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Fernández ÁF, Liu Y, Ginet V, Shi M, Nah J, Zou Z, Zhou A, Posner BA, Xiao G, Tanguy M, Paradis V, Sadoshima J, Rautou PE, Puyal J, Hu MC, Levine B. Interaction between the autophagy protein Beclin 1 and Na+,K+-ATPase during starvation, exercise, and ischemia. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133282. [PMID: 31941841 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosis is a distinct form of cell death that requires both autophagy genes and the Na+,K+-ATPase pump. However, the relationship between the autophagy machinery and Na+,K+-ATPase is unknown. We explored the hypothesis that Na+,K+-ATPase interacts with the autophagy protein Beclin 1 during stress and autosis-inducing conditions. Starvation increased the Beclin 1/Na+,K+-ATPase interaction in cultured cells, and this was blocked by cardiac glycosides, inhibitors of Na+,K+-ATPase. Increases in Beclin 1/Na+,K+-ATPase interaction were also observed in tissues from starved mice, livers of patients with anorexia nervosa, brains of neonatal rats subjected to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI), and kidneys of mice subjected to renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Cardiac glycosides blocked the increased Beclin 1/Na+,K+-ATPase interaction during cerebral HI injury and renal IRI. In the mouse renal IRI model, cardiac glycosides reduced numbers of autotic cells in the kidney and improved clinical outcome. Moreover, blockade of endogenous cardiac glycosides increased Beclin 1/Na+,K+-ATPase interaction and autotic cell death in mouse hearts during exercise. Thus, Beclin 1/Na+,K+-ATPase interaction is increased in stress conditions, and cardiac glycosides decrease this interaction and autosis in both pathophysiological and physiological settings. This crosstalk between cellular machinery that generates and consumes energy during stress may represent a fundamental homeostatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro F Fernández
- Center for Autophagy Research.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Autophagy Research.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vanessa Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jihoon Nah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhongju Zou
- Center for Autophagy Research.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | | | | | - Guanghua Xiao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Marion Tanguy
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatologie, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Unity, and
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Hôpitaux Publique de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatologie, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Unity, and
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Arthur G, Schweizer F, Ogunsina M. Synthetic Glycosylated Ether Glycerolipids as Anticancer Agents. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) are a class of synthetic antitumor ether lipids (AELs) with a sugar moiety in place of the phosphocholine found in the prototypical AEL, edelfosine. This chapter reviews the development of GAELs as antitumor agents. Studies on structure–activity relationships, mechanism of induction of cell death, metabolism, selectivity against cancer cells, toxicity, hemolysis and thrombogenic effects are discussed. The requirements for significant cytotoxic activity include a glycerol moiety, a cationic sugar other than mannose and an O- or C-glycosidic bond with either α- or β-configuration. Compounds with S- and N-glycosidic linkages are not very active. The most active GAEL to date, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol, displays greater in vitro activity than edelfosine, the AEL “gold standard”. The unique properties of GAELs as antitumor agents include their apoptotic-independent mechanism of inducing cell death and the ability to kill cancer stem cells. These characteristics of GAELs offer the potential for their development into chemotherapeutic agents to prevent the recurrence of tumors as well as for treatment against drug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba 754 Bannatyne Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba 460 Parker Building Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Makanjuola Ogunsina
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba 460 Parker Building Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2
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Huynh KK, Grinstein S. Regulation of vacuolar pH and its modulation by some microbial species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:452-62. [PMID: 17804666 PMCID: PMC2168644 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00003-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive within the host, pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori need to evade the immune response and find a protected niche where they are not exposed to microbicidal effectors. The pH of the microenvironment surrounding the pathogen plays a critical role in dictating the organism's fate. Specifically, the acidic pH of the endocytic organelles and phagosomes not only can affect bacterial growth directly but also promotes a variety of host microbicidal responses. The development of mechanisms to avoid or resist the acidic environment generated by host cells is therefore crucial to the survival of many pathogens. Here we review the processes that underlie the generation of organellar acidification and discuss strategies employed by pathogens to circumvent it, using M. tuberculosis and H. pylori as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassidy K Huynh
