sphingomyelin degradation was studied during the process to evaluate its possible involvement in apoptosis in vivo. METHODS DNA scissions were detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and an agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Using both ligated and non-ligated lobes, we measured activities of sphingomyelin degradation enzymes and contents of their products in purified nuclei and plasma membrane. RESULTS DNA fragmentation was detectable in the ligated lobes at 90 min after the portal vein branch ligation by gel electrophoresis. At 15 h after the ligation, 27% of hepatocytes became TUNEL-positive. Prior to the onset of apoptosis, the activity of neutral sphingomyelinase increased in the nuclei of hepatocytes in ligated lobes (30 min after the ligation). The increase in sphingomyelinase paralleled its reaction product, ceramide. This was followed by the elevation of ceramidase activity in nuclei (60 min after the ligation) in association with an increase of its reaction product, sphingosine. Activities of these two enzymes and their products increased for at least 90 min. These changes were not observed in nuclei of the non-ligated lobes, or in the plasma membranes from either ligated or non-ligated lobes. CONCLUSIONS These results, specific to the liver where apoptosis is being generated, suggest that nuclear sphingomyelin breakdown with an accumulation of ceramide and/or sphingosine in nuclei may induce the apoptosis of hepatocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsugane
- First Department of Surgery, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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23
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D'Santos CS, Clarke JH, Divecha N. Phospholipid signalling in the nucleus. Een DAG uit het leven van de inositide signalering in de nucleus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1436:201-32. [PMID: 9838115 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diverse methodologies, ranging from activity measurements in various nuclear subfractions to electron microscopy, have been used to demonstrate and establish that many of the key lipids and enzymes responsible for the metabolism of inositol lipids are resident in nuclei. PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdOH are all present in nuclei, as well as the corresponding enzyme activities required to synthesise and metabolise these compounds. In addition other non-inositol containing phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine constitute a significant percentage of the total nuclear phospholipid content. We feel that it is pertinent to include this lipid in our discussion as it provides an alternative source of 1, 2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in addition to the hydrolysis of PtdIns(4, 5)P2. We discuss at length data related to the sources and possible consequences of nuclear DAG production as this lipid appears to be increasingly central to a number of general physiological functions. Data relating to the existence of alternative pathways of inositol phospholipid synthesis, the role of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids and lipid compartmentalisation and transport are reviewed. The field has also expanded to a point where we can now also begin to address what role these lipids play in cellular proliferation and differentiation and hopefully provide avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S D'Santos
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Boronenkov IV, Loijens JC, Umeda M, Anderson RA. Phosphoinositide signaling pathways in nuclei are associated with nuclear speckles containing pre-mRNA processing factors. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:3547-60. [PMID: 9843587 PMCID: PMC25675 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.12.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/1998] [Accepted: 09/18/1998] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide signal transduction pathways in nuclei use enzymes that are indistinguishable from their cytosolic analogues. We demonstrate that distinct phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs), the type I and type II isoforms, are concentrated in nuclei of mammalian cells. The cytosolic and nuclear PIPKs display comparable activities toward the substrates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that these kinases were associated with distinct subnuclear domains, identified as "nuclear speckles," which also contained pre-mRNA processing factors. A pool of nuclear phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), the product of these kinases, was also detected at these same sites by monoclonal antibody staining. The localization of PIPKs and PIP2 to speckles is dynamic in that both PIPKs and PIP2 reorganize along with other speckle components upon inhibition of mRNA transcription. Because PIPKs have roles in the production of most phosphatidylinositol second messengers, these findings demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways are localized at nuclear speckles. Surprisingly, the PIPKs and PIP2 are not associated with invaginations of the nuclear envelope or any nuclear membrane structure. The putative absence of membranes at these sites suggests novel mechanisms for the generation of phosphoinositides within these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Boronenkov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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25
