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Vaca I, Casqueiro J, Ullán RV, Rumbero A, Chávez R, Martín JF. A preparative method for the purification of isopenicillin N from genetically blocked Acremonium chrysogenum strain TD189: studies on the degradation kinetics and storage conditions. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:447-51. [PMID: 21522156 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for preparative isopenicillin N (IPN) purification, a highly interesting and hitherto unavailable intermediate of the penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway due to its high unstability, is described. Culture broths of Acremonium chrysogenum TD189, a strain blocked in cephalosporin biosynthesis that accumulates this metabolite, were treated with acetone and filtered though charcoal and a hydrophobic resin in a single step as tandem columns. The cleared broth was then lyophilized and passed though a Sephadex G-25 column. The last step was the purification to homogeneity of IPN in a semipreparative HPLC equipment and, optionally, a desalting step by Sephadex G-10 column. Once purified, a complete analysis of the stability of the compound and the conditions for its long-term storage was carried out. Our results suggest a first-order model for IPN decomposition for all the pH and temperature analyzed. IPN is more stable at neutral pH, and once lyophilized, can be stored under vacuum and -75 ° C with a half-life of 770 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Vaca
- Instituto de Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, León, Spain.
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Characterization of a novel peroxisome membrane protein essential for conversion of isopenicillin N into cephalosporin C. Biochem J 2010; 432:227-36. [PMID: 20819073 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of compartmentalization of intermediates and secretion of penicillins and cephalosporins in β-lactam antibiotic-producing fungi are of great interest. In Acremonium chrysogenum, there is a compartmentalization of the central steps of the CPC (cephalosporin C) biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, we found in the 'early' CPC cluster a new gene named cefP encoding a putative transmembrane protein containing 11 transmembrane spanner. Targeted inactivation of cefP by gene replacement showed that it is essential for CPC biosynthesis. The disrupted mutant is unable to synthesize cephalosporins and secretes a significant amount of IPN (isopenicillin N), indicating that the mutant is blocked in the conversion of IPN into PenN (penicillin N). The production of cephalosporin in the disrupted mutant was restored by transformation with both cefP and cefR (a regulatory gene located upstream of cefP), but not with cefP alone. Fluorescence microscopy studies with an EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-SKL (Ser-Lys-Leu) protein (a peroxisomal-targeted marker) as a control showed that the red-fluorescence-labelled CefP protein co-localized in the peroxisomes with the control peroxisomal protein. In summary, CefP is a peroxisomal membrane protein probably involved in the import of IPN into the peroxisomes where it is converted into PenN by the two-component CefD1/CefD2 protein system.
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Expression of the Acremonium chrysogenum cefT gene in Penicillum chrysogenum indicates that it encodes an hydrophilic beta-lactam transporter. Curr Genet 2008; 54:153-61. [PMID: 18668246 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-008-0207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Acremonium chryrsogenum cefT gene encoding a membrane protein of the major facilitator superfamily implicated in the cephalosporin biosynthesis in A. chrysogenum was introduced into Penicillium chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 (a benzylpenicillin producer), P. chrysogenum npe6 pyrG(-) (a derivative of Wisconsin 54-1255 lacking a functional penDE gene) and P. chrysogenum TA98 (a deacetylcephalosporin producer containing the cefD1, cefD2, cefEF and cefG genes from A. chrysogenum). RT-PCR analysis revealed that the cefT gene was expressed in P. chrysogenum strains. HPLC analysis of the culture broths of the TA98 transformants showed an increase in the secretion of deacetylcephalosporin C and hydrophilic penicillins (isopenicillin N and penicillin N). P. chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 strain transformed with cefT showed increased secretion of the isopenicillin N intermediate and a drastic decrease in the benzylpenicillin production. Southern and northern blot analysis indicated that the untransformed P. chrysogenum strains contain an endogenous gene similar to cefT that may be involved in the well-known secretion of the isopenicillin N intermediate. In summary, the cefT transporter is a hydrophilic beta-lactam transporter that is involved in the secretion of hydrophilic beta-lactams containing alpha-aminoadipic acid side chain (isopenicillin N, penicillin N and deacetylcephalosporin C).
