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Xie XS, Choi PJ, Li GW, Lee NK, Lia G. Single-Molecule Approach to Molecular Biology in Living Bacterial Cells. Annu Rev Biophys 2008; 37:417-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.092607.174640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Paul J. Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Gene-Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Giuseppe Lia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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2
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Kuzminov A. Recombinational repair of DNA damage in Escherichia coli and bacteriophage lambda. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999; 63:751-813, table of contents. [PMID: 10585965 PMCID: PMC98976 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.63.4.751-813.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although homologous recombination and DNA repair phenomena in bacteria were initially extensively studied without regard to any relationship between the two, it is now appreciated that DNA repair and homologous recombination are related through DNA replication. In Escherichia coli, two-strand DNA damage, generated mostly during replication on a template DNA containing one-strand damage, is repaired by recombination with a homologous intact duplex, usually the sister chromosome. The two major types of two-strand DNA lesions are channeled into two distinct pathways of recombinational repair: daughter-strand gaps are closed by the RecF pathway, while disintegrated replication forks are reestablished by the RecBCD pathway. The phage lambda recombination system is simpler in that its major reaction is to link two double-stranded DNA ends by using overlapping homologous sequences. The remarkable progress in understanding the mechanisms of recombinational repair in E. coli over the last decade is due to the in vitro characterization of the activities of individual recombination proteins. Putting our knowledge about recombinational repair in the broader context of DNA replication will guide future experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuzminov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.
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3
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Yuzhakov A, Turner J, O'Donnell M. Replisome assembly reveals the basis for asymmetric function in leading and lagging strand replication. Cell 1996; 86:877-86. [PMID: 8808623 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The E. coli replicase, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, contains two polymerases for replication of duplex DNA. The DNA strands are antiparallel requiring different modes of replicating the two strands: one is continuous (leading) while the other is discontinuous (lagging). The two polymerases within holoenzyme are generally thought to have asymmetric functions for replication of these two strands. This report finds that the two polymerases have equal properties, both are capable of replicating the more difficult lagging strand. Asymmetric action is, however, imposed by the helicase that encircles the lagging strand. The helicase contact defines the leading polymerase constraining it to a subset of actions, while leaving the other to cycle on the lagging strand. The symmetric actions of the two polymerases free holoenzyme to assemble into the replisome in either orientation without concern for a correct match to one or the other strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yuzhakov
- Microbiology Department, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021, USA
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4
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Turner J, O'Donnell M. Cycling of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III from one sliding clamp to another: model for lagging strand. Methods Enzymol 1995; 262:442-9. [PMID: 8594368 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)62035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Turner
- Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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5
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Stukenberg PT, Turner J, O'Donnell M. An explanation for lagging strand replication: polymerase hopping among DNA sliding clamps. Cell 1994; 78:877-87. [PMID: 8087854 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(94)90662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The replicase of E. coli, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, is tightly fastened to DNA by its ring-shaped beta sliding clamp. However, despite being clamped to DNA, the polymerase must rapidly cycle on and off DNA to synthesize thousands of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. This study shows that DNA polymerase III holoenzyme cycles from one DNA to another by a novel mechanism of partial disassembly of its multisubunit structure and then reassembly. Upon completing a template, the polymerase disengages from its beta clamp, hops off DNA, and reassociates with another beta clamp at a new primed site. The original beta clamp is left on DNA and may be harnessed by other machineries to coordinate their action with chromosome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Stukenberg
- Microbiology Department, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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6
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O'Donnell M. Beta sliding clamp dynamics within E. coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 726:144-53; discussion 153-5. [PMID: 8092672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M O'Donnell
- Microbiology Department, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York 10021
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7
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Fradkin L, Kornberg A. Prereplicative complexes of components of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Abstract
DNA polymerases which duplicate cellular chromosomes are multiprotein complexes. The individual functions of the many proteins required to duplicate a chromosome are not fully understood. The multiprotein complex which duplicates the Escherichia coli chromosome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme), contains a DNA polymerase subunit and nine accessory proteins. This report summarizes our current understanding of the individual functions of the accessory proteins within the holoenzyme, lending insight into why a chromosomal replicase needs such a complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O'Donnell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Microbiology Department, Cornell University Medical College, NY 10021