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Exton JH. Phospholipid‐Derived Second Messengers. Compr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Lu PJ, Hsu AL, Wang DS, Yan HY, Yin HL, Chen CS. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in rat liver nuclei. Biochemistry 1998; 37:5738-45. [PMID: 9548960 DOI: 10.1021/bi972551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and immunochemical data from the present investigation reveal the existence of a p85/p110 phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) in rat liver nuclei. 32P-Labeling of membrane phosphoinositides by incubating intact nuclei with [gamma-32P]ATP results in the formation of [32P]phosphatidyl-inositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3], accompanied by small quantities of [32P]phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P]. Studies with subnuclear fractions indicate that the PI 3-kinase is not confined to nuclear membranes. The nuclear soluble fraction also contains PI 3-kinase and an array of inositide-metabolizing enzymes, including phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide phosphatase, and diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase. As a result, exposure of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] to the nuclear extract in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP generates a series of 32P-labeled D-3 phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA) in an interdependent manner. On the basis of the immunological reactivity and kinetic behavior, the nuclear PI 3-kinase is analogous, if not identical, to PI 3-kinase alpha, and constitutes about 5% of the total PI 3-kinase in the cell. Moreover, we test the premise that nuclear PI 3-kinase may, in part, be regulated through the control of substrate availability by PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding proteins. Effect of CapG, a nuclear actin-regulatory protein, on PI 3-kinase activity is examined in view of its unique Ca2+-dependent PtdIns(4, 5)P2-binding capability. In vitro data show that the CapG-mediated inhibition of nuclear PI 3-kinase is prompted by PKC phosphorylation of CapG and elevated [Ca2+]. This CapG-dependent regulation provides a plausible link between nuclear PLC and PI 3-kinase pathways for cross-communications. Taken together, these findings provide definite data concerning the presence of an autonomous PI 3-kinase cycle in rat liver nuclei. The nuclear location of PI 3-kinase may lead to a better understanding regarding its functional role in transducing signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to diverse physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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27
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Neri LM, Ricci D, Carini C, Marchisio M, Capitani S, Bertagnolo V. Changes of nuclear PI-PLC gamma1 during rat liver regeneration. Cell Signal 1997; 9:353-62. [PMID: 9376214 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(96)00178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that rat liver nuclei contain PI-PLC beta1 and gamma1 in the inner nuclear matrix and lamina associated with specific phosphodiesterase activity (Bertagnolo et al., 1995, Cell Signall. 7, 669-678). Since compensatory hepatic growth is an informative and well characterized model for natural cell proliferation, the presence of specific PI-PLC isoforms and their activity as well as PIP2 recovery were studied at various regenerating times, ranging from 3 to 22 h after partial hepatectomy. Three PI-PLC isoforms (beta1, gamma1, delta1) were examined in control and regenerating liver cells by using specific antibodies. By means of in situ immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, PI-PLC beta1 was found mainly in the nucleoplasm and this pattern was not modified after hepatectomy. On the contrary, the nuclear gamma1 isoform showed a marked decrease at 3 and 16 h after hepatectomy, but a clear increase at 22 h covering with bright intensity the whole nucleus. The PI-PLC delta1 isoform, which is exclusively cytoplasmic, was not altered during rat liver regeneration. By western blotting analysis on whole cell homogenates, none of the PI-PLC isozymes under study showed proliferation-linked modification. However, analyses of isolated nuclei identified changes in the nucleus associated PI-PLC gamma1 that paralleled the in situ observation whereas the beta1 isoform was unmodified at all the times examined. Nuclear phosphodiesterase activity on PIP2 was lower at 3 and 16 h, in comparison with sham operated rats, increased at 6 h and reached the highest value after 22 h. Consistently, the recovery of PIP2, obtained in conditions that optimise PIP-kinase activity, showed a marked decrease at 3 h and an increase up to 16 h of liver regeneration, followed by a further decrease at 22 h. These data are consistent with a close relationship between cell proliferation and the nuclear inositide cycle, depending, in rat liver, predominantly on the modulation of the gamma1 isoform of PI-PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Neri
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Ferrara, Italy