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Ullán RV, Godio RP, Teijeira F, Vaca I, García-Estrada C, Feltrer R, Kosalkova K, Martín JF. RNA-silencing in Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum: validation studies using beta-lactam genes expression. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:209-18. [PMID: 18590779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report the development and validation of a new RNA interference vector (pJL43-RNAi) containing a double-stranded RNA expression cassette for gene silencing in the filamentous fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum. Classical targeted gene disruption in these fungi is very laborious and inefficient due to the low frequency of homologous recombination. The RNAi vector has been validated by testing the attenuation of two different genes of the beta-lactam pathway; pcbC in P. chrysogenum and cefEF in A. chrysogenum. Quantification of mRNA transcript levels and antibiotic production showed knockdown of pcbC and cefEF genes in randomly isolated transformants of P. chrysogenum and A. chrysogenum, respectively. The process is efficient; 15 to 20% of the selected transformants were found to be knockdown mutants showing reduced penicillin or cephalosporin production. This new RNAi vector opens the way for exploring gene function in the genomes of P. chrysogenum and A. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Ullán
- Institute of Biotechnology (INBIOTEC), Avda. Real no. 1, 24006 León, Spain
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Cuadra T, Fernández FJ, Tomasini A, Barrios-González J. Influence of pH regulation and nutrient content on cephalosporin C production in solid-state fermentation by Acremonium chrysogenum C10. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:216-20. [PMID: 18028327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of pH regulation and nutrient concentration on cephalosporin C (CPC) production in solid-state fermentation (SSF), using sugarcane bagasse as inert support, impregnated with liquid medium. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid-state fermentation using different initial pH values, buffer and nutrient concentrations were performed. Results revealed pH as a key parameter in CPC SSF, as it hampered the antibiotic production not only above 7.8, but also under 6.4. Using initial pH lower than 6.8 and PB in the solid medium, it was possible to keep pH within the production range, increase the production period (from 1 to 3 days) and hence the CPC yield from 468 to 3200 microg gdm(-1) (g(-1) of dry matter). CONCLUSION Parameters that help to keep pH in adequate values for CPC production in SSF, such as initial pH, buffering system and nutrient concentration, can greatly increase the production time and CPC yields in this fermentation technique. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first work on CPC production on impregnated support, and the only one revealing pH as a key parameter; it is also shown that high nutrient concentration can improve CPC yields in SSF as long as pH is kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cuadra
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolismo Secundario, Depto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México
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Velasco J, Luis Adrio J, Angel Moreno M, Díez B, Soler G, Barredo JL. Environmentally safe production of 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) using recombinant strains of Acremonium chrysogenum. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:857-61. [PMID: 10932155 DOI: 10.1038/78467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Medically useful semisynthetic cephalosporins are made from 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). Here we describe a new industrially amenable bioprocess for the production of the important intermediate 7-ADCA that can replace the expensive and environmentally unfriendly chemical method classically used. The method is based on the disruption and one-step replacement of the cefEF gene, encoding the bifunctional expandase/hydroxylase activity, of an actual industrial cephalosporin C production strain of Acremonium chrysogenum. Subsequent cloning and expression of the cefE gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus in A. chrysogenum yield recombinant strains producing high titers of deacetoxycephalosporin C (DAOC). Production level of DAOC is nearly equivalent (75-80%) to the total beta-lactams biosynthesized by the parental overproducing strain. DAOC deacylation is carried out by two final enzymatic bioconversions catalyzed by D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and glutaryl acylase (GLA) yielding 7-ADCA. In contrast to the data reported for recombinant strains of Penicillium chrysogenum expressing ring expansion activity, no detectable contamination with other cephalosporin intermediates occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Velasco
- Laboratorios de Biotecnología and Bioquímica. Antibióticos S.A., León. Spain
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Abstract
