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Franklin A, Salgueiro VC, Layton AJ, Sullivan R, Mize T, Vázquez-Iniesta L, Benedict ST, Gurcha SS, Anso I, Besra GS, Banzhaf M, Lovering AL, Williams SJ, Guerin ME, Scott NE, Prados-Rosales R, Lowe EC, Moynihan PJ. The mycobacterial glycoside hydrolase LamH enables capsular arabinomannan release and stimulates growth. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5740. [PMID: 38982040 PMCID: PMC11233589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial glycolipids are important cell envelope structures that drive host-pathogen interactions. Arguably, the most important are lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its precursor, lipomannan (LM), which are trafficked from the bacterium to the host via unknown mechanisms. Arabinomannan is thought to be a capsular derivative of these molecules, lacking a lipid anchor. However, the mechanism by which this material is generated has yet to be elucidated. Here, we describe the identification of a glycoside hydrolase family 76 enzyme that we term LamH (Rv0365c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis) which specifically cleaves α-1,6-mannoside linkages within LM and LAM, driving its export to the capsule releasing its phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside lipid anchor. Unexpectedly, we found that the catalytic activity of this enzyme is important for efficient exit from stationary phase cultures, potentially implicating arabinomannan as a signal for growth phase transition. Finally, we demonstrate that LamH is important for M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Franklin
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vivian C Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rudi Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Todd Mize
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Itxaso Anso
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Tower R, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth C Lowe
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Franklin A, Layton AJ, Mize T, Salgueiro VC, Sullivan R, Benedict ST, Gurcha SS, Anso I, Besra GS, Banzhaf M, Lovering AL, Williams SJ, Guerin ME, Scott NE, Prados-Rosales R, Lowe EC, Moynihan PJ. The mycobacterial glycoside hydrolase LamH enables capsular arabinomannan release and stimulates growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.563968. [PMID: 37961452 PMCID: PMC10634837 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.563968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial glycolipids are important cell envelope structures that drive host-pathogen interactions. Arguably, the most important amongst these are lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its precursor, lipomannan (LM), which are both trafficked out of the bacterium to the host via unknown mechanisms. An important class of exported LM/LAM is the capsular derivative of these molecules which is devoid of its lipid anchor. Here, we describe the identification of a glycoside hydrolase family 76 enzyme that we term LamH which specifically cleaves α-1,6-mannoside linkages within LM and LAM, driving its export to the capsule releasing its phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside lipid anchor. Unexpectedly, we found that the catalytic activity of this enzyme is important for efficient exit from stationary phase cultures where arabinomannan acts as a signal for growth phase transition. Finally, we demonstrate that LamH is important for Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages. These data provide a new framework for understanding the biological role of LAM in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Franklin
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Abigail J. Layton
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Todd Mize
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Vivian C. Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology. School of Medicine. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudi Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Samuel T. Benedict
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Itxaso Anso
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Andrew L. Lovering
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nichollas E. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology. School of Medicine. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth C. Lowe
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K., NE2 4HH
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Torrelles JB, Chatterjee D. Collected Thoughts on Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan, a Cell Envelope Lipoglycan. Pathogens 2023; 12:1281. [PMID: 38003746 PMCID: PMC10675199 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cell envelope was first reported close to 100 years ago. Since then, numerous studies have been dedicated to the isolation, purification, structural definition, and elucidation of the biological properties of Mtb LAM. In this review, we present a brief historical perspective on the discovery of Mtb LAM and the herculean efforts devoted to structurally characterizing the molecule because of its unique structural and biological features. The significance of LAM remains high to this date, mainly due to its distinct immunological properties in conjunction with its role as a biomarker for diagnostic tests due to its identification in urine, and thus can serve as a point-of-care diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB). In recent decades, LAM has been thoroughly studied and massive amounts of information on this intriguing molecule are now available. In this review, we give the readers a historical perspective and an update on the current knowledge of LAM with information on the inherent carbohydrate composition, which is unique due to the often puzzling sugar residues that are specifically found on LAM. We then guide the readers through the complex and myriad immunological outcomes, which are strictly dependent on LAM's chemical structure. Furthermore, we present issues that remain unresolved and represent the immediate future of LAM research. Addressing the chemistry, functions, and roles of LAM will lead to innovative ways to manipulate the processes that involve this controversial and fascinating biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B. Torrelles
- International Center for the Advancement of Research and Education (I • Care), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Amin AG, De P, Graham B, Jensen BL, Moreau E, Chatterjee D. Overcome low levels of detection limit and choice of antibody affects detection of lipoarabinomannan in pediatric tuberculosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275838. [PMID: 36219600 PMCID: PMC9553055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents is often overlooked by healthcare providers and difficult to diagnose. As childhood TB cases rise, finding a diagnostic high in sensitivity and specificity is critical. In this study 91 urine samples from children aged 1–10 years were analyzed for tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and capture ELISA (C-ELISA). In C-ELISA the CS35/A194-01 antibody performed very poorly with both curve-based and model-based cutoffs. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the CS35 OD450 values was only 0.60. Replacing the capture antibody with BJ76 gave a better performance in both sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.95). When these samples were analyzed by GC/MS, 41 classified as ‘probable/possible’ for TB were distinctly TBSA positive with ten samples having <3 ng/mL LAM. However, from the 50 samples with ‘unlikely’ TB classification, 36 were negative but 7 had >3 ng/mL and were designated as LAM positive. This experimental assay assessment study signifies that i) the antibody pair CS35/A194-01 that has been successful for adult active TB diagnosis is not adequate when LAM level is low as in pediatric TB; ii) no one mAb appears to recognize all TB-specific LAM epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita G. Amin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Prithwiraj De