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9
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Coordinated leading- and lagging-strand synthesis at the Escherichia coli DNA replication fork. IV. Reconstitution of an asymmetric, dimeric DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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McHenry C. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Components, structure, and mechanism of a true replicative complex. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Processive replication is contingent on the exonuclease subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Shwartz H, Livneh Z. RecA protein inhibits in vitro replication of single-stranded DNA with DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 1989; 213:165-73. [PMID: 2668747 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(89)90148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purified RecA protein from Escherichia coli inhibited 5-10-fold the rate of in vitro replication of both unirradiated and UV-irradiated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Maximal inhibition occurred at a ratio of 1 molecule of RecA per 2-4 nucleotides of DNA, and it affected primarily the initiation of elongation on primed ssDNA. Adding single-strand DNA-binding protein (SSB) caused a relief of inhibition. Under conditions when there was enough SSB to cover the ssDNA completely, RecA protein had no effect on initiation, elongation or dissociation steps of replication. These observations together with data from in vivo studies suggest a role for RecA protein in the arrest of DNA replication observed in cells exposed to UV-radiation and a variety of chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shwartz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Griep MA, McHenry CS. Glutamate Overcomes the Salt Inhibition of DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Shavitt O, Livneh Z. The β Subunit Modulates Bypass and Termination at UV Lesions During in Vitro Replication with DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Wahle E, Lasken RS, Kornberg A. The dnaB-dnaC replication protein complex of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. III. Distinctive processive polymerases reconstituted from purified subunits. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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O'Donnell ME. Accessory proteins bind a primed template and mediate rapid cycling of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)49292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Huber HE, Tabor S, Richardson CC. Escherichia coli thioredoxin stabilizes complexes of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase and primed templates. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Shwartz H, Livneh Z. Dynamics of termination during in vitro replication of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA with DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Kwon-Shin O, Bodner J, McHenry C, Bambara R. Properties of initiation complexes formed between Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and primed DNA in the absence of ATP. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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21
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The beta subunit dissociates readily from the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)75698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Rémésy C, Demigné C, Fafournoux P. Control of ammonia distribution ratio across the liver cell membrane and of ureogenesis by extracellular pH. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 158:283-8. [PMID: 3089783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in ammonia uptake by rat liver cells and the effects of changes in extracellular pH have been investigated in vivo and in vitro. When NH4Cl solutions were infused in the hepatic portal vein, ammonia uptake by the liver was practically quantitative up to about 1 mM in afferent blood. Ammonia transfer into hepatocytes was extremely rapid: for 2 mM ammonia in external medium, the intracellular concentration reached 5 mM within 10 s. Comparatively, [14C]methylamine influx was slower and the cell concentrations did not reach a steady-state level, probably in relation with diffusion into the acidic lysosomal compartment. Intracellular accumulation of ammonia was dependent on the delta pH across the plasma membrane: the distribution ratio (internal/external) was about 1 for an external pH of 6.8 and about 5 at pH 8. Urea synthesis was maximal at physiological pH and markedly declined at pH 7.05. This inhibition was not affected by manipulation of bicarbonate concentrations in the medium, down to 10 mM. Additional inhibition of ureogenesis by 100 microM acetazolamide was also observed, particularly at low concentrations of bicarbonate in the medium. Inhibition of ureogenesis when extracellular pH is decreased could be ascribed to a lower availability of the NH3 form. Assuming that NH3 readily equilibrates between the various compartments, the availability of free ammonia for carbamoyl-phosphate synthesis could be tightly dependent on extracellular pH.
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23
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Mechanism of replication of ultraviolet-irradiated single-stranded DNA by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Implications for SOS mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Dynamics of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli in replication of a multiprimed template. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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O'Donnell ME, Kornberg A. Complete replication of templates by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Nesvera J, Hochmannová J. DNA-protein interactions during replication of genetic elements of bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985; 30:154-76. [PMID: 2581876 DOI: 10.1007/bf02922209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Specific interactions of DNA with proteins are required for both the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid proper and its regulation. Genetic elements of bacteria, their extrachromosomal elements in particular, represent a suitable model system for studies of these processes at the molecular level. In addition to replication enzymes (DNA polymerases), a series of other protein factors (e.g. topoisomerases, DNA unwinding enzymes, and DNA binding proteins) are involved in the replication of the chromosomal, phage and plasmid DNA. Specific interactions of proteins with DNA are particularly important in the regulation of initiation of DNA synthesis. Association of DNAs with the cell membrane also plays an important role in their replication in bacteria.