Nomi, Ryosaku (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.). Streptomycin formation by intact mycelium of Streptomyces griseus. J. Bacteriol. 86:1220-1230. 1963.-A study was made of streptomycin formation by intact mycelium of Streptomyces griseus 107 grown in glucose-yeast extract medium. When mycelium harvested after 24, 48, and 72 hr was compared, the earliest growth showed the highest activity in producing streptomycin from glucose. The concentration of streptomycin in the mycelium was higher in the older growth. Calcium chloride had a remarkable effect in increasing streptomycin production from the precursors in the mycelium, especially when the mycelium was grown for 48 hr or longer. The effect of calcium chloride cannot be attributed to the precipitation of an excess of inorganic phosphate in the medium. Glucose, fructose, glycerol, lactic acid, glucosamine, streptidine, and inositol stimulated streptomycin formation, whereas gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, streptamine, and strepturea did not. When 24-hr-old mycelium was suspended and shaken in 0.5% glucose solution, the antibiotic precursors necessary to produce streptomycin were found mainly in the supernatant of the culture rather than in the mycelium. The supernatant included some substance which had a weak antibiotic activity. This substance was less basic than streptomycin and was transformed to streptomycin with a remarkable increase in antibiotic activity.
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DeModena JA, Gutiérrez S, Velasco J, Fernández FJ, Fachini RA, Galazzo JL, Hughes DE, Martín JF. The production of cephalosporin C by Acremonium chrysogenum is improved by the intracellular expression of a bacterial hemoglobin. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1993; 11:926-9. [PMID: 7763915 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0893-926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A DNA vector for expressing an oxygen-binding heme protein (Vitreoscilla hemoglobin, or VHb) in filamentous fungi was constructed and introduced into a cephalosporin C-producing strain of Acremonium chrysogenum. Expression of VHb in transformants was demonstrated by Western immunoblot analysis and by increased carbon monoxide binding activity of cell extracts. Several VHb-expressing transformants produced significantly higher yields of cephalosporin C than control strains in batch culture experiments. Using the same vector system, VHb was also expressed in the related fungus Penicillium chrysogenum.
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Mossa JS, Kader Taragan AHU, Hassan MM. Streptomycin. ANALYTICAL PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ramos F, López-Nieto M, MartÃn J. Coordinate increase of isopenicillin N synthetase, isopenicillin N epimerase and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase in a high cephalosporin-producing mutant ofAcremonium chrysogenumand simultaneous loss of the three enzymes in a non-producing mutant. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Regulation of isopenicillin N synthetase and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthetase by carbon source during the fermentation of Cephalosporium acremonium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00251842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Behmer CJ, Demain AL. Further studies on carbon catabolite regulation of β-lactam antibiotic synthesis inCephalosporium acremonium. Curr Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01566967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kennel Y, Behmer C, Demain A. Differential effect of cycloheximide on penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis by Cephalosporium acremonium. Enzyme Microb Technol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(81)90093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The obligatory role of methionine in the conversion of sulfate to cephalosporin C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00942209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Savage GM. IMPROVEMENT IN STREPTOMYCIN-PRODUCING STRAINS OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS BY ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY ENERGY. J Bacteriol 1949; 57:429-41. [PMID: 16561716 PMCID: PMC385538 DOI: 10.1128/jb.57.4.429-441.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G M Savage
- Research Laboratories, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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RAO RRAGHUNANDANA. Utilization of Wheat Bran for Streptomycin Production by S. griseus. Nature 1948; 162:820. [DOI: 10.1038/162820a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Observations on the nutritional requirements of Streptomyces griseus (Krainsky) Waksman & Schatz. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1948. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(48)80003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Walter R. Fortschritte der Verfahrenstechnik in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1947. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19470190401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gause GF. Colistatin: A New Antibiotic Substance With Chemotherapeutic Activity. Science 1946. [DOI: 10.1126/science.104.2700.289.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. F. Gause
- The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Moscow, USSR
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