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Wang J, Keceli G, Cao R, Su J, Mi Z. Molybdenum-containing nitrite reductases: Spectroscopic characterization and redox mechanism. Redox Rep 2016; 22:17-25. [PMID: 27686142 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1206175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the spectroscopic results, which will provide useful suggestions for future research. In addition, the fields that urgently need more information are also advised. BACKGROUND Nitrite-NO-cGMP has been considered as an important signaling pathway of NO in human cells. To date, all the four known human molybdenum-containing enzymes, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component, have been shown to function as nitrite reductases under hypoxia by biochemical, cellular, or animal studies. Various spectroscopic techniques have been applied to investigate the structure and catalytic mechanism of these enzymes for more than 20 years. METHODS We summarize the published data on the applications of UV-vis and EPR spectroscopies, and X-ray crystallography in studying nitrite reductase activity of the four human molybdenum-containing enzymes. RESULTS UV-vis has provided useful information on the redox active centers of these enzymes. The utilization of EPR spectroscopy has been critical in determining the coordination and redox status of the Mo center during catalysis. Despite the lack of substrate-bound crystal structures of these nitrite reductases, valuable structural information has been obtained by X-ray crystallography. CONCLUSIONS To fully understand the catalytic mechanisms of these physiologically/pathologically important nitrite reductases, structural studies on substrate-redox center interaction are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China
| | - Gizem Keceli
- b Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
| | - Rui Cao
- b Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
| | - Jiangtao Su
- a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Mi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China
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Kappler U, Davenport K, Beatson S, Lucas S, Lapidus A, Copeland A, Berry KW, Glavina Del Rio T, Hammon N, Dalin E, Tice H, Pitluck S, Richardson P, Bruce D, Goodwin LA, Han C, Tapia R, Detter JC, Chang YJ, Jeffries CD, Land M, Hauser L, Kyrpides NC, Göker M, Ivanova N, Klenk HP, Woyke T. Complete genome sequence of the facultatively chemolithoautotrophic and methylotrophic alpha Proteobacterium Starkeya novella type strain (ATCC 8093(T)). Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:44-58. [PMID: 23450099 PMCID: PMC3570799 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Starkeya novella (Starkey 1934) Kelly et al. 2000 is a member of the family Xanthobacteraceae in the order 'Rhizobiales', which is thus far poorly characterized at the genome level. Cultures from this species are most interesting due to their facultatively chemolithoautotrophic lifestyle, which allows them to both consume carbon dioxide and to produce it. This feature makes S. novella an interesting model organism for studying the genomic basis of regulatory networks required for the switch between consumption and production of carbon dioxide, a key component of the global carbon cycle. In addition, S. novella is of interest for its ability to grow on various inorganic sulfur compounds and several C1-compounds such as methanol. Besides Azorhizobium caulinodans, S. novella is only the second species in the family Xanthobacteraceae with a completely sequenced genome of a type strain. The current taxonomic classification of this group is in significant conflict with the 16S rRNA data. The genomic data indicate that the physiological capabilities of the organism might have been underestimated. The 4,765,023 bp long chromosome with its 4,511 protein-coding and 52 RNA genes was sequenced as part of the DOE Joint Genome Institute Community Sequencing Program (CSP) 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Davenport
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Susan Lucas
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Alla Lapidus
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Alex Copeland
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Hammon
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Eileen Dalin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Hope Tice
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Sam Pitluck
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | - David Bruce
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Lynne A. Goodwin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Cliff Han
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Roxanne Tapia
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - John C. Detter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Yun-juan Chang
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cynthia D. Jeffries
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Miriam Land
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Loren Hauser
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Markus Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
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3
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Kappler U, Davenport K, Beatson S, Lucas S, Lapidus A, Copeland A, Berry KW, Glavina Del Rio T, Hammon N, Dalin E, Tice H, Pitluck S, Richardson P, Bruce D, Goodwin LA, Han C, Tapia R, Detter JC, Chang YJ, Jeffries CD, Land M, Hauser L, Kyrpides NC, Göker M, Ivanova N, Klenk HP, Woyke T. Complete genome sequence of the facultatively chemolithoautotrophic and methylotrophic alpha Proteobacterium Starkeya novella type strain (ATCC 8093T). Stand Genomic Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.4056/sogs.3006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Davenport
