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Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Alleviate Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage through Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3982613. [PMID: 36035212 PMCID: PMC9410834 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3982613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier plays a fundamental role in body health. Intracellular redox imbalance can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitophagy, leading to intestinal barrier damage. Our previous studies demonstrated that mitophagy is closely associated with the protective effects of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Thus, we hypothesize that ERS and mitophagy are likely involved in the regulatory effects of SeNPs on oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. The results showed that oxidative stress or ERS caused the increase of intestinal epithelial permeability. SeNPs effectively alleviated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2-)-induced structural damage of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of porcine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). SeNPs significantly decreased intracellular inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Ca2+ concentration, down-regulated inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) expression level, and up-regulated ER-resident selenoproteins mRNA levels in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to H2O2. In addition, SeNPs pretreatment significantly decreased the intracellular Ca2+, IP3, IP3R, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; protected the structure and function of ER and mitochondria; and effectively alleviated the increase of intestinal epithelial permeability of IPEC-J2 cells exposed to tunicamycin (TM). Moreover, SeNPs significantly inhibited the colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes. Furthermore, compared with TM model group, SeNPs significantly inhibited the activation of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and AMPK/mTOR/PINK1 signaling pathway. The PERK agonist (CCT020312) and the AMPK agonist (AICAR) could reverse the protective effects of SeNPs on IPEC-J2 cells. The PERK inhibitor (GSK2656157) and the AMPK inhibitor (compound C) had a similar effect on IPEC-J2 cells as that of SeNPs. In summary, the protective effects of SeNPs on intestinal barrier dysfunction are closely associated with ERS-related PERK and mitophagy-related AMPK signaling pathway.
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Liu R, Leavis P, Badwey JA. In vitro activation of a 60-70 kDa histone H4 protein kinase from neutrophils by limited proteolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1295:89-95. [PMID: 8679678 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(96)00027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils stimulated with the chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) are known to exhibit a rapid and transient activation of a histone H4 kinase that may function in a stimulatory pathway downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The activity of this histone kinase in unstimulated neutrophils and cells treated with 1.0 microM fMLP for 10 sec was 8.8 +/- 5 and 43 +/- 2 pmol P/min per 10(7) cells, respectively. In this paper, we report that unstimulated neutrophils contain a latent H4 kinase in the 100,000 x g soluble fraction that can be markedly activated by treatment with trypsin. The values for the untreated and trypsin treated enzyme were 5.5 +/- 1.0 and 63.6 +/- 18 pmol P/min per 10(7) cell-equivalents, respectively. This kinase was insensitive to a selective antagonist of protein kinase C (i.e., 50 microM 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7)) but completely blocked by 100 nM staurosporine. Only a single peak of activity was observed for this enzyme when the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction was fractionated on either an exclusion (KW-803) or an anion exchange column (DEAE), or during isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the latent kinase was 64 +/- 6 kDa and the isoelectric point was 7.6 +/- 0.1. During all fractionation procedures, the H4 kinase co-chromatographed with a trypsin-activated kinase that catalyzed the phosphorylation of a peptide which corresponds to residues 297-331 of the 47 kDa subunit of the NADPH-oxidase complex (p47-phox). The properties of the trypsin-activated H4 kinase from unstimulated neutrophils are very similar to those reported for this enzyme from fMLP-stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liu
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Morrice N, Gabrielli B, Kemp B, Wettenhall R. A cardiolipin-activated protein kinase from rat liver structurally distinct from the protein kinases C. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Activation of cell growth leads to the multiple phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6. The kinase responsible for controling this event is termed p70s6k/p85s6k. Both isoforms of the kinase are derived from a common gene activated by a complex set of phosphorylation events; each resides in a unique cellular compartment: the p70s6k in the cytoplasm and the p85s6k in the nucleus. Although p70s6k/p85s6k represent the first mitogen-activated serine/threonine kinase described, the signaling pathway leading to activation of both isoforms remains obscure. Recent studies have shown that this pathway is distinct from that of p21ras and the p42mapk/p44mapk, and that bifurcation of these pathways takes place at the level of the receptor. Experiments with point mutants of the PDGF receptor and inhibitors of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-OH kinase have implicated the latter molecule in this signaling event, but more recent findings suggest an alternative route may be employed. The p70s6k signaling pathway can also be ablated by the immunosuppressant rapamycin, which blocks p70s6k activation and S6 phosphorylation without affecting the other kinases whose activation is triggered by mitogen treatment. In parallel, rapamycin suppresses the translation of a family of mRNAs that contain a polypyrimidine tract at their 5' transcriptional start site. The implication is that this event is mediated by the phosphorylated form of S6 that may either (1) directly interact with the polypyrimidine tract or (2) alter the affinity of the 40S ribosome mRNA binding site for polypyrimidine tract mRNAs, or (3) recognize proteins that directly bind to the polypyrimidine tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferrari
- Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Proud
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, England
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7
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Abstract
The molecular events responsible for controlling cell growth and development, as well as their coordinate interaction is only beginning to be revealed. At the basis of these controlling events are hormones, growth factors and mitogens which, through transmembrane signalling trigger an array of cellular responses, initiated by receptor-associated tyrosine kinases, which in turn either directly or indirectly mediate their effects through serine/threonine protein kinases. Utilizing the obligatory response of activation of protein synthesis in cell growth and development, we describe efforts to work backwards along the regulatory pathway to the receptor, identifying those molecular components involved in modulating the rate of translation. We begin by describing the components and steps of protein synthesis and then discuss in detail the regulatory pathways involved in the mitogenic response of eukaryotic cells and during meiotic maturation of oocytes. Finally we discuss possible future work which will further our understanding of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Morley
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Multisite phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxyl terminus of the ribosomal protein S6. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Dennis PB, Brandon SD, Masaracchia RA. Site-specific phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide derived from ribosomal protein S6 by human placenta protein kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:673-9. [PMID: 2260978 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide S6-21 (AKRRRLSSLRASTSKSESSQK) which contains the phosphorylated residues in the ribosomal protein S6 has been used as a substrate for two partially purified human placenta protein kinases. Two distinct classes of protein kinases which catalyze either amino terminal (AKRRRLSS) or carboxyl terminal (LRASTSKSESSQK) peptide phosphorylation were identified. Multiple sites were phosphorylated in each domain. A single protein kinase which catalyzed phosphorylation of sites in both domains was identified. Although growth factors are known to promote phosphorylation of S6 at five serine sites, no enzyme which could modify S6-21 to that extent was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Dennis
- Division of Biochemistry, University of North Texas, Denton 76203
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10
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Huang CK, Laramee GR, Yamazaki M, Sha'afi RI. Stimulation of a histone H4 protein kinase in Triton X-100 lysates of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils pretreated with chemotactic factors: lack of requirements of calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation. J Cell Biochem 1990; 44:221-8. [PMID: 1965652 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240440404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of the activation of a histone H4 kinase activity in Triton X-100 lysates of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils pretreated with fMet-Leu-Phe were studied: The activation of the kinase was a) inhibited by the antagonist of formylpeptide, t-Boc-(Phe-Leu)2(-)-Phe, b) completely inhibited by pertussis toxin pretreatment, c) not affected by the pretreatment of neutrophils with an activator of protein kinase C, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, or an inhibitor of protein kinase C, 1-(5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine, and d) not inhibited in the cells preloaded with the intracellular calcium chelators, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra acetic acid acetoxymethyl-ester (BAPTA/AM). These results suggest that the stimulus-induced activation of H4 kinase requires functional receptor and GTP-binding protein but neither calcium mobilization nor protein kinase C activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Huang
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032
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11
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Meier KE, Weiel JE, Bloom TJ, Krebs EG. Regulation of S6 kinase activity in Madin-Darby canine kidney renal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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12
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Garland JM, Ferris DK, Farrar WL. Novel characteristics of a 33KDa protein (pp33) rapidly phosphorylated in IL3 dependent cells by stimulation with IL3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164:520-30. [PMID: 2803317 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the novel properties of a 33 KDa cellular protein rapidly phosphorylated by stimulation of growth by IL3 in IL3 dependent lines. Although pp33 is readily soluble in SDS, SDS-solubilised pp33 is insoluble in non-ionic detergents and is excluded from electrophoretic analysis (IEF, NEPHGE) employing such detergents. Native pp33 is not extracted by non-ionic detergents with or without cation chelation. pp33 is concentrated in a cell fraction containing endoplasmic reticulum where it is associated with a specific trypsin-sensitive degredative enzyme, active at 4 degrees. Its unusual characteristics and kinetics of phosphorylation suggest pp33 may be a novel molecule, explain its absence in studies elsewhere where non-ionic detergent extraction has been exclusively used and suggest it is intimately related to the signal transduced by IL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Garland