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28
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Suko Y, Kawahara K, Fukuda Y, Masuda Y. Nuclear and cytosolic calcium signaling induced by extracellular ATP in rat kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234:224-9. [PMID: 9168993 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a laser scanning confocal microscopy of fluorescent Ca2+ indicator (Fluo-3-AM) the spatiotemporal Ca2+ dynamics in cultured kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells was investigated. In response to extracellular ATP (100 microM), nuclear (Fln) and cytosolic (Flc) fluorescence intensity increased simultaneously. UTP similarly increased Fln and Flc, but ADP and AMP did not. A ratio between Fln and Flc was about 1.06 +/- 0.03 at rest and increased 1.71 +/- 0.02 at the peak of stimulation (n = 74). In Ca(2+)-free condition, ATP increased Fln and Flc with a smaller peak intensity, but the peak ratio was similar (1.52 +/- 0.03, n = 70). Faster time resolution of 100 ms in line scanning mode did not detect the delay between nuclear and cytosolic Ca2- responses. Our results indicate that nuclear Ca2+ was not diffused from the cytoplasm and that it may be directly released from the nuclear envelope, a possible Ca2+ store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suko
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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29
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Banno Y, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Oshima H, Morikawa A, Yoshida S, Nozawa Y. Nuclear ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)- and oleate-dependent phospholipase D (PLD) in rat liver cells. Increases of ARF-dependent PLD activity in regenerating liver cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:5208-13. [PMID: 9030590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two forms of phospholipase D (PLD) have been found to be present in nuclei isolated from rat hepatocytes by measuring phosphatidylbutanol produced from exogenous radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine in the presence of butanol. In nuclear lysates from either rat liver or ascites hepatoma AH 7974 cells, the PLD activity was markedly stimulated by a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor (rARF) in the presence of the guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS) and phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate. ATP and phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate had no synergistic effect on this PLD activity. On the other hand, the nuclear PLD was stimulated by unsaturated fatty acids, especially by oleic acid. The ARF-dependent nuclear PLD activity was increased in the S-phase of the regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy and also was much higher in AH 7974 cells than in the resting rat liver. In contrast, the levels of the oleate-dependent PLD activity remained constant throughout the cell cycle in liver regeneration. The intranuclear levels of the stimulating proteins of the nuclear PLD activity, e.g. ARF, RhoA, and protein kinase Cdelta increased in the S-phase of the regenerating liver. These results suggested that the nuclear ARF-dependent PLD activity may be associated with cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Banno
- Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan
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30
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Oishi T, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Kudo I, Iino S, Takagi K, Yoshida S. Purification and characterization of nuclear alkaline phospholipase A2 in rat ascites hepatoma cells. FEBS Lett 1996; 394:55-60. [PMID: 8925928 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The alkaline phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was purified from nuclei of rat ascites hepatoma cells (AH7974) by column chromatography with a Sephacryl S-300 column and an immunoadsorbent using anti-group II PLA2 monoclonal antibody. From these two columns, the alkaline PLA2 was eluted in parallel with a 17-kDa protein which is reactive to another anti-group II PLA2 polyclonal antibody. Approximately 80% of nuclear PLA2 was inhibited by this antibody. The alkaline PLA2 was found in association with the chromatin fraction among subnuclear fractions. By an immunocytochemical staining, the nuclei of AH7974 were stained more strongly than other parts of cells with anti-group II PLA2 antiserum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oishi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jackowski
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101, USA
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32
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Martelli AM, Lach S, Grill V, Gilmour RS, Cocco L, Narducci P, Bareggi R. Expression and immunohistochemical localization of eight phospholipase C isoforms in adult male mouse cerebellar cortex. Acta Histochem 1996; 98:131-41. [PMID: 8739298 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(96)80031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