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brooke L. Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Foundation of Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Park WJ, Yoon YK, Kim Y, Park JS, Pansuriya R, Cho SN, Seok YJ, Ganapathy R. Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against rotaviral diarrhea and tuberculosis using polysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis conjugated to ΔVP8* protein from rotavirus. Vaccine 2021; 39:6644-6652. [PMID: 34642087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of carbohydrate antigens with a carrier protein is a clinically proven strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide. In addition to its primary role, which is to help generate a T cell-mediate long-lasting immune response directed against the carbohydrate antigen, the carrier protein in a glycoconjugate vaccine can also play an important role as a protective antigen. Among carrier proteins currently used in licensed conjugate vaccines, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D has been used as an antigenically active carrier protein. Our previous studies also indicate that some carrier proteins provide B cell epitopes, along with T cell helper epitopes. Herein we investigated the dual role of truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a carrier and a protective antigen. Capsular polysaccharide lipoarabinomannan (LAM), purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), was chemically conjugated with ΔVP8*. Mouse immunization experiments showed that the resultant conjugates elicited strong and specific immune responses against the polysaccharide antigen, and the responses were comparable to those induced by Diphtheria toxoid (DT)-based conjugates. The conjugate vaccine induced enhanced antibody titers and functional antibodies against ΔVP8* when compared to immunization with the unconjugated ΔVP8*. Thus, these results indicate that ΔVP8* can be a relevant carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccine and the glycoconjugates consisting of ΔVP8* with LAM are effective bivalent vaccine candidates against rotavirus and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Jin Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang-Nae Cho
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Ganapathy
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Panraksa Y, Amin AG, Graham B, Henry CS, Chatterjee D. Immobilization of Proteinase K for urine pretreatment to improve diagnostic accuracy of active tuberculosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257615. [PMID: 34547058 PMCID: PMC8454978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) calls for the development of a rapid, biomarker-based, non-sputum test capable of detecting all forms of tuberculosis (TB) at the point-of-care to enable immediate treatment initiation. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is the only WHO-endorsed TB biomarker that can be detected in urine, an easily collected sample matrix. For obtaining optimal sensitivity, we and others have shown that some form of sample pretreatment is necessary to remove background from patient urine samples. A number of systems are paper-based often destined for resource limited settings. Our current work presents incorporation of one such sample pretreatment, proteinase K (ProK) immobilized on paper (IPK) and test its performance in comparison to standard proteinase K (SPK) treatment that involves addition and deactivation at high temperature prior to performing a capture ELISA. Herein, a simple and economical method was developed for using ProK immobilized strips to pretreat urine samples. Simplification and cost reduction of the proposed pretreatment strip were achieved by using Whatman no.1 paper and by minimizing the concentration of ProK (an expensive but necessary reagent) used to pretreat the clinical samples prior to ELISA. To test the applicability of IPK, capture ELISA was carried out on either LAM-spiked urine or the clinical samples after pretreatment with ProK at 400 μg/mL for 30 minutes at room temperature. The optimal conditions and stability of the IPK were tested and validation was performed on a set of 25 previously analyzed archived clinical urine samples with known TB and HIV status. The results of IPK and SPK treated samples were in agreement showing that the urine LAM test currently under development has the potential to reach adult and pediatric patients regardless of HIV status or site of infection, and to facilitate global TB control to improve assay performance and ultimately treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosita Panraksa
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Anita G. Amin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Amin AG, De P, Graham B, Calderon RI, Franke MF, Chatterjee D. Urine lipoarabinomannan in HIV uninfected, smear negative, symptomatic TB patients: effective sample pretreatment for a sensitive immunoassay and mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2922. [PMID: 33536495 PMCID: PMC7859189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study sought to determine whether urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) could be validated in a sample cohort that consisted mainly of HIV uninfected individuals that presented with tuberculosis symptoms. We evaluated two tests developed in our laboratory, and used them on clinical samples from Lima, Peru where incidence of HIV is low. ELISA analysis was performed on 160 samples (from 140 adult culture-confirmed TB cases and 20 symptomatic TB-negative child controls) using 100 μL of urine after pretreatment with Proteinase K. Two different mouse monoclonal antibodies-CS35 and CHCS9-08 were used individually for capture of urine LAM. Among cases, optical density (OD450) values had a positive association with higher bacillary loads. The 20 controls had negative values (below the limit of detection). The assay correctly identified all samples (97-100% accuracy confidence interval). For an alternate validation of the ELISA results, we analyzed all 160 urine samples using an antibody independent chemoanalytical approach. Samples were called positive only when LAM surrogates-tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) and D-arabinose (D-ara)-were found to be present in similar amounts. All TB cases, including the 40 with a negative sputum smear had LAM in detectable quantities in urine. None of the controls had detectable amounts of LAM. Our study shows that urinary LAM detection is feasible in HIV uninfected, smear negative TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita G Amin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Prithwiraj De
