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Mahendrakar P, Kumar D, Patil U. Comprehensive Study on Scoring and Grading Systems for Predicting the Severity of Knee Osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:133-156. [PMID: 37828677 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971253574231002074759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative joint ailment characterized by cartilage loss, which can be seen using imaging modalities and converted into imaging features. The older population is the most affected by knee OA, which affects 16% of people worldwide who are 15 years of age and older. Due to cartilage tissue degradation, primary knee OA develops in older people. In contrast, joint overuse or trauma in younger people can cause secondary knee OA. Early identification of knee OA, according to research, may be a successful management tactic for the condition. Scoring scales and grading systems are important tools for the management of knee osteoarthritis as they allow clinicians to measure the progression of the disease's severity and provide suggestions on suitable treatment at identified stages. The comprehensive study reviews various subjective and objective knee evaluation scoring systems that effectively score and grade the KOA based on where defects or changes in articular cartilage occur. Recent studies reveal that AI-based approaches, such as that of DenseNet, integrating the concept of deep learning for scoring and grading the KOA, outperform various state-of-the-art methods in order to predict the KOA at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Mahendrakar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, B.L.D.E.A's V.P.Dr.P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Karnataka, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Scientific Collaborations for Developing Markets United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Uttam Patil
- Jain College of Engineering, T.S Nagar, Hunchanhatti Road, Machhe, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Mebarek S, Buchet R, Pikula S, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Brizuela L, Corti G, Collacchi F, Anghieri G, Magrini A, Ciancaglini P, Millan JL, Davies O, Bottini M. Do Media Extracellular Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicles Bound to the Extracellular Matrix Represent Distinct Types of Vesicles? Biomolecules 2023; 14:42. [PMID: 38254642 PMCID: PMC10813234 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts, and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles (media vesicles) and extracellular vesicles bound to the extracellular matrix (matrix vesicles). Media vesicles are purified directly from the extracellular medium. On the other hand, matrix vesicles are purified after discarding the extracellular medium and subjecting the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix or bone or cartilage tissues to an enzymatic treatment. Several pieces of experimental evidence indicated that matrix vesicles and media vesicles isolated from the same types of mineralizing cells have distinct lipid and protein composition as well as functions. These findings support the view that matrix vesicles and media vesicles released by mineralizing cells have different functions in mineralized tissues due to their location, which is anchored to the extracellular matrix versus free-floating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Mebarek
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Rene Buchet
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Leyre Brizuela
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Giada Corti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Collacchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Genevieve Anghieri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, UK; (G.A.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Owen Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, UK; (G.A.); (O.D.)
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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Arif S, Moulin VJ. Extracellular vesicles on the move: Traversing the complex matrix of tissues. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151372. [PMID: 37972445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small particles involved in intercellular signaling. They are produced by virtually all cell types, transport biological molecules, and are released into the extracellular space. Studies on extracellular vesicles have become more numerous in recent years, leading to promising research on their potential impact on health and disease. Despite significant progress in understanding the bioactivity of extracellular vesicles, most in vitro and in vivo studies overlook their transport through the extracellular matrix in tissues. The interaction or free diffusion of extracellular vesicles in their environment can provide valuable insights into their efficacy and function. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence the transport of extracellular vesicles in the extracellular matrix is essential for the development of new therapeutic approaches that involve the use of these extracellular vesicles. This review discusses the importance of the interaction between extracellular vesicles and the extracellular matrix and the different factors that influence their diffusion. In addition, we evaluate their role in tissue homeostasis, pathophysiology, and potential clinical applications. Understanding the complex interaction between extracellular vesicles and the extracellular matrix is critical in order to develop effective strategies to target specific cells and tissues in a wide range of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Arif
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Véronique J Moulin
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Sebinelli HG, Andrilli LHS, Favarin BZ, Cruz MAE, Bolean M, Fiore M, Chieffo C, Magne D, Magrini A, Ramos AP, Millán JL, Mebarek S, Buchet R, Bottini M, Ciancaglini P. Shedding Light on the Role of Na,K-ATPase as a Phosphatase during Matrix-Vesicle-Mediated Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315072. [PMID: 36499456 PMCID: PMC9739803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) contain the whole machinery necessary to initiate apatite formation in their lumen. We suspected that, in addition to tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), Na,K,-ATPase (NKA) could be involved in supplying phopshate (Pi) in the early stages of MV-mediated mineralization. MVs were extracted from the growth plate cartilage of chicken embryos. Their average mean diameters were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) (212 ± 19 nm) and by Atomic Force Microcopy (AFM) (180 ± 85 nm). The MVs had a specific activity for TNAP of 9.2 ± 4.6 U·mg-1 confirming that the MVs were mineralization competent. The ability to hydrolyze ATP was assayed by a colorimetric method and by 31P NMR with and without Levamisole and SBI-425 (two TNAP inhibitors), ouabain (an NKA inhibitor), and ARL-67156 (an NTPDase1, NTPDase3 and Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) competitive inhibitor). The mineralization profile served to monitor the formation of precipitated calcium phosphate complexes, while IR spectroscopy allowed the identification of apatite. Proteoliposomes containing NKA with either dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or a mixture of 1:1 of DPPC and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) served to verify if the proteoliposomes were able to initiate mineral formation. Around 69-72% of the total ATP hydrolysis by MVs was inhibited by 5 mM Levamisole, which indicated that TNAP was the main enzyme hydrolyzing ATP. The addition of 0.1 mM of ARL-67156 inhibited 8-13.7% of the total ATP hydrolysis in MVs, suggesting that NTPDase1, NTPDase3, and/or NPP1 could also participate in ATP hydrolysis. Ouabain (3 mM) inhibited 3-8% of the total ATP hydrolysis by MVs, suggesting that NKA contributed only a small percentage of the total ATP hydrolysis. MVs induced mineralization via ATP hydrolysis that was significantly inhibited by Levamisole and also by cleaving TNAP from MVs, confirming that TNAP is the main enzyme hydrolyzing this substrate, while the addition of either ARL-6715 or ouabain had a lesser effect on mineralization. DPPC:DPPE (1:1)-NKA liposome in the presence of a nucleator (PS-CPLX) was more efficient in mineralizing compared with a DPPC-NKA liposome due to a better orientation of the NKA active site. Both types of proteoliposomes were able to induce apatite formation, as evidenced by the presence of the 1040 cm-1 band. Taken together, the findings indicated that the hydrolysis of ATP was dominated by TNAP and other phosphatases present in MVs, while only 3-8% of the total hydrolysis of ATP could be attributed to NKA. It was hypothesized that the loss of Na/K asymmetry in MVs could be caused by a complete depletion of ATP inside MVs, impairing the maintenance of symmetry by NKA. Our study carried out on NKA-liposomes confirmed that NKA could contribute to mineral formation inside MVs, which might complement the known action of PHOSPHO1 in the MV lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Gobbi Sebinelli
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Silva Andrilli
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Zoccaratto Favarin
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Aantonio Eufrasio Cruz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Fiore
- University Lyon, Université. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Carolina Chieffo
- University Lyon, Université. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - David Magne
- University Lyon, Université. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Saida Mebarek
- University Lyon, Université. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Rene Buchet
- University Lyon, Université. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (P.C.)