- Dept. Cell & Structural Biology, University of Manchester, U.K
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13
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Abstract
Many cell lines respond to mitogenic stimuli (serum, growth factors) with rapid phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 at several serine sites. We have tried to identify the protein kinase(s) mediating this effect of growth stimuli. Examining post-DEAE chromatography fractions of S49 kin- cell extracts, we could detect a highly active effector-independent S6 kinase with specificity for serine residues. The study was extended to the presumably homologous human enzyme, using HeLa S3 cells as model system. Activity yields increased up to sevenfold when exhausted HeLa cells were supplied with fresh medium plus serum. The enzyme uses ATP, not GTP, as cosubstrate, 40-S or 80-S (reassociated from subunits) ribosomal particles being substrate. The optimal K+ concentration, measured at 3 mM Mg2+, is 35 mM. Under optimized assay conditions S6 phosphorylation proceeded faster in vitro than it appeared to do in vivo. The apparent Mr of the enzyme, as estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, is 56,000 (determination in the presence of 200 mM KCl in 25 mM phosphate buffer). Tighter binding to DEAE-Sephacel and higher specificity for S6 distinguishes this enzyme from the following S6-phosphorylating protein kinases: protein kinase C, protease-activated kinase II, histone-4 phosphotransferase and an enzyme with the properties of casein kinase I. In published summaries of observations shown here and in a follow-up study with chick embryo fibroblasts, the enzyme(s) has been referred to as mitogen-responsive S6 kinase(s) [Martini, O. H. W. and Lawen, A. (1985) in Hormones and cell regulation (Dumont, J. E., Hamprecht, B. and Nunez, J., eds) vol. 9, pp. 411-412, Elsevier Company, North-Holland, Amsterdam; Lawen, A. and Martini, O. H. W. (1985) FEBS Lett. 185, 272-276].
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lawen
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg
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14
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Burger M, Lawen A, Martini OH. Insulin-induced S6 kinase activation in HeLa cells and its reversal by hyperthermic stress. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 183:255-62. [PMID: 2547605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin treatment of HeLa S3 cells activates an S6-phosphorylating protein kinase. Although this enzyme has chromatographic properties resembling those of described proteolytic fragments of other protein kinases, namely protein kinase C, protease-activated kinase II and histone-4 protein kinase, and although insulin has been proposed by others to cause S6 phosphorylation via proteolytic protein kinase activation, the insulin-induced increase in S6-kinase activity described here is probably not due to proteolysis. Rather, the activity indicates the existence, in HeLa cells, of an interconvertible S6 kinase, since the insulin-induced activity increase was rapidly reversed under hyperthermic stress, and since this effect of hyperthermia was itself reversible. The S6-kinase activities from serum- and from insulin-stimulated HeLa cells resemble each other closely and are likely to represent the same enzyme. The enzyme may therefore mediate both signals delivered by mitogens and the insulin signal. Analysed at an in vitro transfer of 1 mol phosphate/mol S6, this S6 kinase activity does not phosphorylate the (principal) S6 site recognized by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burger
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Würzburg
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15
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Damuni Z, Amick GD, Sneed TR. Purification and Properties of a Distinct Protamine Kinase from the Cytosol of Bovine Kidney Cortex. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Kozma SC, Ferrari S, Thomas G. Unmasking a growth factor/oncogene-activated S6 phosphorylation cascade. Cell Signal 1989; 1:219-25. [PMID: 2561941 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(89)90039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Kozma
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Purification and Characterization of a 40 S Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase from Vanadate-stimulated Swiss 3T3 Cells. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Nemenoff RA, Price DJ, Mendelsohn MJ, Carter EA, Avruch J. An S6 kinase activated during liver regeneration is related to the insulin-stimulated S6 kinase in H4 hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Toru-Delbauffe D, Gavaret JM, Jacquemin C, Matricon C, Pomerance M, Pierre M. Properties of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-stimulated S6 kinase from rat astroglial cells. J Neurochem 1988; 51:1448-54. [PMID: 3171588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The S6 kinase activity of astroglial cells in primary culture stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has been studied. This activity was eluted as a single peak at 0.15 M NaCl from a DEAE-Sephacel column. The chromatography of this peak on phosphocellulose revealed an activity eluted at 0.15 M NaCl. This partially purified enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.7S; Km values were 2 X 10(-5) M for ATP and 10(-6) M for 40S ribosomal subunits. The optimal Mg2+ concentration requirement was 2-3 mM. Mn2+ and Co2+ could substitute for Mg2+ (optimum concentrations 1.5 and 0.8 mM, respectively), but these cations were strong inhibitors in the presence of Mg2+. The enzyme was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, indicating that it contained thiol groups. This S6 kinase used ATP, but not GTP, as a phosphate donor, and exhibited great specificity for S6 as phosphate acceptor. Whole histones and protamine were slightly phosphorylated whereas phosvitin, histone H1, and surprisingly the peptide Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala were not phosphorylated. The TPA-stimulated S6 kinase resembles the insulin-, fibroblast growth factor- and cyclic AMP-stimulated enzymes, suggesting that several pathways might activate the same entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Toru-Delbauffe