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Barbara Graham
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Roger I Calderon
- Socios en Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, 15001, Peru
- Programa Academico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Molly F Franke
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Batt SM, Burke CE, Moorey AR, Besra GS. Antibiotics and resistance: the two-sided coin of the mycobacterial cell wall. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100044. [PMID: 32995684 PMCID: PMC7502851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis, is the global leading cause of mortality from an infectious agent. Part of this success relies on the unique cell wall, which consists of a thick waxy coat with tightly packed layers of complexed sugars, lipids and peptides. This coat provides a protective hydrophobic barrier to antibiotics and the host's defences, while enabling the bacterium to spread efficiently through sputum to infect and survive within the macrophages of new hosts. However, part of this success comes at a cost, with many of the current first- and second-line drugs targeting the enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The flip side of this coin is that resistance to these drugs develops either in the target enzymes or the activation pathways of the drugs, paving the way for new resistant clinical strains. This review provides a synopsis of the structure and synthesis of the cell wall and the major current drugs and targets, along with any mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Batt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher E. Burke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice R. Moorey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Secondary Extended Mannan Side Chains and Attachment of the Arabinan in Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan. Commun Chem 2020; 3:101. [PMID: 34295997 PMCID: PMC8294699 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in an essential cell envelope lipopolysaccharide anchored both to the plasma and outer membranes. To understand critical biological questions such as the biosynthesis, spatial organization of LAM within the cell envelope, structural remodeling during growth, and display or lack of display of LAM-based antigenicity all requires a basic understanding of the primary structure of the mannan, arabinan and how they are attached to each other. Herein, using enzymatic digestions and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we show that the arabinan component of LAM is attached at the non-reducing end of the mannan rather than to internal regions. Further, we show the presence of secondary extended mannan side chains attached to the internal mannan region. Such findings lead to a significant revision of the structure of LAM and lead to guidance of biosynthetic studies and to hypotheses of the role of LAM both in the periplasm and outside the cell as a fundamental part of the dynamic mycobacterial cell envelope.
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De P, Shi L, Boot C, Ordway D, McNeil M, Chatterjee D. Comparative Structural Study of Terminal Ends of Lipoarabinomannan from Mice Infected Lung Tissues and Urine of a Tuberculosis Positive Patient. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:291-301. [PMID: 31762254 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a biomarker for active tuberculosis (TB) disease. The presence of LAM in the urine of TB patients, whether HIV positive or negative, has been validated by a gas chromatography/mass spectral method with good specificity (84%) and sensitivity (99%). However, point-of-care (POC) methods to detect TB LAM in urine using immunoassays have poor sensitivity and are limited to only HIV coinfected TB diagnosis. We hypothesized that these disappointing results with the POC methods may be due to the antibodies used in the immunoassays as there could be structural differences between LAM in vivo and LAM in vitro. To address this issue, we infected C3HeB/FeJ mice with M.tb W. Beijing SA161 and purified LAM from the lung. Analysis of these sources of LAM using a panel of existing mAbs revealed differences in epitope patterns. Conventionally, the non-reducing termini of LAM are identified by their release with endoarabinanase. These epitopes correspond to linear tetra-(Ara4), branched hexa-(Ara6) arabinofuranosides, and their mannose-capped versions. We discovered two distinct epitopes. In the first case, it was found that the non-reducing termini of LAM from M.tb strain SA161 are highly succinylated, especially when the LAM was isolated from the mouse lungs. In the second case, it was found that Cellulomonas endoarabinanase digestion of LAM from both SA161 and LAM from a TB+ HIV- patient's urine yielded epitopes based on 5 arabinoses as major components and a profound lack of Ara6. The epitopes based on 5 arabinoses from M.tb SA161 and from the LAM in human urine must result from underlying structural and thus epitope differences. These results suggest approaches to develop specific antibodies for POC tests for LAM in the urine of suspected TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwiraj De
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Libin Shi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Claudia Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Diane Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Angala SK, Li W, Palčeková Z, Zou L, Lowary TL, McNeil MR, Jackson M. Cloning and Partial Characterization of an Endo-α-(1→6)-d-Mannanase Gene from Bacillus circulans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246244. [PMID: 31835712 PMCID: PMC6940960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria produce two major lipoglycans, lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM), whose broad array of biological activities are tightly related to the fine details of their structure. However, the heterogeneity of these molecules in terms of internal and terminal covalent modifications and complex internal branching patterns represent significant obstacles to their structural characterization. Previously, an endo-α-(1→6)-D-mannanase from Bacillus circulans proved useful in cleaving the mannan backbone of LM and LAM, allowing the reducing end of these molecules to be identified as Manp-(1→6) [Manp-(1→2)]-Ino. Although first reported 45 years ago, no easily accessible form of this enzyme was available to the research community, a fact that may in part be explained by a lack of knowledge of its complete gene sequence. Here, we report on the successful cloning of the complete endo-α-(1→6)-D-mannanase gene from Bacillus circulans TN-31, herein referred to as emn. We further report on the successful production and purification of the glycosyl hydrolase domain of this enzyme and its use to gain further insight into its substrate specificity using synthetic mannoside acceptors as well as LM and phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside precursors purified from mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.R.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +1-970-491-4067 (S.K.A.); +1-970-491-3582 (M.J.); Fax: +1-970-491-1815 (S.K.A.); +1-970-491-1815 (M.J.)