By means of specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies we have investigated the expression and the localization of phospholipase C isoforms in the adult mice cerebellar cortex. Western-blot analysis revealed that mouse cerebellum expressed eight phospholipase C isozymes: -beta 1, -beta 2, -beta 3, -beta 4, -gamma 1, -gamma 2, -delta 1, -delta 2. Immunohistochemical analysis carried out on cryosections showed a distinct pattern of expression for each of the isoforms. Purkinje cells had high levels of -beta 1, -beta 3, -gamma 2 and -delta 2 isotypes. The -gamma 2 isozyme was the only one that was identified also in the dendrites of Purkinje cells. In the molecular layer we detected mostly -beta 1 and -gamma 1 isozymes whereas in the granular layer -gamma 1 and -gamma 2 isoforms prodominated. These results indicate a heterogeneity of the phospholipase C isoforms expressed in the layers of mouse cerebellar cortex conceivably due to the fact that these enzymes are coupled to different receptors and perform selective tasks in regulating cell signalling events taking place in the cerebellar cortex of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana Normale, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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33
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Lee SB, Rhee SG. Molecular cloning, splice variants, expression, and purification of phospholipase C-delta 4. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:25-31. [PMID: 8550568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Complementary DNAs encoding a previously unidentified phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme were cloned from a rat brain cDNA library by the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on sequences common to three known delta-type PLC isozymes. The encoded polypeptide contains 772 amino acids (calculated molecular mass, 88,966 daltons) and is similar in primary structure to delta-type PLC isozymes, with overall sequence identities of 45% to PLC-delta 1, 72% to PLC-delta 2, and 47% to PLC-delta 3. Thus, the new PLC isozyme was named PLC-delta 4. Recombinant PLC-delta 4 was purified from extracts of HeLa cells that had been infected with vaccinia virus containing the corresponding cDNA. The purified protein exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The specific activity of PLC-delta 4 and its dependence on Ca2+ were similar to those of PLC-delta 1. The distribution of PLC-delta 4 in 16 different rat tissues was studied by immunoblot analysis with PLC-delta 4-specific antibodies of fractions obtained after an enzyme-enrichment procedure. The 90-kDa immunoreactive protein was detected unambiguously in only eight tissues and was present at concentrations that were low compared to those of other major PLC isozymes. A 93-kDa immunoreactive protein was also prominent in testis but was not detected in the other seven positive tissues. The 93-kDa enzyme appears to be derived from a splice variant of the mRNA that encodes the 90-kDa PLC-delta 4 and contains an additional 32 amino acids between the X and Y catalytic domains. Splice variants have not previously been detected for delta-type PLC isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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34
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Liu N, Fukami K, Yu H, Takenawa T. A new phospholipase C delta 4 is induced at S-phase of the cell cycle and appears in the nucleus. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:355-60. [PMID: 8550586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.1.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover a new phospholipase C (PLC) related to cell growth, we screened a cDNA library prepared from regenerating rat liver. A novel PLC (PLC delta 4) encoding a polypeptide of 770 amino acids with structural similarity to PLC delta-type isozymes was isolated. PLC delta 4 mRNA is expressed more remarkably in regenerating liver than in normal resting liver. It is also distributed abundantly in tumor cells such as hepatoma and src-transformed cells. Furthermore, its expression can be induced markedly by serum treatment and reaches a maximum at 8 h. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining showed that PLC delta 4 is dominantly present in nucleus. Nuclear PLC delta 4 dramatically increases at the transition from G1- to S-phase, and the high content continues to the end of M-phase. PLC delta 4 almost disappears when cells re-enter the next G1-phase. On the other hand, the contents of PLC beta 1, PLC gamma 1, and PLC delta 1 do not change significantly during the cell cycle. These results suggest that PLC delta 4 is expressed in nucleus in response to mitogenic stimulation and plays important roles in cell growth as one of the early genes expressed during the transition from G1- to S-phase in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Liu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Loijens JC, Boronenkov IV, Parker GJ, Anderson RA. The phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase family. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1996; 36:115-40. [PMID: 8869744 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(95)00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a PIP5K family of enzymes has been suggested by Western blotting and purification of numerous PIP5Ks from various tissues and cell types. The erythrocyte has at least two PIP5Ks, named PIP5KI and PIP5KII, while the brain appears to have even more isoforms. The cloning of the first PIP5K, the PIP5KII alpha, is just the beginning of the molecular classification of this protein family. The PIP5KII alpha sequence has shown that these enzymes lack obvious homology to protein, sugar and other lipid kinases. The identification of two S. cerevisiae homologues, Mss4p and Fab1p, confirms that this family of kinases is widely distributed in eukaryotes. Not surprisingly, cloning experiments have identified additional isoforms. By cloning additional isoforms, insights into the structure and functions of this family of enzymes will be gained. One reason for a large family of PIP5Ks is that many forms of regulation and cellular functions have been ascribed to PIP5Ks, as summarized in Figure 10. Some of these functional links result from PtdIns[4,5]P2 being required for a given process, but the direct involvement of specific PIP5Ks is not well defined. Which PIP5K isoforms are regulated by a specific mechanism or are involved in a cellular process often is not clear. For example, which PIP5Ks produce PtdIns[4,5]P2 that is hydrolyzed by PLC or phosphorylated by the PI 3-kinase is not known. A few exceptions are PIP5KII not being able to phosphorylate PtdIns[4,5]P2 in native membranes, and PIP5KIs being stimulated by PtdA, required for secretion, and possibly regulated by G proteins of the Rho subfamily. The multiplicity of regulation and functions of each PIP5K isoform remains to be elucidated. Another factor governing the number of isoforms may be presence of multiple pools of polyphosphoinositides and the localizing of PIP5K function within cells. The polyphosphoinositides appear to be compartmentalized within cells and each pool appears to be sensitive to specific signals. These polyphosphoinositide pools may include those in the plasma membrane that are used by PLC, nuclear pools that appear to turn over separately from cytoplasmic pools and a small pool at sites of vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Each pool may be controlled by a specific PIP5K isoform. This would explain the diversity of PIP5K cellular roles. Another possibility is that the PIP5Ks are localized to certain areas of the cell by being part of a protein or proteolipid complex. Furthermore, the presence of PITP or PLC in the complex would potentially impart specificity and speed on the use of PtdIns[4]P and PtdIns[4,5]P2 because these lipids could be channeled quickly from one enzyme to the next. The concept of localized complexes containing particular PIP5K isoforms that control the composition of different polyphosphoinositide pools will likely be important as the family of PIP5K isoforms grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Loijens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706, USA
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Csermely P, Schnaider T, Szántó I. Signalling and transport through the nuclear membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1241:425-51. [PMID: 8547304 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(95)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Csermely
- Institute of Biochemistry I., Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Noh DY, Shin SH, Rhee SG. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and mitogenic signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1242:99-113. [PMID: 7492569 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The importance of PLC activation in cell proliferation is evident from the fact that the hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 is one of the early events that follow the interaction of many growth factors and mitogens with their respective receptors. However, the importance of PLC activation is not restricted to proliferation; it is one of the most common transmembrane signaling events elicited by receptors that regulate many other cellular processes, including differentiation, metabolism, secretion, contraction, and sensory perception. It is also clear that cell proliferation signaling does not always require PLC, as indicated by the fact that growth factors such as insulin and CSF-1 do not appear to elicit the hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2, even though the intracellular domains of their receptors carry a PTK domain and the receptors show topologies very similar to those of the PLC-activating growth factors PDGF, EGF, and FGF. The growth factor-dependent activation of PLC is initiated by the formation of a complex between the receptor PTK and PLC-gamma; the formation of this complex is mediated by a specific interaction between a tyrosine phosphate residue on the intracellular domain of PTK and the SH2 domain of PLC-gamma. The receptor PTK subsequently phosphorylates PLC-gamma, of which two distinct isozymes, PLC-gamma 1 and PLC-gamma 2, have been identified. Proliferation of T cells and B cells in response to the aggregation of their respective cell surface receptors is also accompanied by the activation of PLC-gamma isozymes at an early stage. Unlike growth factor receptors, the T cell and B cell receptors lack intrinsic PTK activity but associate with several non-receptor PTKs of the Src and Syk families. Although the specific kinases are not known, one or more of these enzymes phosphorylate and activate PLC-gamma 1 and PLC-gamma 2. Transduction of growth signals by G protein-coupled receptors such as those for thrombin or bombesin also requires PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, which, in this instance, is mediated by PLC-beta isozymes. The PLC-beta subfamily consists of four distinct members: PLC-beta 1, PLC-beta 2, PLC-beta 3, and PLC-beta 4. Agonist interaction with specific G protein-coupled receptors causes the dissociation of Gq proteins into G alpha and G beta gamma subunits and the exchange of GDP bound to G alpha for GTP. The resulting GTP-bound G alpha subunit then activates PLC-beta isoforms by binding to the carboxyl-terminal region of the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Noh