- 2Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Susan Lucas
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Alla Lapidus
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Alex Copeland
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Hammon
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Eileen Dalin
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Hope Tice
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Sam Pitluck
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | - David Bruce
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | - Cliff Han
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Roxanne Tapia
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - John C. Detter
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Yun-juan Chang
- 4Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Miriam Land
- 4Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Loren Hauser
- 4Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Markus Göker
- 5Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- 5Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Woyke
- 3DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
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Xia Z, Sun K, Wang M, Wu K, Zhang H, Wu J. Overexpression of a maize sulfite oxidase gene in tobacco enhances tolerance to sulfite stress via sulfite oxidation and CAT-mediated H2O2 scavenging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37383. [PMID: 22693572 PMCID: PMC3365070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfite oxidase (SO) plays an important role in sulfite metabolism. To date, the molecular mechanisms of sulfite metabolism in plants are largely unknown. Previously, a full-length cDNA of the putative sulfite oxidase gene from maize (ZmSO) was cloned, and its response to SO(2)/sulfite stress at the transcriptional level was characterized. In this study, the recombinant ZmSO protein was purified from E. coli. It exhibited sulfite-dependent activity and had strong affinity for the substrate sulfite. Over-expression (OE) of ZmSO in tobacco plants enhanced their tolerance to sulfite stress. The plants showed much less damage, less sulfite accumulation, but greater amounts of sulfate. This suggests that tolerance of transgenic plants to sulfite was enhanced by increasing SO expression levels. Interestingly, H(2)O(2) accumulation levels by histochemical detection and quantitative determination in the OE plants were much less than those in the wild-type upon sulfite stress. Furthermore, reductions of catalase levels detected in the OE lines were considerably less than in the wild-type plants. This indicates that SO may play an important role in protecting CAT from inhibition by excess sulfite. Collectively, these data demonstrate that transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing ZmSO enhance tolerance to excess sulfite through sulfite oxidation and catalase-mediated hydrogen peroxide scavenging. This is the first SO gene from monocots to be functionally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaile Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiping Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Majumdar A, Sarkar S. Bioinorganic chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes: A structural–functional modeling approach. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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HIGH-RESOLUTION EPR SPECTROSCOPY OF MO ENZYMES. SULFITE OXIDASES: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS. BIOLOGICAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2010; 29:121-168. [PMID: 21283528 PMCID: PMC3030814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1139-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfite oxidases (SOs) are physiologically vital Mo-containing enzymes that occur in animals, plants, and bacteria and which catalyze the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur-containing compounds. X-ray structure determinations of SOs from several species show nearly identical coordination structures of the molybdenum active center, and a common catalytic mechanism has been proposed that involves the generation of a transient paramagnetic Mo(V) state through a series of coupled electron-proton transfer steps. This chapter describes the use of pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopic techniques to obtain information about the structure of this Mo(V) species from the hyperfine interactions (hfi) and nuclear quadrupole interactions (nqi) of nearby magnetic nuclei. Variable frequency instrumentation is essential to optimize the experimental conditions for measuring the couplings of different types of nuclei (e.g., (1)H, (2)H, (31)P, and (17)O). The theoretical background necessary for understanding the ESEEM and ENDOR spectra of the Mo(V) centers of SOs is outlined, and examples of the use of advanced pulsed EPR methods (RP-ESEEM, HYSCORE, integrated four-pulse ESEEM) for structure determination are presented. The analysis of variable-frequency pulsed EPR data from SOs is aided by parallel studies of model compounds that contain key functional groups or that are isotopically labeled and thus provide benchmark data for enzymes. Enormous progress has been made on the use of high-resolution variable-frequency pulsed EPR methods to investigate the structures and mechanisms of SOs during the past ~15 years, and the future is bright for the continued development and application of this technology to SOs, other molybdenum enzymes, and other problems in metallobiochemistry.