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Zuzana Palčeková
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Lu Zou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (L.Z.); (T.L.L.)
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (L.Z.); (T.L.L.)
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.R.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +1-970-491-4067 (S.K.A.); +1-970-491-3582 (M.J.); Fax: +1-970-491-1815 (S.K.A.); +1-970-491-1815 (M.J.)
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13
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Improved Alere Determine Lipoarabinomannan Antigen Detection Test for the Diagnosis of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis by Manipulating Urine and Milk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18012. [PMID: 31784649 PMCID: PMC6884436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) disease still kills 1-person every 21-seconds. Few TB diagnostic tests are considered truly appropriate for point of care settings. The WHO-endorsed immunodiagnostic Alere Determine Lipoarabinomannan Ag-test (LAM-test) detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex LAM in urine, and its use is recommended for TB diagnosis among HIV co-infected individuals with low CD4 T-cell counts. Here we found that a simple 15-minute enzymatic treatment at room temperature of LAM-spiked urine with α-mannosidase (for human TB), and LAM-spiked milk with combined lactase and caseinase (for bovine TB), enhanced 10-fold the detection levels of the LAM-test and thus, improved the detection of LAM by the LAM-test in urine and milk that otherwise could be missed in the field. Future separate clinical research studies specifically designed to address the potential of these findings are required.
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14
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Mycobacteria and their sweet proteins: An overview of protein glycosylation and lipoglycosylation in M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:1-13. [PMID: 30948163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications represent a key aspect of enzyme and protein regulation and function. Post-translational modifications are involved in signaling and response to stress, adaptation to changing environments, regulation of toxic and damaged proteins, proteins localization and host-pathogen interactions. Glycosylation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a post-translational modification often found in conjunction with acylation in mycobacterial proteins. Since the discovery of glycosylated proteins in the early 1980's, important advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of protein glycosylation have been made. The number of known glycosylated substrates in Mtb has grown through the years, yet many questions remain. This review will explore the current knowledge on protein glycosylation in Mtb, causative agent of Tuberculosis and number one infectious killer in the world. The mechanism and significance of this post-translational modification, as well as maturation, export and acylation of glycosylated proteins will be reviewed. We expect to provide the reader with an overall view of protein glycosylation in Mtb, as well as the significance of this post-translational modification to the physiology and host-pathogen interactions of this important pathogen. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD011081 and 10.6019/PXD011081.
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15
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Owens NA, Laurentius LB, Porter MD, Li Q, Wang S, Chatterjee D. Handheld Raman Spectrometer Instrumentation for Quantitative Tuberculosis Biomarker Detection: A Performance Assessment for Point-of-Need Infectious Disease Diagnostics. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:1104-1115. [PMID: 29664331 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818770666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for the detection of disease biomarkers are key components in the protection of human health. While work over the last few decades has redefined the low-level measurement of disease biomarkers, the translation of these capabilities from the formal clinical setting to point-of-need (PON) usage has been much more limited. This paper presents the results of experiments designed to examine the potential utility of a handheld Raman spectrometer as a PON electronic reader for a sandwich immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In so doing, the study herein used a recently developed procedure for the SERS detection of phospho-myo-inositol-capped lipoarabinomannan (PILAM) as a means to compare the performance of laboratory-grade and handheld instrumentation and, therefore, gauge the utility of the handheld instrument for PON deployment. Phospho-myo-inositol-capped lipoarabinomannan is a non-pathogenic simulant for mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), which is an antigenic marker found in serum and other body fluids of individuals infected with tuberculosis (TB). The results of the measurements with the field-portable spectrometer were then compared to those obtained for the same samples when using a much more sensitive benchtop Raman spectrometer. The results, albeit under different operational settings for the two spectrometers (e.g., signal integration time), are promising in that the limit of detection found for PILAM spiked in human serum when using the handheld system (0.18 ng/mL) approached that of the benchtop instrument (0.032 ng/mL). This work also: (1) identified potential adaptations (e.g., optimization of the plasmonically enhanced response for measurement by the handheld unit through a change in the excitation wavelength) to tighten the gap in performance; and (2) briefly examined the next steps and potential processes required to move this immunoassay platform closer to PON utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Owens
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lars B Laurentius
- 2 Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- 2 Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Qun Li
- 4 B&W Tek, Inc., Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Delphi Chatterjee
- 5 Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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16
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Detection of lipoarabinomannan in urine and serum of HIV-positive and HIV-negative TB suspects using an improved capture-enzyme linked immuno absorbent assay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:178-187. [PMID: 30029905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring in resource limited regions rely heavily on serial sputum smear microscopy and bacterial culture. These microbiological methods are time-consuming, expensive and lack adequate sensitivity. The WHO states that improved TB diagnosis and treatment is imperative to achieve an end to the TB epidemic by 2030. Commercially available lipoarabinomannan (LAM) detection tools perform at low sensitivity that are highly dependent on the underlying immunological status of the patient; those with advanced HIV infection perform well. In this study, we have applied two novel strategies towards the sensitive diagnosis of TB infection based on LAM: Capture ELISA to detect LAM in paired urine and serum samples using murine and human monoclonal antibodies, essentially relying on LAM as an 'immuno-marker'; and, secondly, detection of α-d-arabinofuranose and tuberculostearic acid (TBSA)- 'chemical-markers' unique to mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharides/lipoglycans by our recently developed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Blinded urine specimens, with microbiologically confirmed active pulmonary TB or non TB (HIV+/HIV-) were tested by the aforementioned assays. LAM in patient urine was detected in a concentration range of 3-28 ng/mL based on GC/MS detection of the two LAM-surrogates, d-arabinose and tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) correctly classifying TB status with sensitivity > 99% and specificity = 84%. The ELISA assay had high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (92%) and the results were in agreement with GC/MS analysis. Both tests performed well in their present form particularly for HIV-negative/TB-positive urine samples. Among the HIV+/TB+ samples, 52% were found to have >10 ng/mL urinary LAM. The detected amounts of LAM present in the urine samples also appears to be associated with the gradation of the sputum smear, linking elevated LAM levels with higher mycobacterial burden (odds ratio = 1.08-1.43; p = 0.002). In this small set, ELISA was also applied to parallel serum samples confirming that serum could be an additional reservoir for developing a LAM-based immunoassay for diagnosis of TB.