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Li X, Zhang W, Fan Y, Niu X. MV-mediated biomineralization mechanisms and treatments of biomineralized diseases. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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6
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Zehra U, Tryfonidou M, Iatridis JC, Illien-Jünger S, Mwale F, Samartzis D. Mechanisms and clinical implications of intervertebral disc calcification. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:352-362. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nogueira LFB, Maniglia BC, Buchet R, Millán JL, Ciancaglini P, Bottini M, Ramos AP. Three-dimensional cell-laden collagen scaffolds: From biochemistry to bone bioengineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:967-983. [PMID: 34793621 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bones can be viewed as both an organ and a material. As an organ, the bones give structure to the body, facilitate skeletal movement, and provide protection to internal organs. As a material, the bones consist of a hybrid organic/inorganic three-dimensional (3D) matrix, composed mainly of collagen, noncollagenous proteins, and a calcium phosphate mineral phase, which is formed and regulated by the orchestrated action of a complex array of cells including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The interactions between cells, proteins, and minerals are essential for the bone functions under physiological loading conditions, trauma, and fractures. The organization of the bone's organic and inorganic phases stands out for its mechanical and biological properties and has inspired materials research. The objective of this review is to fill the gaps between the physical and biological characteristics that must be achieved to fabricate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering with enhanced performance. We describe the organization of bone tissue highlighting the characteristics that have inspired the development of 3D cell-laden collagenous scaffolds aimed at replicating the mechanical and biological properties of bone after implantation. The role of noncollagenous macromolecules in the organization of the collagenous matrix and mineralization ability of entrapped cells has also been reviewed. Understanding the modulation of cell activity by the extracellular matrix will ultimately help to improve the biological performance of 3D cell-laden collagenous scaffolds used for bone regeneration and repair as well as for in vitro studies aimed at unravelling physiological and pathological processes occurring in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fabricio Bahia Nogueira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca C Maniglia
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rene Buchet
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Functionalization of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds with Matrix-Binding Osteocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation and Mineralization. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3621-3635. [PMID: 34664147 PMCID: PMC8671272 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymeric materials have demonstrated great promise for bone tissue engineering based on their compatibility with a wide array of scaffold-manufacturing techniques, but are limited in terms of the bioactivity when compared to naturally occurring materials. To enhance the regenerative properties of these materials, they are commonly functionalised with bioactive factors to guide growth within the developing tissue. Extracellular matrix vesicles (EVs) play an important role in facilitating endochondral ossification during long bone development and have recently emerged as important mediators of cell-cell communication coordinating bone regeneration, and thus represent an ideal target to enhance the regenerative properties of synthetic scaffolds. Therefore, in this paper we developed tools and protocols to enable the attachment of MLO-Y4 osteocyte-derived EVs onto electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone repair. Initially, we optimize a method for the functionalization of PCL materials with collagen type-1 and fibronectin, inspired by the behaviour of matrix vesicles during endochondral ossification, and demonstrate that this is an effective method for the adhesion of EVs to the material surface. We then used this functionalization process to attach osteogenic EVs, collected from mechanically stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytes, to collagen-coated electrospun PCL scaffolds. The EV-functionalized scaffold promoted osteogenic differentiation (measured by increased ALP activity) and mineralization of the matrix. In particular, EV-functionalised scaffolds exhibited significant increases in matrix mineralization particularly at earlier time points compared to uncoated and collagen-coated controls. This approach to matrix-based adhesion of EVs provides a mechanism for incorporating vesicle signalling into polyester scaffolds and demonstrates the potential of osteocyte derived EVs to enhance the rate of bone tissue regeneration.
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Kato M, Michigami T, Tachikawa K, Kato M, Yabe I, Shimizu T, Asaka T, Kitagawa Y, Atsumi T. Novel mutation in the ALPL gene with a dominant negative effect in a Japanese family. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:804-809. [PMID: 33821301 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-021-01219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by mutations in the ALPL gene encoding tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) and inherited in either an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant manner. It is characterized clinically by defective mineralization of bone, dental problems, and low serum ALP levels. In the current report, we demonstrate a novel mutation in the ALPL gene (c.244G > A p.Gly82Arg) in a Japanese family with low serum ALP levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ALPL gene analysis using hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing was performed. The expression plasmids of the wild type and mutated TNSALP were introduced into COS-7 cells. The enzymatic activity of ALP in the cell lysates was measured using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate. RESULTS TNSALP with the novel ALPL mutation (c.244G > A p.Gly82Arg) completely lost its enzymatic activity and suppressed that of wild-type TNSALP, corroborating its dominant negative effect. The diagnosis of autosomal dominant HPP was confirmed in three members of the family. CONCLUSION Our approach would help to avoid the inappropriate use of bone resorption inhibitors for currently mis- or under-diagnosed HPP, given that the presence of further, yet undetected mutations of the ALPL gene are plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Tachikawa
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Momoko Kato
- The Division of Clinical Genetics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- The Division of Clinical Genetics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Asaka
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Hypophosphatasia: A Unique Disorder of Bone Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094303. [PMID: 33919113 PMCID: PMC8122659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a decrease in the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is encoded by the ALPL gene, which is abundantly expressed in the skeleton, liver, kidney, and developing teeth. HPP exhibits high clinical variability largely due to the high allelic heterogeneity of the ALPL gene. HPP is characterized by multisystemic complications, although the most common clinical manifestations are those that occur in the skeleton, muscles, and teeth. These complications are mainly due to the accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). It has been observed that the prevalence of mild forms of the disease is more than 40 times the prevalence of severe forms. Patients with HPP present at least one mutation in the ALPL gene. However, it is known that there are other causes that lead to decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels without mutations in the ALPL gene. Although the phenotype can be correlated with the genotype in HPP, the prediction of the phenotype from the genotype cannot be made with complete certainty. The availability of a specific enzyme replacement therapy for HPP undoubtedly represents an advance in therapeutic strategy, especially in severe forms of the disease in pediatric patients.
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Matrix Vesicles: Role in Bone Mineralization and Potential Use as Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040289. [PMID: 33805145 PMCID: PMC8064082 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex organ maintained by three main cell types: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone formation, osteoblasts deposit a mineralized organic matrix. Evidence shows that bone cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs): nano-sized bilayer vesicles, which are involved in intercellular communication by delivering their cargoes through protein–ligand interactions or fusion to the plasma membrane of the recipient cell. Osteoblasts shed a subset of EVs known as matrix vesicles (MtVs), which contain phosphatases, calcium, and inorganic phosphate. These vesicles are believed to have a major role in matrix mineralization, and they feature bone-targeting and osteo-inductive properties. Understanding their contribution in bone formation and mineralization could help to target bone pathologies or bone regeneration using novel approaches such as stimulating MtV secretion in vivo, or the administration of in vitro or biomimetically produced MtVs. This review attempts to discuss the role of MtVs in biomineralization and their potential application for bone pathologies and bone regeneration.
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Sharma V, Srinivasan A, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. Biomineralization process in hard tissues: The interaction complexity within protein and inorganic counterparts. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:20-37. [PMID: 32413577 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization can be considered as nature's strategy to produce and sustain biominerals, primarily via creation of hard tissues for protection and support. This review examines the biomineralization process within the hard tissues of the human body with special emphasis on the mechanisms and principles of bone and teeth mineralization. We describe the detailed role of proteins and inorganic ions in mediating the mineralization process. Furthermore, we highlight the various available models for studying bone physiology and mineralization starting from the historical static cell line-based methods to the most advanced 3D culture systems, elucidating the pros and cons of each one of these methods. With respect to the mineralization process in teeth, enamel and dentin mineralization is discussed in detail. The key role of intrinsically disordered proteins in modulating the process of mineralization in enamel and dentine is given attention. Finally, nanotechnological interventions in the area of bone and teeth mineralization, diseases and tissue regeneration is also discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article provides an overview of the biomineralization process within hard tissues of the human body, which encompasses the detailed mechanism innvolved in the formation of structures like teeth and bone. Moreover, we have discussed various available models used for studying biomineralization and also explored the nanotechnological applications in the field of bone regeneration and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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13
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Kashtanova EV, Polonskaya YV, Ragino YI. [Calcification and atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2021; 93:84-86. [PMID: 33720631 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.01.200598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcification is a very common phenomenon in the coronary arteries, which is part of the atherosclerotic process, and the degree of calcification can predict clinical outcomes in patients at high risk of coronary events. Both the degree of calcification and the patterns of its distribution are of prognostic importance, but the relationship of coronary artery calcification with atherosclerotic plaque instability is extremely complex and not fully understood. This article is devoted to the study of calcification markers and their influence on the development of atherosclerotic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kashtanova
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics
| | - Y V Polonskaya
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics
| | - Y I Ragino
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics
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14
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Guerreiro SG, Unger RE, Cerqueira NMFSA, Sartoris A, Martins MJ, Barbosa MA, Soares R, Granja PL, Kirkpatrick CJ. Alkaline phosphatase dual-binding sites for collagen dictate cell migration and microvessel assembly in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:116-129. [PMID: 32748513 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between cell types, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components involved in angiogenesis are crucial for new vessel formation leading to tissue regeneration. This study investigated whether cocultures of fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs; from macro- or microvasculature) play a role in the formation of microvessel-like structures by ECs, as well as modulate fibroblast differentiation and growth factors production (vascular endothelial cell growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, active transforming growth factor-β1, and interleukin-8), which are important for vessel sprouting and maturation. Data obtained revealed that in vitro coculture systems of fibroblasts and human ECs stimulate collagen synthesis and growth factors production by fibroblasts that ultimately affect the formation and distribution of microvessel-like structures in cell cultures. In this study, areas with activated fibroblasts and high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were also observed in cocultures. Molecular docking assays revealed that ALP has two binding positions for collagen, suggesting its impact in collagen proteins' aggregation, cell migration, and microvessel assembly. These findings indicate that bioinformatics and coculture systems are complementary tools for investigating the participation of proteins, like collagen and ALP in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Guerreiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ronald E Unger