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Sulfite oxidation in Sinorhizobium meliloti. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1516-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Bacterial sulfite dehydrogenases in organotrophic metabolism: separation and identification in Cupriavidus necator H16 and in Delftia acidovorans SPH-1. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:256-263. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/011650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Dam B, Mandal S, Ghosh W, Das Gupta SK, Roy P. The S4-intermediate pathway for the oxidation of thiosulfate by the chemolithoautotroph Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis and inhibition of tetrathionate oxidation by sulfite. Res Microbiol 2007; 158:330-8. [PMID: 17509837 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemolithotrophic oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds was studied in the betaproteobacterium Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis in correlation with its transposon (Tn5-mob)-inserted mutants impaired in sulfur oxidation (Sox(-)) and found to be carried out via the tetrathionate intermediate (S(4)I) pathway. The group of physiologically identical Sox(-) mutant strains presently examined could fully oxidize thiosulfate supplied in the media to equivalent amounts of tetrathionate but could only convert 5-10% of the latter to equivalent amounts of sulfite (equivalences in terms of mug atoms of S ml(-1)). These mutants were found to possess intact thiosulfate dehydrogenase, but defunct sulfite dehydrogenase, activities. Single copies of Tn5-mob in the genomes of the Sox(-) mutants were found inserted within the moeA gene, responsible for molybdopterin cofactor biosynthesis. This explained the inactivity of sulfite dehydrogenase. Chemolithotrophic oxidation of tetrathionate and sulfite by T. kashmirensis was found to be inhibited by 12 mM tungstate, whose effect could however be reversed by further addition of 15 mM molybdate. In mixotrophic medium, the mutants showed uninterrupted utilization of maltose but inhibition of tetrathionate utilization due to accumulation of sulfite. When sulfite was added to wild type cultures growing on tetrathionate-containing chemolithoautotrophic medium, it was found to render concentration-dependent inhibition of oxidation of tetrathionate. Our findings indicate that sulfite molecules negatively regulate their own synthesis by plausible inhibitory interaction(s) with enzyme(s) responsible for the oxidation of tetrathionate to sulfite; thereby clearly suggesting that one of the control mechanisms of chemolithotrophic sulfur oxidation could be at the level of sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomba Dam
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C. I. T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India
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Di Salle A, D'Errico G, La Cara F, Cannio R, Rossi M. A novel thermostable sulfite oxidase from Thermus thermophilus: characterization of the enzyme, gene cloning and expression in Escherichia coli. Extremophiles 2006; 10:587-98. [PMID: 16830073 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-006-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel sulfite oxidase has been identified from Thermus thermophilus AT62. Despite this enzyme showing significant amino-acid sequence homology to several bacterial and eukaryal putative and identified sulfite oxidases, the kinetic analysis, performed following the oxidation of sulfite and with ferricyanide as the electron acceptor, already pointed out major differences from representatives of bacterial and eukaryal sources. Sulfite oxidase from T. thermophilus, purified to homogeneity, is a monomeric enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of 39.1 kDa and is almost exclusively located in the periplasm fraction. The enzyme showed sulfite oxidase activity only when ferricyanide was used as electron acceptor, which is different from most of sulfite-oxidizing enzymes from several sources that use cytochrome c as co-substrate. Spectroscopic studies demonstrated that the purified sulfite oxidase has no cytochrome like domain, normally present in homologous enzymes from eukaryotic and prokaryotic sources, and for this particular feature it is similar to homologous enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana. The identified gene was PCR amplified on T. thermophilus AT62 genome, expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Salle
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR, Napoli, Italy
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11