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17
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De P, McNeil M, Xia M, Boot CM, Hesser DC, Denef K, Rithner C, Sours T, Dobos KM, Hoft D, Chatterjee D. Structural determinants in a glucose-containing lipopolysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis critical for inducing a subset of protective T cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9706-9717. [PMID: 29716995 PMCID: PMC6016469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria synthesize intracellular, 6-O-methylglucose–containing lipopolysaccharides (mGLPs) proposed to modulate bacterial fatty acid metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that Mycobacterium tuberculosis mGLP specifically induces a specific subset of protective γ9δ2 T cells. Mild base treatment, which removes all the base-labile groups, reduces the specific activity of mGLP required for induction of these T cells, suggesting that acylation of the saccharide moieties is required for γ9δ2 T-cell activation. On the basis of this premise, we used analytical LC/MS and NMR methods to identify and locate the acyl functions on the mGLP saccharides. We found that mGLP is heterogeneous with respect to acyl functions and contains acetyl, isobutyryl, succinyl, and octanoyl groups and that all acylations in mGLP, except for succinyl and octanoyl residues, reside on the glucosyl residues immediately following the terminal 3-O-methylglucose. Our analyses also indicated that the octanoyl residue resides at position 2 of an internal glucose toward the reducing end. LC/MS analysis of the residual product obtained by digesting the mGLP with pancreatic α-amylase revealed that the product is an oligosaccharide terminated by α-(1→4)–linked 6-O-methyl-d-glucosyl residues. This oligosaccharide retained none of the acyl groups, except for the octanoyl group, and was unable to induce protective γ9δ2 T cells. This observation confirmed that mGLP induces γ9δ2 T cells and indicated that the acylated glucosyl residues at the nonreducing terminus of mGLP are required for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwiraj De
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Michael McNeil
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Mei Xia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Claudia M Boot
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Danny C Hesser
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Karolien Denef
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Christopher Rithner
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Tyler Sours
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Karen M Dobos
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
| | - Daniel Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology and
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18
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Tersa M, Raich L, Albesa-Jové D, Trastoy B, Prandi J, Gilleron M, Rovira C, Guerin ME. The Molecular Mechanism of Substrate Recognition and Catalysis of the Membrane Acyltransferase PatA from Mycobacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:131-140. [PMID: 29185694 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids play a central role in a variety of important biological processes in all living organisms. PatA is a membrane acyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), key structural elements, and virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PatA catalyzes the transfer of a palmitoyl moiety from palmitoyl-CoA to the 6-position of the mannose ring linked to the 2-position of inositol in PIM1/PIM2. We report here the crystal structure of PatA in the presence of 6-O-palmitoyl-α-d-mannopyranoside, unraveling the acceptor binding mechanism. The acceptor mannose ring localizes in a cavity at the end of a surface-exposed long groove where the active site is located, whereas the palmitate moiety accommodates into a hydrophobic pocket deeply buried in the α/β core of the protein. Both fatty acyl chains of the PIM2 acceptor are essential for the reaction to take place, highlighting their critical role in the generation of a competent active site. By the use of combined structural and quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) metadynamics, we unravel the catalytic mechanism of PatA at the atomic-electronic level. Our study provides a detailed structural rationale for a stepwise reaction, with the generation of a tetrahedral transition state for the rate-determining step. Finally, the crystal structure of PatA in the presence of β-d-mannopyranose and palmitate suggests an inhibitory mechanism for the enzyme, providing exciting possibilities for inhibitor design and the discovery of chemotherapeutic agents against this major human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Tersa
- Structural Biology
Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Lluís Raich
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció
de Química Orgànica) and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Albesa-Jové
- Structural Biology
Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
- Departamento de
Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Biology
Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jacques Prandi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció
de Química Orgànica) and IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural Biology
Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
- Departamento de
Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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19
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Jankute M, Alderwick LJ, Noack S, Veerapen N, Nigou J, Besra GS. Disruption of Mycobacterial AftB Results in Complete Loss of Terminal β(1 → 2) Arabinofuranose Residues of Lipoarabinomannan. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:183-190. [PMID: 28033704 PMCID: PMC5259755 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lipoarabinomannan
(LAM) and arabinogalactan (AG) are the two major
mycobacterial cell wall (lipo)polysaccharides, which contain a structurally
similar arabinan domain that is highly branched and assembled in a
stepwise fashion by variety of arabinofuranosyltransferases (ArafT). In addition to playing an essential role in mycobacterial
physiology, LAM and its biochemical precursor lipomannan possess potent
immunomodulatory activities that affect the host immune response.