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anne Sartoris
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria J Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Charles J Kirkpatrick
- REPAIR-Lab, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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15
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Yan JF, Qin WP, Xiao BC, Wan QQ, Tay FR, Niu LN, Jiao K. Pathological calcification in osteoarthritis: an outcome or a disease initiator? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:960-985. [PMID: 32207559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the progression of osteoarthritis, pathological calcification in the affected joint is an important feature. The role of these crystallites in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial; it remains unclear whether they act as a disease initiator or are present as a result of joint damage. Recent studies reported that the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological calcification of skeletal tissues are similar to those regulating pathological or ectopic calcification of soft tissues. Pathological calcification takes place when the equilibrium is disrupted. Calcium phosphate crystallites are identified in most affected joints and the presence of these crystallites is closely correlated with the extent of joint destruction. These observations suggest that pathological calcification is most likely to be a disease initiator instead of an outcome of osteoarthritis progression. Inhibiting pathological crystallite deposition within joint tissues therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Yan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Pin Qin
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Endodontics, College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, 1430, John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, U.S.A
| | - Li-Na Niu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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16
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Veschi EA, Bolean M, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bandorowicz-Pikula J, Pikula S, Granjon T, Mebarek S, Magne D, Ramos AP, Rosato N, Millán JL, Buchet R, Bottini M, Ciancaglini P. Localization of Annexin A6 in Matrix Vesicles During Physiological Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1367. [PMID: 32085611 PMCID: PMC7072960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is the largest member of the annexin family of proteins present in matrix vesicles (MVs). MVs are a special class of extracellular vesicles that serve as a nucleation site during cartilage, bone, and mantle dentin mineralization. In this study, we assessed the localization of AnxA6 in the MV membrane bilayer using native MVs and MV biomimetics. Biochemical analyses revealed that AnxA6 in MVs can be divided into three distinct groups. The first group corresponds to Ca2+-bound AnxA6 interacting with the inner leaflet of the MV membrane. The second group corresponds to AnxA6 localized on the surface of the outer leaflet. The third group corresponds to AnxA6 inserted in the membrane's hydrophobic bilayer and co-localized with cholesterol (Chol). Using monolayers and proteoliposomes composed of either dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to mimic the outer leaflet of the MV membrane bilayer or a 9:1 DPPC:dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (DPPS) mixture to mimic the inner leaflet, with and without Ca2+, we confirmed that, in agreement with the biochemical data, AnxA6 interacted differently with the MV membrane. Thermodynamic analyses based on the measurement of surface pressure exclusion (πexc), enthalpy (ΔH), and phase transition cooperativity (Δt1/2) showed that AnxA6 interacted with DPPC and 9:1 DPPC:DPPS systems and that this interaction increased in the presence of Chol. The selective recruitment of AnxA6 by Chol was observed in MVs as probed by the addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). AnxA6-lipid interaction was also Ca2+-dependent, as evidenced by the increase in πexc in negatively charged 9:1 DPPC:DPPS monolayers and the decrease in ΔH in 9:1 DPPC:DPPS proteoliposomes caused by the addition of AnxA6 in the presence of Ca2+ compared to DPPC zwitterionic bilayers. The interaction of AnxA6 with DPPC and 9:1 DPPC:DPPS systems was distinct even in the absence of Ca2+ as observed by the larger change in Δt1/2 in 9:1 DPPC:DPPS vesicles as compared to DPPC vesicles. Protrusions on the surface of DPPC proteoliposomes observed by atomic force microscopy suggested that oligomeric AnxA6 interacted with the vesicle membrane. Further work is needed to delineate possible functions of AnxA6 at its different localizations and ways of interaction with lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekeveliny Amabile Veschi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thierry Granjon
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
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17
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Taillandier A, Domingues C, Dufour A, Debiais F, Guggenbuhl P, Roux C, Cormier C, Cortet B, Porquet-Bordes V, Coury F, Geneviève D, Chiesa J, Colin T, Fletcher E, Guichet A, Javier RM, Laroche M, Laurent M, Lausch E, LeHeup B, Lukas C, Schwabe G, van der Burgt I, Muti C, Simon-Bouy B, Mornet E. Genetic analysis of adults heterozygous for ALPL mutations. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:723-733. [PMID: 29236161 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare inherited metabolic bone disease due to a deficiency of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (TNSALP) encoded by the ALPL gene. Patients have consistently low serum alkaline phosphatase (AP), so that this parameter is a good hallmark of the disease. Adult HPP is heterogeneous, and some patients present only mild nonpathognomonic symptoms which are also common in the general population such as joint pain, osteomalacia and osteopenia, chondrocalcinosis, arthropathy and musculoskeletal pain. Adult HPP may be recessively or dominantly inherited; the latter case is assumed to be due to the dominant negative effect (DNE) of missense mutations derived from the functional homodimeric structure of TNSALP. However, there is no biological argument excluding the possibility of other causes of dominant HPP. Rheumatologists and endocrinologists are increasingly solicited for patients with low AP and nonpathognomonic symptoms of HPP. Many of these patients are heterozygous for an ALPL mutation and a challenging question is to determine if these symptoms, which are also common in the general population, are attributable to their heterozygous ALPL mutation or not. In an attempt to address this question, we reviewed a cohort of 61 adult patients heterozygous for an ALPL mutation. Mutations were distinguished according to their statistical likelihood to show a DNE. One-half of the patients carried mutations predicted with no DNE and were slightly less severely affected by the age of onset, serum AP activity and history of fractures. We hypothesized that these mutations result in another mechanism of dominance or are recessive alleles. To identify other genetic factors that could trigger the disease phenotype in heterozygotes for potential recessive mutations, we examined the next-generation sequencing results of 32 of these patients for a panel of 12 genes involved in the differential diagnosis of HPP or candidate modifier genes of HPP. The heterozygous genotype G/C of the COL1A2 coding SNP rs42524 c.1645C > G (p.Pro549Ala) was associated with the severity of the phenotype in patients carrying mutations with a DNE whereas the homozygous genotype G/G was over-represented in patients carrying mutations without a DNE, suggesting a possible role of this variant in the disease phenotype. These preliminary results support COL1A2 as a modifier gene of HPP and suggest that a significant proportion of adult heterozygotes for ALPL mutations may have unspecific symptoms not attributable to their heterozygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Taillandier
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Christelle Domingues
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Annika Dufour
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Françoise Debiais
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Pascal Guggenbuhl
- Service de Rhumatologie, hôpital Sud, CHU de Rennes, 16, boulevard de Bulgarie, BP90347, 35203, Rennes cedex 2, France
| | | | | | | | - Valérie Porquet-Bordes
- Endocrinologie, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Fabienne Coury
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Département de Génétique Médicale, maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, CHU Montpellier, université Montpellier, unité Inserm U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Chiesa
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Thierry Colin
- Service de Rhumatologie, CH Public du Cotentin, Cherbourg, France
| | - Elaine Fletcher
- Clinical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Center, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Agnès Guichet
- Département Biochimie et génétique, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Michel Laroche
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Laurent
- Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruno LeHeup
- Médecine infantile 3, CHU Nancy, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Cédric Lukas
- Département de Rhumatologie, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Georg Schwabe
- Otto-Heubner-Centrum für Kinder und Jugendmedizin Allgemeine Päediatrie Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christine Muti
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Brigitte Simon-Bouy
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Etienne Mornet
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150, Le Chesnay, France.
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18
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Augstein A, Mierke J, Poitz DM, Strasser RH. Sox9 is increased in arterial plaque and stenosis, associated with synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells and causes alterations in extracellular matrix and calcification. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2526-2537. [PMID: 29777903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit a dual role in progression and maintenance of arteriosclerosis. They are fundamental for plaque stability but also can drive plaque progression. During pathogenic vascular remodeling, VSMC transdifferentiate into a phenotype with enhanced proliferation and migration. Moreover, they exert an increased capacity to generate extracellular matrix proteins. A special lineage of transdifferentiated VSMC expresses Sox9, a multi-functional transcription factor. The aim of the study was to examine the role of Sox9 in phenotypic alterations leading to arteriosclerosis. Using mouse models for arterial stenosis, Sox9 induction in diseased vessels was verified. The phenotypic switch of VSMC from contractile to proliferative nature caused a significant increase of Sox9 expression. Various factors known to be involved in the progression of arteriosclerosis were examined for their ability to modulate Sox9 expression in VSMC. While PDGF-BB resulted in a strong transient upregulation of Sox9, TGF-β1 appeared to be responsible for a moderate, but prolonged increase of Sox9 expression. Beside the regulation, functional studies focused on knockout and overexpression of Sox9. A Sox9-dependent alteration of extracellular matrix could be revealed and was associated with an upregulated calcium deposition. Taken together, Sox9 is identified as important factor of VSMC function by modulation the extracellular matrix composition and calcium deposition, which are important processes in plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Augstein
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany.
| | - Johannes Mierke
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - David M Poitz
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth H Strasser
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
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19
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Abstract
We review here clinical, pathophysiological, diagnostic, genetic and molecular aspects of Hypophosphatasia (HPP), a rare inherited metabolic disorder. The clinical presentation is a continuum ranging from a prenatal lethal form with no skeletal mineralization to a mild form with late adult onset presenting with nonpathognomonic symptoms. The prevalence of severe forms is low, whereas less severe forms are more frequently observed. The disease is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALPL gene encoding the Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNSALP), a central regulator of mineralization. Severe forms are recessively inherited, whereas moderate forms are either recessively or dominantly inherited, and the more severe the disease is, the more often it is subject to recessive inheritance. The diagnosis is based on a constantly low alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in serum and genetic testing that identifies ALPL mutations. More than 340 mutations have been identified and are responsible for the extraordinary clinical heterogeneity. A clear but imperfect genotype-phenotype correlation has been observed, suggesting that other genetic or environmental factors modulate the phenotype. Enzyme replacement therapy is now available for HPP, and other approaches, such as gene therapy, are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Mornet
- Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Service de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France.