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D'Errico G, Di Salle A, La Cara F, Rossi M, Cannio R. Identification and characterization of a novel bacterial sulfite oxidase with no heme binding domain from Deinococcus radiodurans. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:694-701. [PMID: 16385059 PMCID: PMC1347283 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.2.694-701.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An open reading frame (draSO) encoding a putative sulfite oxidase (SO) was identified in the sequence of chromosome II of Deinococcus radiodurans; the predicted gene product showed significant amino acid sequence homology to several bacterial and eukaryotic SOs, such as the biochemically and structurally characterized enzyme from Arabidopsis thaliana. Cloning of the Deinococcus SO gene was performed by PCR amplification from the bacterial genomic DNA, and heterologous gene expression of a histidine-tagged polypeptide was obtained in a molybdopterin-overproducing strain of Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by nickel chelating affinity chromatography, and its main kinetic and chemical physical parameters were determined. Northern blot and enzyme activity analyses indicated that draSO gene expression is constitutive in D. radiodurans and that there is no increase upon exposure to thiosulfate and/or molybdenum(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Errico
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Schindelin H, Kisker C, Rajagopalan KV. Molybdopterin from molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 58:47-94. [PMID: 11665493 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)58002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Schindelin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Friedrich CG, Rother D, Bardischewsky F, Quentmeier A, Fischer J. Oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds by bacteria: emergence of a common mechanism? Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2873-82. [PMID: 11425697 PMCID: PMC92956 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.2873-2882.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C G Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Chemietechnik, Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
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Harahuc L, Suzuki I. Sulfite oxidation by iron-grown cells ofThiobacillus ferrooxidansat pH 3 possibly involves free radicals, iron, and cytochrome oxidase. Can J Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/w01-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells grown on ferrous iron oxidized sulfite to sulfate at pH 3, possibly by a free radical mechanism involving iron and cytochrome oxidase. A purely chemical system with low concentrations of Fe3+simulated the T. ferrooxidans system. Metal chelators, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 4,5-dihydroxy-1-3-benzene disulfonic acid (Tiron), o-phenanthroline, and 2,2'-dipyridyl, inhibited both sulfite oxidation systems, but the T. ferrooxidans system was inhibited only after the initial brief oxygen consumption. EDTA and Tiron, strong chelators of Fe3+, inhibited the oxidation at lower concentrations than o-phenanthroline and 2,2'-dipyridyl, strong chelators of Fe2+. Inhibition of Fe3+-catalyzed sulfite oxidation by EDTA and Tiron was instant, but the inhibition by o-phenanthroline and dipyridyl was briefly delayed, presumably for the reduction of Fe3+to Fe2+. Mannitol, a free radical scavenger, inhibited both systems to the same extent. Cyanide and azide inhibited only the T. ferrooxidans system, suggesting a role of cytochrome oxidase. It is proposed that sulfite is oxidized by a free radical mechanism initiated by Fe3+on the cell surface of T. ferrooxidans. Cytochrome oxidase is possibly involved in the regeneration of Fe3+from Fe2+by the normal Fe2+-oxidizing system of T. ferrooxidans.Key words: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, sulfite oxidation, iron, free radical, cytochrome oxidase.
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Abstract
Microorganisms are important in metal recovery from ores, particularly sulfide ores. Copper, zinc, gold, etc. can be recovered from sulfide ores by microbial leaching. Mineral solubilization is achieved both by 'direct (contact) leaching' by bacteria and by 'indirect leaching' by ferric iron (Fe(3+)) that is regenerated from ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) by bacterial oxidation. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is the most studied organism in microbial leaching, but other iron- or sulfide/sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as well as archaea are potential microbial agents for metal leaching at high temperature or low pH environment. Oxidation of iron or sulfur can be selectively controlled leading to solubilization of desired metals leaving undesired metals (e.g., Fe) behind. Microbial contribution is obvious even in electrochemistry of galvanic interactions between minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Kappler U, Bennett B, Rethmeier J, Schwarz G, Deutzmann R, McEwan AG, Dahl C. Sulfite:Cytochrome c oxidoreductase from Thiobacillus novellus. Purification, characterization, and molecular biology of a heterodimeric member of the sulfite oxidase family. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13202-12. [PMID: 10788424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct oxidation of sulfite to sulfate occurs in various photo- and chemotrophic sulfur oxidizing microorganisms as the final step in the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds and is catalyzed by sulfite:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC ). Here we show that the enzyme from Thiobacillus novellus is a periplasmically located alphabeta heterodimer, consisting of a 40.6-kDa subunit containing a molybdenum cofactor and an 8.8-kDa mono-heme cytochrome c(552) subunit (midpoint redox potential, E(m8.0) = +280 mV). The organic component of the molybdenum cofactor was identified as molybdopterin contained in a 1:1 ratio to the Mo content of the enzyme. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the presence of a sulfite-inducible Mo(V) signal characteristic of sulfite:acceptor oxidoreductases. However, pH-dependent changes in the electron paramagnetic resonance signal were not detected. Kinetic studies showed that the enzyme exhibits a ping-pong mechanism involving two reactive sites. K(m) values for sulfite and cytochrome c(550) were determined to be 27 and 4 micrometer, respectively; the enzyme was found to be reversibly inhibited by sulfate and various buffer ions. The sorAB genes, which encode the enzyme, appear to form an operon, which is preceded by a putative extracytoplasmic function-type promoter and contains a hairpin loop termination structure downstream of sorB. While SorA exhibits significant similarities to known sequences of eukaryotic and bacterial sulfite:acceptor oxidoreductases, SorB does not appear to be closely related to any known c-type cytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kappler
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Meckenheimer Allee 168, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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de Jong GA, Tang JA, Bos P, de Vries S, Kuenen J. Purification and characterization of a sulfite:cytochrome c oxidoreductase from Thiobacillus acidophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Reduced inorganic sulfur compounds are oxidized by members of the domains Archaea and Bacteria. These compounds are used as electron donors for anaerobic phototrophic and aerobic chemotrophic growth, and are mostly oxidized to sulfate. Different enzymes mediate the conversion of various reduced sulfur compounds. Their physiological function in sulfur oxidation is considered (i) mostly from the biochemical characterization of the enzymatic reaction, (ii) rarely from the regulation of their formation, and (iii) only in a few cases from the mutational gene inactivation and characterization of the resulting mutant phenotype. In this review the sulfur-metabolizing reactions of selected phototrophic and of chemotrophic prokaryotes are discussed. These comprise an archaeon, a cyanobacterium, green sulfur bacteria, and selected phototrophic and chemotrophic proteobacteria. The genetic systems are summarized which are presently available for these organisms, and which can be used to study the molecular basis of their dissimilatory sulfur metabolism. Two groups of thiobacteria can be distinguished: those able to grow with tetrathionate and other reduced sulfur compounds, and those unable to do so. This distinction can be made irrespective of their phototrophic or chemotrophic metabolism, neutrophilic or acidophilic nature, and may indicate a mechanism different from that of thiosulfate oxidation. However, the core enzyme for tetrathionate oxidation has not been identified so far. Several phototrophic bacteria utilize hydrogen sulfide, which is considered to be oxidized by flavocytochrome c owing to its in vitro activity. However, the function of flavocytochrome c in vivo may be different, because it is missing in other hydrogen sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, but is present in most thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria. A possible function of flavocytochrome c is discussed based on biophysical studies, and the identification of a flavocytochrome in the operon encoding enzymes involved in thiosulfate oxidation of Paracoccus denitrificans. Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase thought to function in the 'reverse' direction in different phototrophic and chemotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was analysed in Chromatium vinosum. Inactivation of the corresponding gene does not affect the sulfite-oxidizing ability of the mutant. This result questions the concept of its 'reverse' function, generally accepted for over three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Chemietechnik, Universität Dortmund, Germany
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Wodara C, Bardischewsky F, Friedrich CG. Cloning and characterization of sulfite dehydrogenase, two c-type cytochromes, and a flavoprotein of Paracoccus denitrificans GB17: essential role of sulfite dehydrogenase in lithotrophic sulfur oxidation. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:5014-23. [PMID: 9260941 PMCID: PMC179357 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.16.5014-5023.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 13-kb genomic region of Paracoccus dentrificans GB17 is involved in lithotrophic thiosulfate oxidation. Adjacent to the previously reported soxB gene (C. Wodara, S. Kostka, M. Egert, D. P. Kelly, and C. G. Friedrich, J. Bacteriol. 