In the search of additional mycobacterial ArafTs
that participate in the synthesis of the arabinan segment of LAM,
we disrupted aftB (MSMEG_6400) in Mycobacterium smegmatis. The deletion of chromosomal aftB locus could only be achieved in the presence of a rescue
plasmid carrying a functional copy of aftB, strongly
suggesting that it is essential for the viability of M. smegmatis. Isolation and detailed structural characterization of a LAM molecule
derived from the conditional mutant deficient in AftB revealed the
absence of terminal β(1 → 2)-linked arabinofuranosyl
residues. Furthermore, we demonstrated that truncated LAM displays
proinflammatory activity, which is due to its ability to activate
Toll-like receptor 2. All together, our results indicate that AftB
is an essential mycobacterial ArafT that plays a
role in the synthesis of the arabinan domain of LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jankute
- School
of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J. Alderwick
- School
of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School
of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut
de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School
of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Structural basis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1355-1367. [PMID: 27826050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs) are glycolipids of unique chemical structure found in the inner and outer membranes of the cell envelope of all Mycobacterium species. The PIM family of glycolipids comprises phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexamannosides with different degrees of acylation. PIMs are considered not only essential structural components of the cell envelope but also the precursors of lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan, two major lipoglycans implicated in host-pathogen interactions. Since the description of the complete chemical structure of PIMs, major efforts have been committed to defining the molecular bases of its biosynthetic pathway. The structural characterization of the integral membrane phosphatidyl-myo-inositol phosphate synthase (PIPS), and that of three enzymes working at the protein-membrane interface, the phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosyltransferases A and B, and the acyltransferase PatA, established the basis of the early steps of the PIM pathway at the molecular level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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21
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Barka EA, Vatsa P, Sanchez L, Gaveau-Vaillant N, Jacquard C, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Klenk HP, Clément C, Ouhdouch Y, van Wezel GP. Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:1-43. [PMID: 26609051 PMCID: PMC4711186 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 915] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C DNA content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Many Actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. They also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal compounds. Consequently, these bacteria are of major importance for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Actinobacteria play diverse roles in their associations with various higher organisms, since their members have adopted different lifestyles, and the phylum includes pathogens (notably, species of Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium, and Tropheryma), soil inhabitants (e.g., Micromonospora and Streptomyces species), plant commensals (e.g., Frankia spp.), and gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacterium spp.). Actinobacteria also play an important role as symbionts and as pathogens in plant-associated microbial communities. This review presents an update on the biology of this important bacterial phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essaid Ait Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Parul Vatsa
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Nathalie Gaveau-Vaillant
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Cedric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne, UFR Sciences, UPRES EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Yder Ouhdouch
- Faculté de Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unique in that it differs significantly from those of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The thick, carbohydrate- and lipid-rich cell wall with distinct lipoglycans enables mycobacteria to survive under hostile conditions such as shortage of nutrients and antimicrobial exposure. The key features of this highly complex cell wall are the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP)-based and phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-based macromolecular structures, with the latter possessing potent immunomodulatory properties. These structures are crucial for the growth, viability, and virulence of M. tuberculosis and therefore are often the targets of effective chemotherapeutic agents against tuberculosis. Over the past decade, sophisticated genomic and molecular tools have advanced our understanding of the primary structure and biosynthesis of these macromolecules. The availability of the full genome sequences of various mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, have greatly facilitated the identification of large numbers of drug targets and antigens specific to tuberculosis. Techniques to manipulate mycobacteria have also improved extensively; the conditional expression-specialized transduction essentiality test (CESTET) is currently used to determine the essentiality of individual genes. Finally, various biosynthetic assays using either purified proteins or synthetic cell wall acceptors have been developed to study enzyme function. This article focuses on the recent advances in determining the structural details and biosynthesis of arabinogalactan, lipoarabinomannan, and related glycoconjugates.