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20
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Pokhrel R, Gerstman BS, Hutcheson JD, Chapagain PP. In Silico Investigations of Calcium Phosphate Mineralization in Extracellular Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2018. [PMID: 29519123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcification in bone, cartilage, and cardiovascular tissues involves the release of specialized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that promote mineral nucleation. The small size of the EVs, however, makes molecular level studies difficult, and consequently uncertainty exists on the role and function of these structures in directing mineralization. The lack of mechanistic understanding associated with the initiators of ectopic mineral deposition has severely hindered the development of potential therapeutic options. Here, we used multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the calcification within the EVs. Results show that Ca2+-HPO42- and phosphatidylserine complexes facilitate the early nucleation. Use of coarse-grained simulations allows investigations of Ca2+-PO43- nucleation and crystallization in the EVs. Systematic variation in the ion-to-water ratio shows that the crystallization and growth strongly depend on the enrichment of the ions and dehydration inside the EVs. Our investigations provide insights into the role of EVs on calcium phosphate mineral nucleation and growth in both physiological and pathological mineralization.
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21
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Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, Bolean M, Ciancaglini P, Pikula JB, Pikula S, Magne D, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Millán JL, Buchet R. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:532-546. [PMID: 29108957 PMCID: PMC5801150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous ossification. Under pathological conditions, they can also be released from cells of non-skeletal tissues such as vascular smooth muscle cells. MVs are extracellular vesicles of approximately 100-300nm diameter harboring the biochemical machinery needed to induce mineralization. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The review comprehensively delineates our current knowledge of MV biology and highlights open questions aiming to stimulate further research. The review is constructed as a series of questions addressing issues of MVs ranging from their biogenesis and functions, to biomimetic models. It critically evaluates experimental data including their isolation and characterization methods, like lipidomics, proteomics, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and proteoliposome models mimicking MVs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MVs have a relatively well-defined function as initiators of mineralization. They bind to collagen and their composition reflects the composition of lipid rafts. We call attention to the as yet unclear mechanisms leading to the biogenesis of MVs, and how minerals form and when they are formed. We discuss the prospects of employing upcoming experimental models to deepen our understanding of MV-mediated mineralization and mineralization disorders such as the use of reconstituted lipid vesicles, proteoliposomes and, native sample preparations and high-resolution technologies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MVs have been extensively investigated owing to their roles in skeletal and ectopic mineralization. MVs serve as a model system for lipid raft structures, and for the mechanisms of genesis and release of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bottini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133 Roma, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Karen L Anderson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Maria Sper Simão
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanna Bandorowicz Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Iordachescu A, Hulley P, Grover LM. A novel method for the collection of nanoscopic vesicles from an organotypic culture model. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7622-7632. [PMID: 29568511 PMCID: PMC5819369 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanovesicles, exosomes and other membrane bound particles excreted by cells are currently gaining research attention since they have been shown to play a significant role in many biologically related processes. Vesicles are now thought to mediate cellular communication, transmission of some diseases and pathologically mediated calcification. Matrix vesicles have long been proposed to be central to the controlled mineralisation of bone. They remain relatively poorly studied, however, since they are challenging to extract from biological media. One difficulty is the presence of a mineral content in comparison to pure lipid vesicles, meaning that standard separation process such as ultracentrifugation are unable to precisely separate on the basis of size or weight. In this paper we report the separation of matrix vesicles from an organotypic bone culture system using a process of immunoprecipitation. Matrix vesicles were extracted using polymeric beads that were modified with an antibody for tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP), a surface marker abundant in bone-derived vesicles. The vesicles isolated were positive for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the substrate for TNALP and were demonstrated to have a high-binding affinity to type I collagen, the principal collagen type found in bone. This protocol enables more detailed study of the process and regulation of mineralisation. Cellular nanovesicles have been shown to play a significant role in many biological processes. Organotypic bone culture systems are a source of physiologically-relevant mineralisation vesicles, which can be immuno-selected for investigation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iordachescu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Philippa Hulley
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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23
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Ooishi T, Nadano D, Matsuda T, Oshima K. Extracellular vesicle-mediated MFG-E8 localization in the extracellular matrix is required for its integrin-dependent function in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Genes Cells 2017; 22:885-899. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ooishi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kenzi Oshima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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24
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Abstract
During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralize their extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membrane-limited matrix vesicles (MVs). Several lipid and proteins present in the membrane of the MVs mediate the interactions of MVs with the ECM and regulate the initial mineral deposition and posterior propagation. Among the proteins of MV membranes, ion transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for initial HA deposition. Phosphatases (orphan phosphatase 1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) play a crucial role in controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio that allows MV-mediated initiation of mineralization. The lipidic microenvironment can help in the nucleation process of first crystals and also plays a crucial physiological role in the function of MV-associated enzymes and transporters (type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, annexins and Na+/K+ ATPase). The whole process is mediated and regulated by the action of several molecules and steps, which make the process complex and highly regulated. Liposomes and proteoliposomes, as models of biological membranes, facilitate the understanding of lipid-protein interactions with emphasis on the properties of physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review, we discuss the use of proteoliposomes as multiple protein carrier systems intended to mimic the various functions of MVs during the initiation and propagation of mineral growth in the course of biomineralization. We focus on studies applying biophysical tools to characterize the biomimetic models in order to gain an understanding of the importance of lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interfaces throughout the process.
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25
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Hodroge A, Trécherel E, Cornu M, Darwiche W, Mansour A, Ait-Mohand K, Verissimo T, Gomila C, Schembri C, Da Nascimento S, Elboutachfaiti R, Boullier A, Lorne E, Courtois J, Petit E, Toumieux S, Kovensky J, Sonnet P, Massy ZA, Kamel S, Rossi C, Ausseil J. Oligogalacturonic Acid Inhibits Vascular Calcification by Two Mechanisms: Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Osteogenic Conversion and Interaction With Collagen. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1391-1401. [PMID: 28522698 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular diseases constitute the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Calcification of the vessel wall is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients having many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and chronic kidney disease. Vascular calcification is actively regulated by inductive and inhibitory mechanisms (including vascular smooth muscle cell adaptation) and results from an active osteogenic process. During the calcification process, extracellular vesicles (also known as matrix vesicles) released by vascular smooth muscle cells interact with type I collagen and then act as nucleating foci for calcium crystallization. Our primary objective was to identify new, natural molecules that inhibit the vascular calcification process. APPROACH AND RESULTS We have found that oligogalacturonic acids (obtained by the acid hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid) reduce in vitro inorganic phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by 80% and inorganic phosphate-induced calcification of isolated rat aortic rings by 50%. A specific oligogalacturonic acid with a degree of polymerization of 8 (DP8) was found to inhibit the expression of osteogenic markers and, thus, prevent the conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. We also evidenced in biochemical and immunofluorescence assays a direct interaction between matrix vesicles and type I collagen via the GFOGER sequence (where single letter amino acid nomenclature is used, O=hydroxyproline) thought to be involved in interactions with several pairs of integrins. CONCLUSIONS DP8 inhibits vascular calcification development mainly by inhibition of osteogenic marker expression but also partly by masking the GFOGER sequence-thereby, preventing matrix vesicles from binding to type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hodroge
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Eric Trécherel
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Marjorie Cornu
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Walaa Darwiche
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Ali Mansour
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Katia Ait-Mohand
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Thomas Verissimo
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Cathy Gomila
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Carole Schembri
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Sophie Da Nascimento
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Redouan Elboutachfaiti
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Agnès Boullier
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Lorne
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Josiane Courtois
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Petit
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Sylvestre Toumieux
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - José Kovensky
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Pascal Sonnet
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Ziad A Massy
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Saïd Kamel
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Claire Rossi
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.)