- Unité de Recherche sur la Glande Thyroïde et la Régulation Hormonale, INSERM U.96, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Huang CK, Laramee GF. Stimulation of a histone H4 protein kinase in Triton X-100 lysates of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils pretreated with chemotactic factors. Effect of fMet-Leu-Phe and partial characterization of the protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Czech MP, Klarlund JK, Yagaloff KA, Bradford AP, Lewis RE. Insulin receptor signaling. Activation of multiple serine kinases. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Heinze H, Arnold HH, Fischer D, Kruppa J. The primary structure of the human ribosomal protein S6 derived from a cloned cDNA. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Protein phosphatase 2A inactivates the mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase from Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Blenis J, Kuo CJ, Erikson RL. Identification of a ribosomal protein S6 kinase regulated by transformation and growth-promoting stimuli. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Mitogen-activated S6 kinase is stimulated via protein kinase C-dependent and independent pathways in Swiss 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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26
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Tabarini D, Garcia de Herreros A, Heinrich J, Rosen OM. Purification of a bovine liver S6 kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 144:891-9. [PMID: 3579946 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(87)80048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A bovine liver protein serine kinase that catalyzes the multisite phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 has been purified to near homogeneity. The enzyme has an Mr of 67,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an apparent molecular weight of 55,000 on glycerol gradient sedimentation. Its enzymic properties, substrate specificity, molecular size and chromatographic behaviour are similar to those of the principal growth factor--and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated S6 kinase of cultured cells.
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27
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Palen E, Traugh J. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase differentially alters translation of globin mRNA. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Matsuda Y, Guroff G. Purification and mechanism of activation of a nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase from PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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29
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Matsuda Y, Nakanishi N, Dickens G, Guroff G. A nerve growth factor-sensitive S6 kinase in cell-free extracts from PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1986; 47:1728-34. [PMID: 3772374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Soluble extracts from nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated PC12 cells prepared by alkaline lysis show a two- to 10-fold greater ability to phosphorylate the 40S ribosomal protein S6 than do extracts from control cells. The alkaline lysis method yields a preparation of much higher specific activity than does sonication. Half-maximal incorporation of 32P from [32P]ATP into S6 occurred after 4-7 min of NGF treatment. The partially purified NGF-sensitive S6 kinase has a molecular weight of 45,000. It is not inhibited by NaCl, chlorpromazine, or the specific inhibitor of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase, nor is it activated by addition of diolein plus phosphatidylserine. Trypsin treatment of either crude extracts or partially purified S6 kinase from control or NGF-treated cells was without effect. These data suggest that the S6 kinase stimulated by NGF is neither cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C nor the result of tryptic activation of an inactive proenzyme. Treatment of intact cells with dibutyryl cAMP or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine also increases the subsequent cell-free phosphorylation of S6. This observation suggests that cAMP-dependent protein kinase may be involved in the phosphorylation of S6 kinase.
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31
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Nemenoff RA, Gunsalus JR, Avruch J. An insulin-stimulated (ribosomal S6) protein kinase from soluble extracts of H4 hepatoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 245:196-203. [PMID: 3511851 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of the 40 S ribosomal subunit protein, S6, in intact 32P-labeled H4IIE-C3 cells, a rat hepatoma line. Cell-free cytosolic extracts from H4 cells exhibit a 5- to 10-fold increase in S6 protein kinase activity (measured by transfer of 32P to exogenous 40 S rat liver ribosomal subunits) when prepared from cells exposed to insulin prior to homogenization. Stimulation of S6 phosphorylation in intact cells and activation of S6 protein kinase in cell-free extracts are both detectable within 2 min after insulin, and are maximally stimulated by 10 min. Half-maximal stimulation is observed at 10(-11) M insulin. The stimulated S6 kinase activity requires ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid to be present during the kinase assay for full expression. Despite the presence of a 5- to 10-fold increase in S6 protein kinase activity, the extracts from insulin-treated cells exhibit no stimulated kinase activity toward casein, histone, or ATP-citrate lyase assayed under the conditions employed for S6. Thus, insulin mediates the rapid activation of protein kinase specific for ribosomal protein S6 by an as yet unidentified mechanism.