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Källenius G, Correia-Neves M, Buteme H, Hamasur B, Svenson SB. Lipoarabinomannan, and its related glycolipids, induce divergent and opposing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depending on structural diversity and experimental variations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:120-30. [PMID: 26586646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may lead to active or latent tuberculosis, or clearance of Mtb, depending essentially on the quality of the host's immune response. This response is initiated through the interaction of Mtb cell wall surface components, mostly glycolipids, with cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs). The way Mφs and DC alter their cytokine secretome, activate or inhibit different microbicidal mechanisms and present antigens and consequently trigger the T cell-mediated immune response impacts the host immune response against Mtb. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is one of the major cell wall components of Mtb. Mannosyl-capped LAM (ManLAM), and its related cell wall-associated types of glycolipids/lipoglycans, namely phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), exhibit important and distinct immunomodulatory properties. The structure, internal heterogeneity and abundance of these molecules vary between Mtb strains exhibiting distinct degrees of virulence. Thus ManLAM, LM and PIMs may be considered crucial Mtb-associated virulence factors in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Of particular relevance for this review, there is controversy about the specific immunomodulatory properties of these distinct glycolipids, particularly when tested as purified molecules in vitro. In addition to the variability in the glycolipid composition conflicting reports may also result from differences in the protocols used for glycolipid isolation and for in vitro experiments including immune cell types and procedures to generate them. Understanding the immunomodulatory properties of these cell wall glycolipids, how they differ between distinct Mtb strains, and how they influence the degree of Mtb virulence, is of utmost relevance to understand how the host mounts a protective or otherwise pathologic immune response. This is essential for the design of preventive strategies against tuberculosis. Thus, since clarifying the controversy on this matter is crucial we here review, summarize and discuss reported data from in vitro stimulation with the three major Mtb complex cell wall glycolipids (ManLAM, PIMs and LM) in an attempt to conciliate the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Källenius
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helen Buteme
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan B Svenson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jankute
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jonathan A.G. Cox
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - James Harrison
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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25
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Hamasur B, Bruchfeld J, van Helden P, Källenius G, Svenson S. A sensitive urinary lipoarabinomannan test for tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123457. [PMID: 25905641 PMCID: PMC4408114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a diagnostic test for tuberculosis based on detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine. The method depended on a laborious concentration step. We have now developed an easy to perform test based on a magnetic immunoassay platform, utilizing high avidity monoclonal antibodies for the detection of LAM in urine. With this method the analytical sensitivity of the assay was increased 50-100-fold compared to conventional ELISA. In a pilot study of HIV-negative patients with microbiologically verified TB (n=17) and healthy controls (n=22) the sensitivity of the test was 82% and the specificity 100%. This is in stark positive contrast to a range of studies using available commercial tests with polyclonal anti-LAM Abs where the sensitivity of the tests in HIV-negative TB patients was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beston Hamasur
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Solna and, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul van Helden
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, US/MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Svenson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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Mohanty S, Jagannathan L, Ganguli G, Padhi A, Roy D, Alaridah N, Saha P, Nongthomba U, Godaly G, Gopal RK, Banerjee S, Sonawane A. A mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13321-43. [PMID: 25825498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis employs various strategies to modulate host immune responses to facilitate its persistence in macrophages. The M. tuberculosis cell wall contains numerous glycoproteins with unknown roles in pathogenesis. Here, by using Concanavalin A and LC-MS analysis, we identified a novel mannosylated glycoprotein phosphoribosyltransferase, encoded by Rv3242c from M. tuberculosis cell walls. Homology modeling, bioinformatic analyses, and an assay of phosphoribosyltransferase activity in Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing recombinant Rv3242c (MsmRv3242c) confirmed the mass spectrometry data. Using Mycobacterium marinum-zebrafish and the surrogate MsmRv3242c infection models, we proved that phosphoribosyltransferase is involved in mycobacterial virulence. Histological and infection assays showed that the M. marinum mimG mutant, an Rv3242c orthologue in a pathogenic M. marinum strain, was strongly attenuated in adult zebrafish and also survived less in macrophages. In contrast, infection with wild type and the complemented ΔmimG:Rv3242c M. marinum strains showed prominent pathological features, such as severe emaciation, skin lesions, hemorrhaging, and more zebrafish death. Similarly, recombinant MsmRv3242c bacteria showed increased invasion in non-phagocytic epithelial cells and longer intracellular survival in macrophages as compared with wild type and vector control M. smegmatis strains. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the Rv3242c- and mimG-mediated enhancement of intramacrophagic survival was due to inhibition of autophagy, reactive oxygen species, and reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. Infection with MsmRv3242c also activated the MAPK pathway, NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, we show that a novel mycobacterial mannosylated phosphoribosyltransferase acts as a virulence and immunomodulatory factor, suggesting that it may constitute a novel target for antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Lakshmanan Jagannathan
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India, the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Avinash Padhi
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Debasish Roy
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nader Alaridah
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pratip Saha
- the Bioinformatics Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India, and
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gabriela Godaly
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Kumar Gopal
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India, the Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India,
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28