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- From the Unité INSERM U1088, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., M.C., W.D., A.M., T.V., C.G., A.B., E.L., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, France (A.H., E.T., C.G., A.B., S.K., J.A.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France (K.A.-M., S.T., J.K.); Laboratoire des polysaccharides microbiens et végétaux EA3900-BIOPI, IUT Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, Amiens, France (R.E., J.C., E.P.); Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie enzymatique et cellulaire, Rue Roger Couttolenc, CS 60319, Compiègne Cedex, France (C.S., C.R.); Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, LG2A UMR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens Cedex 1, France (S.D.N., P.S.); and Service de Nephrologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Université Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ) et Inserm U1018, Equipe 5, CESP, Villejuif, France (Z.A.M.).
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MALDI-Imaging Mass Spectrometry: a step forward in the anatomopathological characterization of stenotic aortic valve tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27106. [PMID: 27256770 PMCID: PMC4891820 DOI: 10.1038/srep27106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common form of valve disease. Once symptoms develop, there is an inexorable deterioration with a poor prognosis; currently there are no therapies capable of modifying disease progression, and aortic valve replacement is the only available treatment. Our goal is to study the progression of calcification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) and get new insights at molecular level that could help in the understanding of this disease. In this work, we analyzed consecutive slices from aortic valve tissue by MALDI-IMS, to establish the spatial distribution of proteins and peptides directly from the surface of the histological sections. The analysis showed different structures corresponding to regions observed in conventional histology, including large calcification areas and zones rich in collagen and elastic fibers. Peptide extraction from the tissue, followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, provided the identification of collagen VI α-3 and NDRG2 proteins which correlated with the masses obtained by MALDI-IMS and were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These results highlighted the molecular mechanism implied in AS using MALDI-IMS, a novel technique never used before in this pathology. In addition, we can define specific regions proving a complementary resolution of the molecular histology.
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Halling Linder C, Enander K, Magnusson P. Glycation Contributes to Interaction Between Human Bone Alkaline Phosphatase and Collagen Type I. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:284-93. [PMID: 26645431 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a biological composite material comprised primarily of collagen type I and mineral crystals of calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA), which together provide its mechanical properties. Bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), produced by osteoblasts, plays a pivotal role in the mineralization process. Affinity contacts between collagen, mainly type II, and the crown domain of various ALP isozymes were reported in a few in vitro studies in the 1980s and 1990s, but have not attracted much attention since, although such interactions may have important implications for the bone mineralization process. The objective of this study was to investigate the binding properties of human collagen type I to human bone ALP, including the two bone ALP isoforms B1 and B2. ALP from human liver, human placenta and E. coli were also studied. A surface plasmon resonance-based analysis, supported by electrophoresis and blotting, showed that bone ALP binds stronger to collagen type I in comparison with ALPs expressed in non-mineralizing tissues. Further, the B2 isoform binds significantly stronger to collagen type I in comparison with the B1 isoform. Human bone and liver ALP (with identical amino acid composition) displayed pronounced differences in binding, revealing that post-translational glycosylation properties govern these interactions to a large extent. In conclusion, this study presents the first evidence that glycosylation differences in human ALPs are of crucial importance for protein-protein interactions with collagen type I, although the presence of the ALP crown domain may also be necessary. Different binding affinities among the bone ALP isoforms may influence the mineral-collagen interface, mineralization kinetics, and degree of bone matrix mineralization, which are important factors determining the material properties of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Halling Linder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Enander
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
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Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is due to deficient activity of the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). This enzyme cleaves extracellular substrates inorganic pyrophosphates (PPi), pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), phosphoethanolamine (PEA) and nucleotides, and probably other substrates not yet identified. During the last 15 years the role of TNAP in mineralization, and to a less degree in brain, has been investigated, providing hypotheses and explanations for both bone and neuronal HPP phenotypes. ALPL, the gene encoding TNAP, is subject to many mutations, mostly missense mutations. A few number of mutations are recurrently found and may be quite frequent in particular populations. This reflects founder effects. The great variety of mutations results in a great number of compound heterozygous genotypes and in highly variable clinical expressivity. A good correlation was observed between the severity of the disease and in vitro enzymatic activity of the mutant protein measured after site-directed mutagenesis. Many missense mutations found in severe hypophosphatasia produced a mutant protein that failed to reach the cell membrane , was accumulated in the cis-Golgi and was subsequently degraded in the proteasome. Missense mutations located in the catalytic site or in the homodimer interface were often shown by site-directed mutagenesis to have a dominant negative effect. Currently molecular diagnosis of HPP is based on the sequencing of the coding sequence of ALPL that allows detection of approximately 95 % of mutations in severe cases. In addition, other genes, especially genes encoding proteins involved in the regulation of extracellular PPi concentration, could modify the phenotype (modifier genes).
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Silvent J, Gasse B, Mornet E, Sire JY. Molecular evolution of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase allows prediction and validation of missense mutations responsible for hypophosphatasia. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24168-79. [PMID: 25023282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ALPL encodes the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP), which removes phosphate groups from various substrates. Its function is essential for bone and tooth mineralization. In humans, ALPL mutations lead to hypophosphatasia, a genetic disorder characterized by defective bone and/or tooth mineralization. To date, 275 ALPL mutations have been reported to cause hypophosphatasia, of which 204 were simple missense mutations. Molecular evolutionary analysis has proved to be an efficient method to highlight residues important for the protein function and to predict or validate sensitive positions for genetic disease. Here we analyzed 58 mammalian TNSALP to identify amino acids unchanged, or only substituted by residues sharing similar properties, through 220 millions years of mammalian evolution. We found 469 sensitive positions of the 524 residues of human TNSALP, which indicates a highly constrained protein. Any substitution occurring at one of these positions is predicted to lead to hypophosphatasia. We tested the 204 missense mutations resulting in hypophosphatasia against our predictive chart, and validated 99% of them. Most sensitive positions were located in functionally important regions of TNSALP (active site, homodimeric interface, crown domain, calcium site, …). However, some important positions are located in regions, the structure and/or biological function of which are still unknown. Our chart of sensitive positions in human TNSALP (i) enables to validate or invalidate at low cost any ALPL mutation, which would be suspected to be responsible for hypophosphatasia, by contrast with time consuming and expensive functional tests, and (ii) displays higher predictive power than in silico models of prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Silvent
- From the Université Pierre & Marie Curie, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, 7 quai St-Bernard, Case 05, 75005 Paris and
| | - Barbara Gasse
- From the Université Pierre & Marie Curie, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, 7 quai St-Bernard, Case 05, 75005 Paris and
| | - Etienne Mornet
- the Unité de Pathologie Cellulaire et Génétique, EA2493, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles & Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - Jean-Yves Sire
- From the Université Pierre & Marie Curie, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, 7 quai St-Bernard, Case 05, 75005 Paris and
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New SEP, Aikawa E. Role of extracellular vesicles in de novo mineralization: an additional novel mechanism of cardiovascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1753-8. [PMID: 23766262 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane micro/nanovesicles secreted by many cell types into the circulation and the extracellular milieu in physiological and pathological conditions. Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles, known as matrix vesicles, play a role in the mineralization of skeletal tissue, but emerging ultrastructural and in vitro studies have demonstrated their contribution to cardiovascular calcification as well. Cells involved in the progression of cardiovascular calcification release active vesicles capable of nucleating hydroxyapatite on their membranes. This review discusses the role of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular calcification and elaborates on this additional mechanism of calcification as an alternative pathway to the currently accepted mechanism of biomineralization via osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E P New