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bertagnolo V, Mazzoni M, Ricci D, Carini C, Neri LM, Previati M, Capitani S. Identification of PI-PLC beta 1, gamma 1, and delta 1 in rat liver: subcellular distribution and relationship to inositol lipid nuclear signalling. Cell Signal 1995; 7:669-78. [PMID: 8519596 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(95)00036-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of PI-PLC beta 1, gamma 1, and delta 1 has been investigated in rat liver by western blot and immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of isoform-specific antibodies. The data obtained in situ on cryo-sectioned tissue indicate that PI-PLC beta 1 is predominantly nuclear, while gamma 1 is largely cytoplasmic and delta 1 is sharply restricted to the cytoplasm. In fractionation experiments, the Western blot analysis indicated that the recovery of the nuclear isoforms beta 1 and gamma 1 was not affected by the removal of the nuclear membrane, and that the two enzymes persisted in nuclear matrix and lamina, obtained after nuclease digestion and extraction with high salt and detergent. The assay of the phosphodiesterase activity in different cell fractions correlates with the observed relative abundance of the enzymes, and specific inhibition with neutralizing anti-beta 1 and -gamma 1 isoforms confirms that these are the enzymes active at the nuclear level. These results demonstrate that in rat liver cells, as in other cell types, different members of the PI-PLC family show a discrete intracellular distribution, and suggest that PI-PLC beta 1 and gamma 1 play a central role in modulating the nuclear phosphoinositide cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bertagnolo
- Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Ferrera, Italy
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Buchner K. Protein Kinase C in the Transduction of Signals Toward and within the Cell Nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Divecha N, Banfić H, Irvine RF. The nuclear phosphoinositide cycle--does it play a role in nuclear Ca2+ homoeostasis? Cell Calcium 1994; 16:297-300. [PMID: 7820849 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4160(94)90093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The probable answer to this question is no. Much of the current evidence summarised elsewhere in this issue points to nuclear Ca2+ changes changing in response to cytosolic Ca2+, with little evidence for an independently controlled nuclear Ca2+ homeostasis. There are InsP3 receptors in the nuclear membrane, and it is possible that during nuclear membrane assembly the InsP3 acting on these (Sullivan and Wilson, this issue) is formed by an inositide cycle located on the assembling nuclear skeleton. But our current experimental data suggest that when the nucleus is intact, InsP3 generated by this cycle would have to exit through the nuclear pores to act on any known InsP3 receptors. Thus the nuclear inositide cycle appears more likely to serve to generate diacylglycerol to activate protein kinase C, and/or to generate inositol phosphates such as InsP2, which may have distinct intranuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
During nuclear assembly, vesicles derived from the mitotic disassembly of the nuclear membranes reform the nuclear envelope. The vesicles first bind to chromosomes, specifically recognize other nuclear vesicles and then fuse to enclose the chromosomes. The proteins that mediate these events are largely unknown. Using reconstituted extracts of Xenopus eggs, we found that nuclear vesicle fusion required elevated (microM) concentrations of free Ca2+ [Sullivan KMC. Busa WB. Wilson KL. (1993) Cell, 73, 1411-1422]. Our data suggest that Ca2+ is released from the vesicle lumen by the activation of IP3 receptors (ligand-gated Ca2+ channels). We propose that the role of IP3 receptors during nuclear assembly may be analogous to that of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels during regulated secretion: to provide a microdomain of high cytosolic Ca2+ that triggers fusion. In this article, we will briefly describe current ideas about nuclear assembly and disassembly, and summarize the evidence that IP3 receptors are required for nuclear vesicle fusion. We will discuss parallels between our results and the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and Ca2+, in regulated exocytosis. Finally, we will address the question of how IP3 receptors are activated during nuclear vesicle fusion: is there a signal that stimulates IP3 production, or is the channel activated directly?
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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