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27
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Riedel HD, König H, Knippers R. ATP and the processivity of Xenopus laevis DNA polymerase alpha. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 783:158-65. [PMID: 6093886 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(84)90008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We use specific restriction fragments as defined primers for DNA synthesis on single-stranded circular phage fd DNA. These structures are relatively poor templates for a highly purified DNA polymerase alpha from Xenopus laevis eggs. However, DNA synthesis is stimulated about 5-fold by addition of ATP to the reaction mixture. We show that the deoxynucleotide polymers, synthesized in the presence of ATP, are significantly longer than those produced in the absence of ATP. We also show that this effect is due to a more tenacious binding of DNA polymerase alpha to DNA and conclude that ATP increases the processivity of the enzyme.
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28
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Kaguni LS, DiFrancesco RA, Lehman IR. The DNA polymerase-primase from drosophila melanogaster embryos. Rate and fidelity of polymerization on single-stranded DNA templates. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)47301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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Biswas SB, Kornberg A. Nucleoside triphosphate binding to DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. A direct photoaffinity labeling study. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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30
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Adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) can support the formation of an initiation complex between the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and primed DNA. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Meyer RR, Brown CL, Rein DC. A new DNA-dependent ATPase from Escherichia coli. Purification and characterization of ATPase IV. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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32
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Marians KJ. Enzymology of DNA in replication in prokaryotes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 17:153-215. [PMID: 6097404 DOI: 10.3109/10409238409113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review stresses recent developments in the in vitro study of DNA replication in prokaryotes. New insights into the enzymological mechanisms of initiation and elongation of leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis in ongoing studies are emphasized. Data from newly developed systems, such as those replicating oriC containing DNA or which are dependent on the lambda, O, and P proteins, are presented and the information compared to existing mechanisms. Evidence bearing on the coupling of DNA synthesis on both parental strands through protein-protein interactions and on the turnover of the elongation systems are analyzed. The structure of replication origins, and how their tertiary structure affects recognition and interaction with the various replication proteins is discussed.
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34
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Kornberg A. Enzyme studies of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 179:3-16. [PMID: 6098156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8730-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Progress of the replication forks of the Escherichia coli chromosome depends on a multisubunit DNA polymerase (for chain elongation) and a primosome (for chain initiations), together comprising about 30 polypeptides with a mass in excess of 10(6) daltons. Integration of their actions with those of helicases and DNA binding proteins suggest a more complex and integrated replisome assembly with novel possibilities for concurrent replication of both parental strands. Initiation of a new cycle of chromosome replication at its unique 245-bp (oriC) is being studied in a soluble enzyme system with plasmids, autonomous replication of which depends on the oriC sequence. Required proteins include RNA polymerase, DNA gyrase, dnaA protein (with 4 strong binding sites in oriC), HU protein, and additional proteins (e.g., topoisomerase I and ribonuclease H) that confer oriC specificity by suppressing initiation of replication elsewhere on the duplex DNA. Clarification of the biochemical mechanisms of replication is fundamental for understanding cell growth and development. Knowledge of the biochemistry of initiating a cycle of chromosome replication opens the way toward exploring the regulation of the cell cycle. I remain faithful to the conviction that anything a cell can do, a biochemist should be able to do. He should do it even better, being freed from the constraints of substrate and enzyme concentrations, pH, ionic strength, and temperature, and by having the license to introduce novel reagents to drive or restrain a reaction. Put another way, one can be creative more easily with a reconstituted system. One can grapple directly with the molecules instead of trying by remote means to manipulate their structures or levels in the intact cell. Enzyme purification carries many dangers beyond the well-known exposure of the fragile enzyme to the hostilities of an unfamiliar environment, high dilution, glass containers and a denaturable investigator. But the rewards of enzyme purification have justified the effort. The polymerases, nucleases, ligases purified out of curiosity about the mechanisms of replication, repair and recombination have supplied the cast of actors responsible for the current drama of genetic engineering. Beyond the uses of these enzymes as reagents, understanding the mechanisms of DNA metabolism will have practical value in manipulating the replication of plasmids and viruses and the expression of their genes and, beyond that, in obtaining a more secure grasp of chromosome structure and function.
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35
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Kornberg A. 14th Sir Hans Krebs Lecture. Mechanisms of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 137:377-82. [PMID: 6363058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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