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ehlen HWA, Chinenkova M, Moser M, Munter HM, Krause Y, Gross S, Brachvogel B, Wuelling M, Kornak U, Vortkamp A. Inactivation of anoctamin-6/Tmem16f, a regulator of phosphatidylserine scrambling in osteoblasts, leads to decreased mineral deposition in skeletal tissues. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:246-59. [PMID: 22936354 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate skeletal development, osteoblasts produce a mineralized bone matrix by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the extracellular matrix. Anoctamin6/Tmem16F (Ano6) belongs to a conserved family of transmembrane proteins with chloride channel properties. In addition, Ano6 has been linked to phosphatidylserine (PS) scrambling in the plasma membrane. During skeletogenesis, Ano6 mRNA is expressed in differentiating and mature osteoblasts. Deletion of Ano6 in mice results in reduced skeleton size and skeletal deformities. Molecular analysis revealed that chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation are not disturbed. However, mutant mice display increased regions of nonmineralized, Ibsp-expressing osteoblasts in the periosteum during embryonic development and increased areas of uncalcified osteoid postnatally. In primary Ano6(-/-) osteoblasts, mineralization is delayed, indicating a cell autonomous function of Ano6. Furthermore, we demonstrate that calcium-dependent PS scrambling is impaired in osteoblasts. Our study is the first to our knowledge to reveal the requirement of Ano6 in PS scrambling in osteoblasts, supporting a function of PS exposure in the deposition of hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald W A Ehlen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Grskovic I, Kutsch A, Frie C, Groma G, Stermann J, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Niehoff A, Moss SE, Rosenbaum S, Pöschl E, Chmielewski M, Rappl G, Abken H, Bateman JF, Cheah KS, Paulsson M, Brachvogel B. Depletion of annexin A5, annexin A6, and collagen X causes no gross changes in matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization, but lack of collagen X affects hematopoiesis and the Th1/Th2 response. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2399-412. [PMID: 22692895 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biochemical studies have pointed to an essential role of annexin A5 (AnxA5), annexin A6 (AnxA6), and collagen X in matrix vesicle-mediated biomineralization during endochondral ossification and in osteoarthritis. By binding to the extracellular matrix protein collagen X and matrix vesicles, annexins were proposed to anchor matrix vesicles in the extracellular space of hypertrophic chondrocytes to initiate the calcification of cartilage. However, mineralization appears to be normal in mice lacking AnxA5 and AnxA6, whereas collagen X-deficient mice show only subtle alterations in the growth plate organization. We hypothesized that the simultaneous lack of AnxA5, AnxA6, and collagen X in vivo induces more pronounced changes in the growth plate development and the initiation of mineralization. In this study, we generated and analyzed mice deficient for AnxA5, AnxA6, and collagen X. Surprisingly, mice were viable, fertile, and showed no obvious abnormalities. Assessment of growth plate development indicated that the hypertrophic zone was expanded in Col10a1(-/-) and AnxA5(-/-) AnxA6(-/-) Col10a1(-/-) newborns, whereas endochondral ossification and mineralization were not affected in 13-day- and 1-month-old mutants. In peripheral quantitative computed tomography, no changes in the degree of biomineralization were found in femora of 1-month- and 1-year-old mutants even though the diaphyseal circumference was reduced in Col10a1(-/-) and AnxA5(-/-) AnxA6(-/-) Col10a1(-/-) mice. The percentage of naive immature IgM(+) /IgM(+) B cells and peripheral T-helper cells were increased in Col10a1(-/-) and AnxA5(-/-) AnxA6(-/-) Col10a1(-/-) mutants, and activated splenic T cells isolated from Col10a1(-/-) mice secreted elevated levels of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Hence, collagen X is needed for hematopoiesis during endochondral ossification and for the immune response, but the interaction of annexin A5, annexin A6, and collagen X is not essential for physiological calcification of growth plate cartilage. Therefore, annexins and collagen X may rather fulfill functions in growth plate cartilage not directly linked to the mineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Grskovic
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Zimmermann H, Zebisch M, Sträter N. Cellular function and molecular structure of ecto-nucleotidases. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:437-502. [PMID: 22555564 PMCID: PMC3360096 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. They hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic P2 receptors. They generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. The extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic P1 receptors. They also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the control of bone mineralization. This review discusses and compares four major groups of ecto-nucleotidases: the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Only recently and based on crystal structures, detailed information regarding the spatial structures and catalytic mechanisms has become available for members of these four ecto-nucleotidase families. This permits detailed predictions of their catalytic mechanisms and a comparison between the individual enzyme groups. The review focuses on the principal biochemical, cell biological, catalytic, and structural properties of the enzymes and provides brief reference to tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Biologicum, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Jubeck B, Gohr C, Fahey M, Muth E, Matthews M, Mattson E, Hirschmugl C, Rosenthal AK. Promotion of articular cartilage matrix vesicle mineralization by type I collagen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:2809-17. [PMID: 18759309 DOI: 10.1002/art.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals occur in up to 60% of osteoarthritic joints and predict an increased severity of arthritis. Articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) generate CPPD crystals in the presence of ATP and BCP crystals with added beta-glycerophosphate. While ACVs are present in normal articular cartilage, they mineralize primarily in cartilage from osteoarthritic joints. The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that ACV mineralization is regulated by components of the surrounding extracellular matrix. METHODS Porcine ACVs were embedded in agarose gels containing type II and/or type I collagen and/or proteoglycans. Mineralization was measured as (45)Ca accumulation stimulated by ATP or beta-glycerophosphate and reflects both nucleation and growth. Synthetic CPPD and BCP crystals were embedded in similar gels to isolate the effect of matrix components on crystal growth. RESULTS After establishing baseline responsiveness of ACVs to ATP and beta-glycerophosphate in agarose gels, we examined the ability of ATP and beta-glycerophosphate to stimulate mineral formation in gels containing various matrix components. Type II collagen suppressed the ability of ATP to stimulate mineralization, while a combination of type II plus type I collagen increased the effect of ATP and beta-glycerophosphate on mineralization. Type I collagen affected ACV mineralization in a dose-responsive manner. Neither type of collagen significantly affected crystal growth or levels of mineralization-regulating enzymes. Proteoglycans suppressed mineral formation by ACVs in gels containing both type I and type II collagen. CONCLUSION Cartilage matrix changes that occur with osteoarthritis, such as increased quantities of type I collagen and reduced proteoglycan levels, may promote ACV mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jubeck
- Medical College of Wisconsin, and the Zablocki VAMC, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Jubeck B, Muth E, Gohr CM, Rosenthal AK. Type II collagen levels correlate with mineralization by articular cartilage vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2741-6. [PMID: 19714645 DOI: 10.1002/art.24773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathologic mineralization is common in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and may be mediated by extracellular organelles known as articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs). Paradoxically, ACVs isolated from OA human cartilage mineralize poorly in vitro compared with those isolated from normal porcine cartilage. We recently showed that collagens regulate ACV mineralization. We sought to determine differences between collagens and collagen receptors on human and porcine ACVs as a potential explanation of their different mineralization behaviors. METHODS ACVs were enzymatically released from old and young human and porcine hyaline articular cartilage. Western blotting was used to determine the presence of types I, II, VI, and X collagen and various collagen receptors on ACVs. Type II collagen was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biomineralization was assessed by measuring the uptake of (45)Ca by isolated ACVs in agarose gels and by ACVs in situ in freeze-thawed cartilage. RESULTS As previously shown, isolated human ACVs mineralized poorly in response to ATP compared with porcine ACVs, but human and porcine ACVs mineralized similarly in situ in freeze-thawed cartilage. Type II collagen levels were 100-fold higher in isolated human ACVs than in porcine ACVs. Type II collagen in human ACVs was of high molecular weight. Transglutaminase-crosslinked type II collagen showed increased resistance to collagenase, suggesting a possible explanation for residual collagen on human ACVs. Expression of other collagens and collagen receptors was similar on human and porcine ACVs. CONCLUSION Higher levels of type II collagen in human ACV preparations, perhaps mediated by increased transglutaminase crosslinking, may contribute to the decreased mineralization observed in isolated human ACVs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jubeck
- Rheumatology Section, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, 5000 West National Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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Golub EE. Role of matrix vesicles in biomineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1592-8. [PMID: 19786074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles have been implicated in the mineralization of calcified cartilage, bone and dentin for more than 40 years. During this period, their exact role, if any in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite mineral, and its subsequent association with the collagen fibrils in the organic matrix has been debated and remains controversial. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes studies spanning the whole history of matrix vesicles, but emphasizes recent findings and several hypotheses which have been recently introduced to explain in greater detail how matrix vesicles function in biomineralization. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It is now generally accepted that matrix vesicles have some role(s) in mineralization; that they are the initial site of mineral formation; that MV bud from the plasma membrane of mineral forming cells, but that they take with them only a subset of the materials found in the parent membrane; that the three proteins, alkaline phosphatase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase and annexin V have important roles in the process and that matrix vesicles participate in regulating the concentration of PPi in the matrix. In contrast, many open questions remain to be answered. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the role of matrix vesicles in biomineralization will increase our knowledge of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis E Golub
- Biochemistry Department, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
In bone, osteoblasts and chondrocytes synthesize matrix vesicles (MVs) that interact with collagen to initiate calcification. MVs have been identified in human calcified arteries but are poorly characterized. The objective of this study is to determine the role of annexins and fetuin-A in MV formation and activity during calcification in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMCs). BVSMCs were treated with control or calcification (high phosphorus) media, and cellular MVs were isolated by collagenase digestion and secreted MVs were isolated from cultured media by ultracentrifugation. The results showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly increased in MVs from calcified BVSMCs compared with noncalcified BVSMCs, as was annexin II and VI content and (45)Ca uptake. We also determined that MVs from calcifying BVSMCs could mineralize type I collagen but not type II collagen in the absence of cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Blockade of annexin calcium channel activity by K201 significantly decreased ALP activity and reduced the ability of the MVs to subsequently calcify on collagen, whether the K201 was added during or after MV formation. Furthermore, cellular MVs had significantly increased ability to calcify on collagen compared with secreted MVs, likely because of their increased ALP activity and annexin II content but low fetuin-A content. In conclusion, our results suggest that mineralization in VSMCs requires both active MVs and an interaction of the MVs with type I collagen, and both steps require annexin activity.