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32
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Hassell TC, Kemp BE, Masaracchia RA. Nonmuscle myosin phosphorylation sites for calcium-dependent and calcium-independent protein kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 134:240-7. [PMID: 3080987 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymus myosin, light chains and a synthetic peptide (S-S-K-R-A-K-A-K-T-T-K-K-R-P-Q-R-A-T-S-N-V-F-S) corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of smooth muscle myosin light chains were compared as substrates for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (MLCK), calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC), and a MgATP-activated protein kinase (H4PK) from lymphoid cells. All protein kinases catalyzed phosphorylation of the substrates although H4PK showed higher affinity for isolated light chains and the peptide. Phosphoamino acid analysis and analysis of thermolysin peptides established that PKC catalyzed phosphorylation of threonine-9 or 10. In addition, PKC and H4PK catalyzed phosphorylation at serine-19, the MLCK site. Collectively the data support the hypothesis that myosin filament assembly in nonmuscle cells may be regulated by a variety of calcium-dependent and calcium-independent protein kinases.
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Traugh JA, Pendergast AM. Regulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 33:195-230. [PMID: 3541042 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Purification and characterization of a protein kinase from Xenopus eggs highly specific for ribosomal protein S6. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Schulman H, Kuret J, Jefferson AB, Nose PS, Spitzer KH. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase: broad substrate specificity and multifunctional potential in diverse tissues. Biochemistry 1985; 24:5320-7. [PMID: 4074698 DOI: 10.1021/bi00341a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we described a soluble Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase which is the major Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) kinase in rat brain [Schulman, H. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 11-19; Kuret, J. A., & Schulman, H. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 5495-5504]. We now demonstrate that this protein kinase has broad substrate specificity. Consistent with a multifunctional role in cellular physiology, we show that in vitro the enzyme can phosphorylate numerous substrates of both neuronal and nonneuronal origin including vimentin, ribosomal protein S6, synapsin I, glycogen synthase, and myosin light chains. We have used MAP-2 to purify the enzyme from rat lung and show that the brain and lung kinases have nearly indistinguishable physical and biochemical properties. A Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase was also detected in rat heart, rat spleen, and in the ring ganglia of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Partially purified MAP-2 kinase from each of these three sources displayed endogenous phosphorylation of a 54 000-dalton protein. Phosphopeptide analysis reveals a striking homology between this phosphoprotein and the 53 000-dalton autophosphorylated subunit of the major rat brain Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. The enzymes phosphorylated MAP-2, synapsin I, and vimentin at peptides that are identical with those phosphorylated by the rat brain kinase. This enzyme may be a multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase with a widespread distribution in nature which mediates some of the effects of Ca2+ on microtubules, intermediate filaments, and other cellular constituents in brain and other tissues.
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Padel U, Söling HD. Phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 during agonist-induced exocytosis in exocrine glands is catalyzed by calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Experiments with guinea pig parotid glands. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 151:1-10. [PMID: 2992953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ribosomal protein S6 in exocrine cells is phosphorylated during stimulation of exocytosis by cAMP-dependent or calcium-dependent agonists. Under both conditions the same tryptic S6 phosphopeptides (termed A, B, and C) were found [Padel, Kruppa, Jahn & Söling (1983) FEBS Lett. 159, 112-118]. Studies have now been made of the phosphorylation pattern of protein S6 from purified guinea pig parotid ribosomes following in vitro phosphorylation with calmodulin-dependent, phospholipid-dependent, and cAMP-dependent protein kinases. Only the phospholipid-dependent enzyme led to the phosphorylation of peptides A, B, and C, while the cAMP-dependent enzyme phosphorylated only peptides A and C, and the calmodulin-dependent enzyme did not phosphorylate any of the phosphopeptides found in S6 from unstimulated or stimulated intact cells. Guinea pig parotid microsomes contain substantial phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity. Stimulation of intact parotid glands with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate led to a significant phosphorylation of S6 and a similar tryptic S6 phosphopeptide pattern as seen with carbamoylcholine. It is concluded that activation of phospholipid-dependent protein kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation of protein S6 during stimulation with calcium-dependent and cAMP-dependent secretagogues.
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