176:6188-6191, 1994), 3.7 kb were sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed four additional open reading frames, soxCDEF. soxC coded for a 430-amino-acid polypeptide with an Mr of 47,339 that included a putative signal peptide of 40 amino acids (Mr of 3,599) with a RR motif present in periplasmic proteins with complex redox centers. The mature soxC gene product exhibited high amino acid sequence similarity to the eukaryotic molybdoenzyme sulfite oxidase and to nitrate reductase. We constructed a mutant, GBsoxC delta, carrying an in-frame deletion in soxC which covered a region possibly coding for the molybdenum cofactor binding domain. GBsoxC delta was unable to grow lithoautotrophically with thiosulfate but grew well with nitrate as a nitrogen source or as an electron acceptor. Whole cells and cell extracts of mutant GBsoxC delta contained 10% of the thiosulfate-oxidizing activity of the wild type. Only a marginal rate of sulfite-dependent cytochrome c reduction was observed from cell extracts of mutant GBsoxC delta. These results demonstrated that sulfite dehydrogenase was essential for growth with thiosulfate of P. dentrificans GB17. soxD coded for a periplasmic diheme c-type cytochrome of 384 amino acids (Mr of 39,983) containing a putative signal peptide with an Mr of 2,363. soxE coded for a periplasmic monoheme c-type cytochrome of 236 amino acids (Mr of 25,926) containing a putative signal peptide with an Mr of 1,833. SoxD and SoxE were highly identical to c-type cytochromes of P. denitrificans and other organisms. soxF revealed an incomplete open reading frame coding for a peptide of 247 amino acids with a putative signal peptide (Mr of 2,629). The deduced amino acid sequence of soxF was 47% identical and 70% similar to the sequence of the flavoprotein of flavocytochrome c of Chromatium vinosum, suggesting the involvement of the flavoprotein in thiosulfate oxidation of P. denitrificans GB17.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wodara
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Chemietechnik, Universität Dortmund, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Hille
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1218
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Sugio T, Kanao T, Furukawa H, Nagasawa T, Blake RC. Isolation and identification of an iron-oxidizing bacterium which can grow on tetrathionate medium and the properties of a tetrathionate-decomposing enzyme isolated from the bacterium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)88813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Baum H. Mitochondrial antigens, molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1271:111-21. [PMID: 7541246 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is normally tolerant to mitochondrial self-antigens, but responsive against bacteria. Low-titre anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) might be involved in this discrimination. Tolerance is broken in diseases characterised by high titre AMA. Some of these AMA, against cardiolipin, cross-react with DNA. The best studied AMA are those characterising primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). These are directed against E2 subunits of the oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes, and also against subunits E1 alpha, E1 beta and X of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. AMA of PBC patients also react with bacterial E2s. Reactivities are primarily peptide-specific but with cross-reactivity between mitochondrial and microbial antigens and between E2s of respective complexes. Immunodominant epitopes, for anti E2 AMA, include the conserved sequence flanking the site of lipoyl attachment. It is proposed that the initial stimulus for antibody production is chronic urinary tract infection. AMA themselves are not pathogenic, but CD4+ T-cells would be primed, recognising the lipoyl domain epitope in association with class II HLA. Inappropriate expression of class II antigens on bile duct epithelia, (as found in PBC), might lead to presentation of a particular fragment of HLA-DR alpha, known to be a major MHC presented self-peptide in the mouse. That sequence strongly mimics the lipoyl domain and might be recognised by primed T-cells, initiating the autoimmune cascade. In the mouse, a peptide of ND1 of Complex I is presented in association with class I MHC. Cells exhibiting somatic mutation of such a peptide might thus be subject to attack by CD8+ T-cells. If such peptides were presented by class II HLA, autoimmune diseases might arise, related to mimicry between such peptides and microbial sequences and/or self-antigens. These considerations might apply in Leber's disease and in age-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Baum
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, UK
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Growth and respiratory oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by intact cells ofThiobacillus novellus (type strain) grown on thiosulfate. Curr Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Enemark JH, Young CG. Bioinorganic Chemistry of Pterin-Containing Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sugio T, Hirose T, Ye LZ, Tano T. Purification and some properties of sulfite:ferric ion oxidoreductase from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:4189-92. [PMID: 1597434 PMCID: PMC206134 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.12.4189-4192.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfite:ferric ion oxidoreductase in the plasma membrane of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans AP19-3 was purified to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. The enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 650,000 and was composed of two subunits (M(rs), 61,000 and 59,000) as estimated by sodium sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Michaelis constants of sulfite:ferric ion oxidoreductase for Fe3+ and sulfite ions were 1.0 and 0.071 mM, respectively. Sulfite:ferric ion oxidoreductase suffered from end product inhibition by 1 mM Fe2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugio