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Abstract
Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited disorder characterized by defective bone and tooth mineralization, and deficiency of serum and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. The frequency of the disease has been estimated to be one in 100 000 for severe forms, but mild forms of hypophosphatasia may be more common. The symptoms are highly variable in their clinical expression, which ranges from stillbirth without mineralized bone to early tooth loss without bone symptoms. The transmission of severe forms is autosomal recessive, while milder forms may be transmitted as dominant or recessive autosomal traits. The diagnosis is based on serum alkaline phosphatase assay and molecular analysis of the liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL). Currently, there is no treatment for the disease. Over the past 10 years, great progress has been made in understanding the structure of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase, its function in bone mineralization, and the effect of ALPL mutations responsible for hypophosphatasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Mornet
- Laboratoire SESEP, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Bâtiment EFS, 2 rue Jean-Louis Forain, 78150 Le Chesnay, France.
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Numa N, Ishida Y, Nasu M, Sohda M, Misumi Y, Noda T, Oda K. Molecular basis of perinatal hypophosphatasia with tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase bearing a conservative replacement of valine by alanine at position 406. FEBS J 2008; 275:2727-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Genge BR, Wu LNY, Wuthier RE. Mineralization of annexin-5-containing lipid-calcium-phosphate complexes: modulation by varying lipid composition and incubation with cartilage collagens. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9737-48. [PMID: 18250169 PMCID: PMC2442302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706523200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) in the growth plate bind to cartilage collagens and initiate mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Native MVs have been shown to contain a nucleational core responsible for mineral formation that is comprised of Mg(2+)-containing amorphous calcium phosphate and lipid-calcium-phosphate complexes (CPLXs) and the lipid-dependent Ca(2+)-binding proteins, especially annexin-5 (Anx-5), which greatly enhances mineral formation. Incorporation of non-Ca(2+)-binding MV lipids impedes mineral formation by phosphatidylserine (PS)-CPLX. In this study, nucleators based on amorphous calcium phosphate (with or without Anx-5) were prepared with PS alone, PS + phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), or PS + PE and other MV lipids. These were incubated in synthetic cartilage lymph containing no collagen or containing type II or type X collagen. Dilution of PS with PE and other MV lipids progressively retarded nucleation. Incorporation of Anx-5 restored nucleational activity to the PS:PE CPLX; thus PS and Anx-5 proved to be critical for nucleation of mineral. Without Anx-5, induction of mineral formation was slow unless high levels of Ca(2+) were used. The presence of type II collagen in synthetic cartilage lymph improved both the rate and amount of mineral formation but did not enhance nucleation. This stimulatory effect required the presence of the nonhelical telopeptides. Although type X collagen slowed induction, it also increased the rate and amount of mineral formation. Both type II and X collagens markedly increased mineral formation by the MV-like CPLX, requiring Anx-5 to do so. Thus, Anx-5 enhances nucleation by the CPLXs and couples this to propagation of mineral formation by the cartilage collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Genge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate Science Research Center, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Midura RJ, Vasanji A, Su X, Wang A, Midura SB, Gorski JP. Calcospherulites isolated from the mineralization front of bone induce the mineralization of type I collagen. Bone 2007; 41:1005-16. [PMID: 17936099 PMCID: PMC2238032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has suggested that "calcospherulites" actively participate in the mineralization of developing and healing bone. This study sought to directly test this hypothesis by developing a method to isolate calcospherulites and analyzing their capacity to seed mineralization of fibrillar collagen. The periosteal surface of juvenile rat tibial diaphysis was enriched in spherulites of approximately 0.5-mum diameter exhibiting a Ca/P ratio of 1.3. Their identity as calcospherulites was confirmed by their uptake of calcein at the tibial mineralization front 24 h following in vivo injection. Periosteum was dissected and unmineralized osteoid removed by collagenase in order to expose calcospherulites. Calcein-labeled calcospherulites were then released from the mineralization front by dispase digestion and isolated via fluorescence flow sorting. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed they contained apatite crystals (c-axis length of 17.5+/-0.2 nm), though their Ca/P ratio of 1.3 is lower than that of hydroxyapatite. Much of their non-mineral phosphorous content was removed by ice-cold ethanol, elevating their Ca/P ratio to 1.6, suggesting the presence of phospholipids. Western blot analyses showed the presence of bone matrix proteins and type I collagen in these preparations. Incubating isolated calcospherulites in collagen hydrogels demonstrated that they could seed a mineralization reaction on type I collagen fibers in vitro. Ultrastructural analyses revealed crystals on the collagen fibers that were distributed rather uniformly along the fiber lengths. Furthermore, crystals were observed at distances well away from the observed calcospherulites. Our results directly support an active role for calcospherulites in inducing the mineralization of type I collagen fibers at the mineralization front of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Orthopaedic Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Genge BR, Wu LNY, Wuthier RE. Kinetic analysis of mineral formation during in vitro modeling of matrix vesicle mineralization: effect of annexin A5, phosphatidylserine, and type II collagen. Anal Biochem 2007; 367:159-66. [PMID: 17585866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are involved in de novo mineral formation by nearly all vertebrate tissues. The driving force for MV mineralization is a nucleational core composed of three principal constituents: (i) amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), complexed in part with phosphatidylserine (PS) to form (ii) calcium-phosphate-lipid complexes (CPLX), and (iii) annexin A5 (AnxA5), the principal lipid-dependent Ca(2+)-binding protein in MVs. We describe methods for reconstituting the nucleational core using a biomimetic approach and for analyzing the kinetics of its induction of mineral formation. The method is based on light scattering by the nascent crystallites at 340 nm and monitors mineral formation at regular intervals without disturbing the system using an automated plate reader. It yields precise replicate values that typically agree within less than 5%. As with MVs, mineral formation by the synthetic complex follows a sigmoidal pattern; following a quiescent induction period, rapid formation ensues for a limited time, followed by a distinct decline in rate that continues to slow, ultimately reaching a maximal asymptotic value. Key to quantization of mineral formation is the use of first-derivative analysis, which defines the induction time, the rate and the amount of initial mineral formation. Furthermore, using a five-parameter logistic curve-fitting algorithm, the maximal amount of mineral formation can be predicted accurately. Using these methods, we document the dramatic finding that AnxA5 synergistically activates PS-CPLX, transforming it from a very weak nucleator of mineral formation to a potent one. The methods presented should enable systematic study of the effects of numerous other factors thought to contribute to mineral formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Genge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Millán JL. Alkaline Phosphatases : Structure, substrate specificity and functional relatedness to other members of a large superfamily of enzymes. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:335-41. [PMID: 18404473 PMCID: PMC2254479 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-005-5435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the structure and function of alkaline phosphatases has increased greatly in recent years. The crystal structure of the human placental isozyme has enabled us to probe salient features of the mammalian enzymes that differ from those of the bacterial enzymes. The availability of knockout mice deficient in each of the murine alkaline phosphatase isozymes has also given deep insights into their in vivo role. This has been particularly true for probing the biological role of bone alkaline phosphatase during skeletal mineralization. Due to space constraints this mini-review focuses exclusively on structural and functional features of mammalian alkaline phosphatases as identified by crystallography and probed by site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis. An emphasis is also placed on the substrate specificity of alkaline phosphatases, their catalytic properties as phosphohydrolases as well as phosphodiesterases and their structural and functional relatedness to a large superfamily of enzymes that includes nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Millán
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA,
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Whyte MP, Essmyer K, Geimer M, Mumm S. Homozygosity for TNSALP mutation 1348c>T (Arg433Cys) causes infantile hypophosphatasia manifesting transient disease correction and variably lethal outcome in a kindred of black ancestry. J Pediatr 2006; 148:753-8. [PMID: 16769381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the "tissue-nonspecific" isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) defect underlying transiently reversible and variably lethal infantile hypophosphatasia (HPP) in a kindred and to characterize HPP prevalence in black people. STUDY DESIGN In 1986, we reported temporary correction of severe HPP in an American kindred of black ancestry where "infantile" HPP was fatal in 2 of 3 affected individuals representing 2 sibships. This transient improvement in 1 patient followed efforts to increase TNSALP activity endogenously and suggested dysregulation of the gene (TNSALP). Here, we sequenced the coding exons and splice sites of the kindred's TNSALP alleles and reviewed our 30-year experience with HPP to assess its prevalence in black people. RESULTS Homozygosity for TNSALP missense mutation 1348C>T (Arg433Cys) accounted for this kindred's infantile HPP. The TNSALP promoter sequence was normal. Modeling of TNSALP(433Cys) suggested compromise of the catalytic site. Ethnicity was identified for the 119 families with HPP studied in St. Louis, and race was ascertained for an additional 159 of our 235 consult and HPP families worldwide. In this experience, only this family was of black ancestry. CONCLUSIONS Infantile HPP from homozygous TNSALP(433Cys) can remit and thus harbor clues regarding the phenotypic variation and perhaps treatment of HPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63131, USA
