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Jin Y, Yuan H, Mehta I, Ezenwa O, Morel PA. Alternatively Spliced Variants of Murine CD247 Influence T Cell Development and Activation, Revealing the Importance of the CD3ζ C-Terminal Region. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:541-550. [PMID: 38117282 PMCID: PMC10872740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
CD247, also known as CD3ζ, is a crucial signaling molecule that transduces signals delivered by TCR through its three ITAMs. CD3ζ is required for successful thymocyte development. Three additional alternatively spliced variants of murine CD247 have been described, that is, CD3ι, CD3θ, and CD3η, that differ from CD3ζ in the C terminus such that the third ITAM is lost. Previous studies demonstrated defects in T cell development in mice expressing CD3η, but the TCR signaling pathways affected by CD3η and the impacts of the CD3ι and CD3θ on T cell development were not explored. In this study, we used a retrovirus-mediated gene transfer technique to express these three isoforms individually and examined the roles of them on T cell development and activation. Rag1-/- mice reconstituted with CD3θ-expressing bone marrow failed to develop mature T cells. CD3ι-expressing T cells exhibited similar development and activation as cells expressing CD3ζ. In contrast, thymic development was severely impaired in CD3η-reconstituted mice. Single-positive but not double-positive CD3η-expressing thymocytes had reduced TCR expression, and CD5 expression was decreased at the double-positive stage, suggesting a defect in positive selection. Peripheral CD3η-expressing T cells had expanded CD44hi populations and upregulation of exhaustion markers seen by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing analysis. Analysis of early signaling events demonstrated significantly reduced activation of both the PLCγ1 and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. There was also a reduction in the frequency of activation of CD3η-expressing T cells. These studies reveal the importance of the CD3ζ C-terminal region in T cell development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Isha Mehta
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ogechukwu Ezenwa
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Hawse WF, Boggess WC, Morel PA. TCR Signal Strength Regulates Akt Substrate Specificity To Induce Alternate Murine Th and T Regulatory Cell Differentiation Programs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:589-597. [PMID: 28600288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Akt/mTOR pathway is a key driver of murine CD4+ T cell differentiation, and induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells results from low TCR signal strength and low Akt/mTOR signaling. However, strong TCR signals induce high Akt activity that promotes Th cell induction. Yet, it is unclear how Akt controls alternate T cell fate decisions. We find that the strength of the TCR signal results in differential Akt enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, the Akt substrate networks associated with T cell fate decisions are qualitatively different. Proteomic profiling of Akt signaling networks during Treg versus Th induction demonstrates that Akt differentially regulates RNA processing and splicing factors to drive T cell differentiation. Interestingly, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) L or hnRNP A1 are Akt substrates during Treg induction and have known roles in regulating the stability and splicing of key mRNAs that code for proteins in the canonical TCR signaling pathway, including CD3ζ and CD45. Functionally, inhibition of Akt enzymatic activity results in the dysregulation of splicing during T cell differentiation, and knockdown of hnRNP L or hnRNP A1 results in the lower induction of Treg cells. Together, this work suggests that a switch in substrate specificity coupled to the phosphorylation status of Akt may lead to alternative cell fates and demonstrates that proteins involved with alternative splicing are important factors in T cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Hawse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - William C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
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Lutzky VP, Carnevale RP, Alvarez MJ, Maffia PC, Zittermann SI, Podhajcer OL, Issekutz AC, Chuluyan HE. Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) recycles and induces cell growth inhibition on human tumor cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1334-50. [PMID: 16518857 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CD31 (PECAM-1) is a 130-kDa member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily expressed on endothelial cells, platelets, and most leukocytes. This report demonstrates by Western Blot and immunofluorescence that some human melanoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines express CD31 on the cell surface. The surface expression of CD31 was regulated by cell-cell contact, being higher on sparse and spontaneously detached cells. Indeed, fixing and permeabilizing tumor cells revealed a cytoplasmic pool, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Some of the plasma surface molecule is endocytosed following mAb binding. Engagement of CD31 on tumor cells via domain-3 inhibited proliferation by inducing cell apoptosis. On the other hand, apoptosis does not increase CD31 expression. Overall, these results indicate that there is an intracellular pool of CD31 on some tumor cells, which modulates CD31 surface expression and its role in cancer cell growth and metastasis. Thus, the expression of CD31 and its role in cell survival in some tumor cells appears to differ from endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana P Lutzky
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Salamone MDC, Mendiguren AK, Salamone GV, Fainboim L. Membrane trafficking of CD1c on activated T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.4.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María del C. Salamone
- Immunogenetics Division, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Karina Mendiguren
- Immunogenetics Division, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V. Salamone
- Immunogenetics Division, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Fainboim