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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Soroka CJ, Pate MK, Boyer JL. Canalicular export pumps traffic with polymeric immunoglobulin A receptor on the same microtubule-associated vesicle in rat liver. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:26416-24. [PMID: 10473600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Basolateral to apical vesicular transcytosis in the hepatocyte is an essential pathway for the delivery of compounds from the sinusoidal blood to the bile and to traffic newly synthesized resident apical membrane proteins to their site of function at the canalicular membrane front. To characterize this pathway better, microtubules in a hepatocyte homogenate were polymerized by addition of taxol, and associated membrane-bound vesicles were isolated. This fraction was enriched in polymeric immunoglobulin A receptor and contained apical membrane proteins. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that polymeric immunoglobulin A receptor was localized predominantly on vesicles ranging from 100 to 160 nm and that the multidrug resistance protein 2 and the bile salt export pump co-localized on these vesicles. The minus-ended microtubule motor, dynein, was highly enriched in the fraction, and its intermediate chain could be released effectively by incubation with 1 mM ATP or GTP. However, the association of the transcytotic vesicles with the microtubules was not sensitive to hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable nucleotides. This study characterizes a fraction of microtubule-associated vesicles from rat hepatocytes and demonstrates that several resident apical membrane transport proteins and the polymeric immunoglobulin A receptor traffic on the same vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Soroka
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8019, USA.
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Lian WN, Tsai JW, Yu PM, Wu TW, Yang SC, Chau YP, Lin CH. Targeting of aminopeptidase N to bile canaliculi correlates with secretory activities of the developing canalicular domain. Hepatology 1999; 30:748-60. [PMID: 10462382 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
We have used human hepatoma cell lines as an in vitro model to study the development of hepatic bile canaliculi (BC). Well-differentiated hepatoma cells cultured for 72 hours could develop characteristic spheroid structures at sites of cell-cell contact that contained tight junctions and various membrane protein markers, resembling BC found in vivo. Intact cytoskeleton was essential for this differentiation process. In the coculture experiments in which cells of different origins were populated together, BC only formed between hepatic cells and preferentially among well-differentiated cells. Poorly differentiated hepatoma cells never formed BC among themselves, but could be induced to undergo canalicular differentiation by interacting with well-differentiated cells. During BC morphogenesis, integral canalicular membrane proteins were gradually delivered and accumulated at the developing BC. Among them, targeting of aminopeptidase N (APN) seemed to correlate with activation of certain secretory functions. Specifically, only APN-positive BC supported excretion of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and 70-kd dextran, but had no relationship with secretion of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Targeting of another BC protein, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), on the other hand, bore no association with any secretory activity examined. In addition, inhibition of enzymatic activity of APN could perturb canalicular differentiation without affecting cell proliferation. Our results suggest that targeting of APN proteins may reflect or even play an important role in the development and functional maturation of the canalicular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Lian
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ellinger I, Klapper H, Fuchs R. Fluid-phase marker transport in rat liver: free-flow electrophoresis separates distinct endosome subpopulations. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:1154-61. [PMID: 9662178 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) was used to investigate the intracellular compartments involved in fluid-phase marker, fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, transport in the isolated perfused rat liver. One to 2 min after uptake at 37 degrees C, FITC-dextran was found in endosomes with the same electrophoretic mobility as early sorting endosomes labeled either by the hepatocyte-specific marker asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) or by transferrin that enters all liver cells. Labeling at low temperature (16 degrees C) blocked transport of ASOR and dextran in early endosomes. With increasing internalization time (3-13 min) at 37 degrees C, FITC-dextran-labeled compartments co-localized with late, ASOR-containing endosomes. Since localization of FITC-dextran in late transcytotic compartments was not observed upon FFE separation, it is concluded that the majority of internalized markers is directed to lysosomes. The FITC-label did not account for the predominant lysosomal targeting of the dextran, since [3H]dextran-labeled endosomes exhibited an identical FFE pattern. Taken together, these data indicate that the fluid-phase marker dextran is transported through intracellular compartments with identical characteristics as endosome subcompartments of the receptor-mediated lysosomal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ellinger
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, University of Vienna, Austria
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