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Zimmermann H. Nucleotide signaling in nervous system development. Pflugers Arch 2006; 452:573-88. [PMID: 16639549 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of the nervous system requires complex series of cellular programming and intercellular communication events that lead from the early neural induction to the formation of a highly structured central and peripheral nervous system. Neurogenesis continuously takes place also in select regions of the adult mammalian brain. During the past years, a multiplicity of cellular control mechanisms has been identified, ranging from differential transcriptional mediators to inducers or inhibitors of cell specification or neurite outgrowth. While the identification of transcription factors typical for the stage-specific progression has been a topic of key interest for many years, less is known concerning the potential multiplicity of relevant intercellular signaling pathways and the fine tuning of epigenetic gene regulation. Nucleotide receptors can induce a multiplicity of cellular signaling pathways and are involved in multiple molecular interactions, thus opening the possibility of cross talk between several signaling pathways, including growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components. An increasing number of studies provides evidence for a role of nucleotide signaling in nervous system development. This includes progenitor cell proliferation, cell migration, neuronal and glial cellular interaction and differentiation, and synaptic network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institut fuer Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Biozentrum der J.W. Goethe-Universitaet, Max-von-Lane-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Massa LF, Ramachandran A, George A, Arana-Chavez VE. Developmental appearance of dentin matrix protein 1 during the early dentinogenesis in rat molars as identified by high-resolution immunocytochemistry. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124:197-205. [PMID: 16049693 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP 1) is an acidic phosphoprotein that has been postulated to play an important role in mineralized tissue formation. We have examined rat molar tooth germs by applying a high-resolution immunocytochemical approach with the purpose to identify the temporal and spatial localization of DMP 1 at the onset of dentinogenesis. Upper molar tooth germs of 2- to 3-day-old Wistar rats were fixed in a cacodylate-buffered 0.1% glutaraldehyde + 4% formaldehyde fixative, left unosmicated and embedded in LR White resin. The sections were incubated with a polyclonal DMP 1 antibody for postembedding colloidal gold immunolabeling and examined in a Jeol 1010 transmission electron microscope. The earliest localization of DMP 1 was in the Golgi region as well as in the nucleus of differentiating odontoblasts. When mineralization spread from matrix vesicles to the surrounding matrix, DMP 1 was extracellularly detected around the mineralizing globules. In the regions of fully mineralized mantle dentin, it was present in the mineralized regions, mainly around the peritubular dentin. The appearance of DMP 1 during early dentinogenesis implies a direct role for this protein in both odontoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F Massa
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissue Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Haut Donahue TL, Genetos DC, Jacobs CR, Donahue HJ, Yellowley CE. Annexin V disruption impairs mechanically induced calcium signaling in osteoblastic cells. Bone 2004; 35:656-63. [PMID: 15336601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical environment of the skeleton plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of structurally competent bone. Biophysical signals induced by mechanical loading elicit a variety of cellular responses in bone cells, however, little is known about the underlying mechanotransduction mechanism. We hypothesized that bone cells detect and transduce biophysical signals into biological responses via a mechanism requiring annexin V (AnxV). AnxV, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, has several attributes, which suggest it is ideally suited for a role as a mechanosensor, possibly a mechanosensitive ion channel. These include the ability to function as a Ca2+ selective ion channel, and the ability to interact with both extracellular matrix proteins and cytoskeletal elements. To test the hypothesis that AnxV has a role in mechanosensing, we studied the response of osteoblastic cells to oscillating fluid flow, a physiologically relevant physical signal in bone, in the presence and absence of AnxV inhibitors. In addition, we investigated the effects of oscillating flow on the cellular location of AnxV. Oscillating fluid flow increased both [Ca2+]i levels and c-fos protein levels in osteoblasts. Disruption of AnxV with blocking antibodies or a pharmacological inhibitor, K201 (JTV-519), significantly inhibited both responses. Additionally, our data show that the cellular location of AnxV was modulated by oscillating fluid flow. Exposure to oscillating fluid flow resulted in a significant increase in AnxV at both the cell and nuclear membranes. In summary, our data suggest that AnxV mediates flow-induced Ca2+ signaling in osteoblastic cells. These data support the idea of AnxV as a Ca2+ channel, or a component of the signaling pathway, in the mechanism by which mechanical signals are transduced into cellular responses in the osteoblast. Furthermore, the presence of a highly mobile pool of AnxV may provide cells with a powerful mechanism by which cellular responses to mechanical loading might be amplified and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Haut Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Midura RJ, Wang A, Lovitch D, Law D, Powell K, Gorski JP. Bone Acidic Glycoprotein-75 Delineates the Extracellular Sites of Future Bone Sialoprotein Accumulation and Apatite Nucleation in Osteoblastic Cultures. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:25464-73. [PMID: 15004030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312409200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of an organophosphate source to UMR osteoblastic cultures activates a mineralization program in which BSP localizes to extracellular matrix sites where hydroxyapatite crystals are subsequently nucleated. This study identifies for the first time novel extracellular spherical structures, termed biomineralization foci (BMF), containing bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and alkaline phosphatase that are the exclusive sites of initial nucleation of hydroxyapatite crystals in the UMR model. Importantly, in the absence of added phosphate, UMR cultures after reaching confluency contain two size populations of morphologically identifiable BMF precursors enriched in BAG-75 (15-25 and 150-250 microm in diameter). The shape and size of the smaller population are similar to structures assembled in vitro through self-association of purified BAG-75 protein. After organophosphate addition, BSP accumulates within these BAG-75-containing BMF precursors, with hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation occurring subsequently. In summary, BAG-75 is the earliest detectable biomarker that accurately predicts the extracellular sites of de novo biomineralization in UMR cultures. We hypothesize that BAG-75 may perform a key structural role in the assembly of BMF precursors and the recruitment of other proteins such as alkaline phosphatase and BSP. Furthermore, we propose a hypothetical mechanism in which BAG-75 and BSP function actively in nucleation of apatite within BMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Orthopaedic Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic and Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Michel Goldberg, Dominique Septier, Nagai N. Phospholipids in Amelogenesis and Dentinogenesis. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2004. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goldberg
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Cranio-Faciale EA 2496, Groupe Matrices Extracellularies et Biomineralisation, Faculte de Chirurgie Dentaire-Universite Paris V
| | - Dominique Septier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Cranio-Faciale EA 2496, Groupe Matrices Extracellularies et Biomineralisation, Faculte de Chirurgie Dentaire-Universite Paris V
| | - Noriyuki Nagai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine & Dentistry, Okayama University
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Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular, 100 nM in diameter, membrane-invested particles selectively located at sites of initial calcification in cartilage, bone, and predentin. The first crystals of apatitic bone mineral are formed within MVs close to the inner surfaces of their investing membranes. Matrix vesicle biogenesis occurs by polarized budding and pinching-off of vesicles from specific regions of the outer plasma membranes of differentiating growth plate chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and odontoblasts. Polarized release of MVs into selected areas of developing matrix determines the nonrandom distribution of calcification. Initiation of the first mineral crystals, within MVs (phase 1), is augmented by the activity of MV phosphatases (eg, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and pyrophosphatase) plus calcium-binding molecules (eg, annexin I and phosphatidyl serine), all of which are concentrated in or near the MV membrane. Phase 2 of biologic mineralization begins with crystal release through the MV membrane, exposing preformed hydroxyapatite crystals to the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid normally contains sufficient Ca2+ and PO4(3-) to support continuous crystal proliferation, with preformed crystals serving as nuclei (templates) for the formation of new crystals by a process of homologous nucleation. In diseases such as osteoarthritis, crystal deposition arthritis, and atherosclerosis, MVs initiate pathologic calcification, which, in turn, augments disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Clarke Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2017 Wahl Hall West, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160-7410, USA.
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