- Immunogenetics Division, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ronchetti S, Nocentini G, Giunchi L, Bartoli A, Moraca R, Riccardi C, Migliorati G. Short-term dexamethasone treatment modulates the expression of the murine TCR zeta gene locus. Cell Immunol 1997; 178:124-31. [PMID: 9225003 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCH) are highly effective agents in controlling inflammation and immune response. We studied the effect of the synthetic GCH dexamethasone (DEX) on the expression of TCR zeta gene splicings that code for some chains belonging to the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. In the DEX-treated hybridoma T-cell line 3DO, TCR zeta gene splicings increase within the first 24 hr (about fourfold increase), as demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and RNase protection assay. This increase is due to the stimulation of TCR zeta gene locus transcription, as demonstrated by the "run-on" assay. A similar upregulation was observed in murine thymocytes following in vivo DEX treatment. As a consequence of TCR zeta gene locus modulation, the expression of the spliced mRNAs coding for TCR zeta and TCR eta subunits is increased, whereas their relative ratio is only slightly changed. Indeed, the amount of TCR zeta protein in 24-hr DEX-treated cells is fivefold more than that in the untreated cells. A similar effect was seen in 3DO cells treated with hydrocortisone but not in those treated with testosterone. TCR zeta protein increase was confined to the cytoplasm and therefore TCR/CD3 complex expression did not increase. This newly described effect of DEX may constitute an additional molecular mechanism that contributes to its immunomodulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ronchetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology (DMCPF), Perugia University Medical School, Italy
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Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Bartoli A, Testa G, D'Adamio F, Riccardi C, Migliorati G. T cell receptor iota an alternatively spliced product of the T cell receptor zeta gene. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1405-9. [PMID: 7774644 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously suggested that three alternative splicings of the murine T cell receptor (TCR) zeta gene are involved in the regulation of TCR/CD3 transduction signals. We here describe a new alternative splicing of this gene (TCR iota), cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, that is encoded by exons 1-7 and 10. The protein putatively encoded by TCR iota mRNA differs in its carboxy terminus from that coded by TCR0 as a consequence of the reading frame shift of exon 10. The possible role of this new splicing in TCR modulation is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nocentini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Perugia, Medical School, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kisielow
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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Huang MT. T cell development in CD3-zeta mutant mice. Int Rev Immunol 1995; 13:29-41. [PMID: 7494107 DOI: 10.3109/08830189509061736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to multiple pathways of T lymphocyte development. The well characterized thymus-dependent pathway gives rise to T cells bearing TCR alpha beta heterodimers and either CD4 or CD8 alpha beta co-receptors. T cells of this lineage populate peripheral lymphoid compartments including lymph nodes, spleen, skin, and Peyer's patches. By comparison, factors which govern extrathymic T cell development are poorly understood. A variety of experiments have shown that intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) develop outside of the thymic environment, e.g., in the gut of nude, SCID, and beta 2m-/- mutant mice, and after transplanting bone marrow or fetal liver cells into irradiated thymectomized adult mice. This review focuses on the role of the CD3-zeta subunit in the development of both thymically and extrathymically derived T cells as determined by gene-targeting experiments in mice. Data from these and other T cell-related mutations continue to define crucial stages in thymocyte differentiation. Most interestingly, CD3-zeta mutant mice contain a unique population of intestinal IELs that develops independently of thymic selective processes and expresses a novel TCR/CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Huang
- GenPharm International, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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Hermans MH, Malissen B. The cytoplasmic tail of the T cell receptor zeta chain is dispensable for antigen-mediated T cell activation. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2257-62. [PMID: 8103746 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor consists of an antigen-binding alpha beta heterodimer and a group of invariant polypeptides denoted CD3-gamma, CD3-delta, CD3-epsilon and CD3-zeta. Whether antigen responsiveness is dependent on the expression of functional CD3-zeta subunit remains controversial. For instance, transfection of a zeta-/eta- variant of the 2B4.11. T cell hybridoma with mutated zeta cDNA that encoded a zeta protein truncated at residue 108, restored the surface expression of T cell antigen receptor complexes with, however, impaired antigen responsiveness [Frank, S. J., Niklinska, B. B., Orloff, D. G., Mercep, M., Ashwell, J. D. and Klausner, R. D., Science 1990. 249: 174.]. In marked contrast, BW5147 transfectants that expressed T cell antigen receptors devoid of functional zeta subunits were still able to trigger the production of interleukin-2 in response to antigen [Wegener, A.-M. K., Letourneur, F., Hoeveler, A., Brocker, T., Luton, F. and Malissen, B., Cell 1992. 68: 83.]. To assess if the above discrepancies may have resulted from the use of different recipient T cells, we transfected a zeta/eta-deficient variant of 2B4.11 (MA5.8) with the very same truncated zeta cDNA we previously used in BW5147. Consistent with our initial observations in BW5147, the cytoplasmic tail of the zeta polypeptide was found dispensable for antigenic responsiveness. Furthermore, a difference between the two recipient T cells was detected when cells were challenged via the Thy-1 and Ly-6 molecules. Once expressed in MA5.8, but not in BW5147, T cell antigen receptor complexes devoid of functional zeta subunits were able to sustain activation initiated via Thy-1 and Ly-6 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hermans
- Centre d'Immunologie, INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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Malissen B, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Transmembrane signalling through the T-cell-receptor-CD3 complex. Curr Opin Immunol 1993; 5:324-33. [PMID: 8347295 DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(93)90049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent data support the existence of activation motifs within different subunits of the T-cell-receptor-CD3 complex. This architecture generates a receptor composed of discrete modules, each capable of being coupled to an effector pathway. Although new T-cell specific protein tyrosine kinases have recently been identified, the nature of the proximal non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase linking the T-cell receptor complex to essential signalling effectors remains unknown. Developmentally regulated differences in T-cell-receptor-CD3 assembly or stability may lead to the expression of isoforms displaying different sets of activation motifs. Whether this may be the basis of differential signalling during T-cell development is still a matter of speculation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Consensus Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation/physiology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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