- Department of Biological Function and Genetic Resources Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Japan
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Cabré F, Cascante M, Canela EI. An improved purification procedure for sulfite oxidase from bovine liver. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 21:53-61. [PMID: 1857684 DOI: 10.1080/10826069108021515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfite oxidase (Sulfite:O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.3.1) has been purified 2,440-fold from bovine liver. The procedure developed was used to isolate the enzyme from 1,000 g of liver and permitted the rapid isolation of enzyme with a very high specific activity (40,405 mU/mg). The enzyme preparations obtained have been characterized by electrophoretic and spectrophotometric analysis and the molecular mass and the Stokes radius of the enzyme have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cabré
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Brune
- Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1604
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Abstract
Sulfite oxidase (EC 1.8.3.1), purified from chicken liver, is comprised of two identical subunits of 55 kDa, each of which contains a molybdenum and heme prosthetic group. The functional size of sulfite oxidase was determined by radiation inactivation analysis using both full, sulfite:cytochrome c reductase, and partial, sulfite:ferricyanide reductase, catalytic activities. Inactivation of full enzyme activity indicated a target size of 42 kDa while the partial activity indicated a target size of 25 kDa. These results confirm the earlier findings of two equivalent subunits and suggest the presence of a functional domain within the subunit structure that contains the molybdenum center and exhibits a smaller molecular mass than that of the enzyme subunit.
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Friedrich CG, Meyer O, Chandra T. Molybdenum-dependent sulfur oxidation in facultatively lithoautotrophic thiobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chandra TS, Friedrich CG. Tn5-induced mutations affecting sulfur-oxidizing ability (Sox) of Thiosphaera pantotropha. J Bacteriol 1986; 166:446-52. [PMID: 3009400 PMCID: PMC214625 DOI: 10.1128/jb.166.2.446-452.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of Thiosphaera pantotropha defective in chemolithoautotrophic growth were obtained by transpositional mutagenesis with Tn5 coding for kanamycin resistance. The suicide vehicle for introducing Tn5 to T. pantotropha was pSUP5011 harbored by Escherichia coli. Kanamycin-resistant isolates were screened for the inability to grow with reduced sulfur compounds (Sox-). Four classes of Sox- mutants were obtained. Three were of different pleiotropic phenotypes: (i) unable to grow with formate, nitrate, and xanthine; (this class strongly suggested the involvement of a molybdenum cofactor in inorganic sulfur-oxidizing ability); (ii) no growth with hydrogen; (iii) slight growth with hydrogen and formate. Two plasmids, pHG41 (about 450 kilobase pairs) and pHG42 (110 kilobases), were identified in lysates of T. pantotropha. In one Sox- mutant pHG41 could not be detected. Revertant analysis suggested that pHG41 and pHG42 were not involved in the Sox character.
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Kurek EJ. Properties of an enzymatic complex active in sulfite and thiosulfate oxidation by Rhodotorula sp. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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In bacteria which grow on simple reductants, generation of a proton gradient involves extracytoplasmic oxidation of substrate. Microbiol Rev 1985; 49:140-57. [PMID: 2989673 PMCID: PMC373027 DOI: 10.1128/mr.49.2.140-157.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Johnson JL, Hainline BE, Rajagopalan KV, Arison BH. The pterin component of the molybdenum cofactor. Structural characterization of two fluorescent derivatives. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
Thiobacillus novellus shows a maximum induction of sulfite oxidase activity and a maximum growth rate as a result of supplementing the autotrophic growth medium with 4.0 microM ammonium molybdate. Cells grown in the presence of molybdate showed approximately 10-fold increases in the amount of enzyme-associated molybdenum and in the sulfite-to-cytochrome c and sulfite-to-ferricyanide reductase activities. The effect of exogenous molybdate was not discernible with cells grown in the absence of thiosulfate. Tungsten inhibited the growth of T. novellus and the expression of sulfite oxidase activity.
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