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Korkegian A, Roberts DM, Blair R, Parish T. Mutations in the essential arabinosyltransferase EmbC lead to alterations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35172-81. [PMID: 25352598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall is a complex structure essential for the viability of the organism and its interaction with the host. The glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) plays an important role in mediating host-bacteria interactions and is involved in modulation of the immune response. The arabinosyltransferase EmbC required for LAM biosynthesis is essential. We constructed recombinant strains of M. tuberculosis expressing a variety of alleles of EmbC. We demonstrated that EmbC has a functional signal peptide in M. tuberculosis. Over- or underexpression of EmbC resulted in reduced or increased sensitivity to ethambutol, respectively. The C-terminal domain of EmbC was essential for activity because truncated alleles were unable to mediate LAM production in Mycobacterium smegmatis and were unable to complement an embC deletion in M. tuberculosis. The C-terminal domain of the closely related arabinosyltransferase EmbB was unable to complement the function of the EmbC C-terminal domain. Two functional motifs were identified. The GT-C motif contains two aspartate residues essential for function in the DDX motif. The proline-rich region contains two highly conserved asparagines (Asn-638 and Asn-652). Mutation of these residues was tolerated, but loss of Asn-638 resulted in the synthesis of truncated LAM, which appeared to lack arabinose branching. All embC alleles that were incapable of complementing LAM production in M. smegmatis were not viable in M. tuberculosis, supporting the hypothesis that LAM itself is essential in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Korkegian
- From TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102
| | - David M Roberts
- From TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102
| | - Rachel Blair
- From TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102
| | - Tanya Parish
- From TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102
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29
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Kaur D, Angala SK, Wu SW, Khoo KH, Chatterjee D, Brennan PJ, Jackson M, McNeil MR. A single arabinan chain is attached to the phosphatidylinositol mannosyl core of the major immunomodulatory mycobacterial cell envelope glycoconjugate, lipoarabinomannan. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30249-30256. [PMID: 25231986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is composed of a phosphatidylinositol anchor followed by a mannan followed by an arabinan that may be capped with various motifs including oligosaccharides of mannose. A related polymer, lipomannan (LM), is composed of only the phosphatidylinositol and mannan core. Both the structure and the biosynthesis of LAM have been studied extensively. However, fundamental questions about the branching structure of LM and the number of arabinan chains on the mannan backbone in LAM remain. LM and LAM molecules produced by three different glycosyltransferase mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis were used here to investigate these questions. Using an MSMEG_4241 mutant that lacks the α-(1,6)-mannosyltransferase used late in LM elongation, we showed that the reducing end region of the mannan that is attached to inositol has 5-7 unbranched α-6-linked-mannosyl residues followed by two or three α-6-linked mannosyl residues branched with single α-mannopyranose residues at O-2. After these branched mannosyl residues, the α-6-linked mannan chain is terminated with an α-mannopyranose at O-2 rather than O-6 of the penultimate residue. Analysis of the number of arabinans attached to the mannan core of LM in two other mutants (ΔembC and ΔMSMEG_4247) demonstrated exactly one arabinosyl substitution of the mannan core suggestive of the arabinosylation of a linear LM precursor with ∼10-12 mannosyl residues followed by additional mannosylation of the core and arabinosylation of a single arabinosyl "primer." Thus, these studies suggest that only a single arabinan chain attached near the middle of the mannan core is present in mature LAM and allow for an updated working model of the biosynthetic pathway of LAM and LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Kaur
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Shiva K Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Sz-Wei Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and.
| | - Michael R McNeil
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 and.
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30
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Angala SK, Belardinelli JM, Huc-Claustre E, Wheat WH, Jackson M. The cell envelope glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:361-99. [PMID: 24915502 PMCID: PMC4436706 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.925420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent. The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease in humans, is a source of unique glycoconjugates and the most distinctive feature of the biology of this organism. It is the basis of much of Mtb pathogenesis and one of the major causes of its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time, the unique structures of Mtb cell envelope glycoconjugates, their antigenicity and essentiality for mycobacterial growth provide opportunities for drug, vaccine, diagnostic and biomarker development, as clearly illustrated by recent advances in all of these translational aspects. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure and biogenesis of Mtb glycoconjugates with particular emphasis on one of the most intriguing and least understood aspect of the physiology of mycobacteria: the translocation of these complex macromolecules across the different layers of the cell envelope. It further reviews the rather impressive progress made in the last 10 years in the discovery and development of novel inhibitors targeting their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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31
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32
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Tian J, Sethi A, Swanson BI, Goldstein B, Gnanakaran S. Taste of sugar at the membrane: thermodynamics and kinetics of the interaction of a disaccharide with lipid bilayers. Biophys J 2013; 104:622-32. [PMID: 23442913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar recognition at the membrane is critical in various physiological processes. Many aspects of sugar-membrane interaction are still unknown. We take an integrated approach by combining conventional molecular-dynamics simulations with enhanced sampling methods and analytical models to understand the thermodynamics and kinetics of a di-mannose molecule in a phospholipid bilayer system. We observe that di-mannose has a slight preference to localize at the water-phospholipid interface. Using umbrella sampling, we show the free energy bias for this preferred location to be just -0.42 kcal/mol, which explains the coexistence of attraction and exclusion mechanisms of sugar-membrane interaction. Accurate estimation of absolute entropy change of water molecules with a two-phase model indicates that the small energy bias is the result of a favorable entropy change of water molecules. Then, we incorporate results from molecular-dynamics simulation in two different ways to an analytical diffusion-reaction model to obtain association and dissociation constants for di-mannose interaction with membrane. Finally, we verify our approach by predicting concentration dependence of di-mannose recognition at the membrane that is consistent with experiment. In conclusion, we provide a combined approach for the thermodynamics and kinetics of a weak ligand-binding system, which has broad implications across many different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Tian
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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Critical roles for lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan in cell wall integrity of mycobacteria and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. mBio 2013; 4:e00472-12. [PMID: 23422411 PMCID: PMC3573661 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00472-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are mycobacterial glycolipids containing a long mannose polymer. While they are implicated in immune modulations, the significance of LM and LAM as structural components of the mycobacterial cell wall remains unknown. We have previously reported that a branch-forming mannosyltransferase plays a critical role in controlling the sizes of LM and LAM and that deletion or overexpression of this enzyme results in gross changes in LM/LAM structures. Here, we show that such changes in LM/LAM structures have a significant impact on the cell wall integrity of mycobacteria. In Mycobacterium smegmatis, structural defects in LM and LAM resulted in loss of acid-fast staining, increased sensitivity to β-lactam antibiotics, and faster killing by THP-1 macrophages. Furthermore, equivalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants became more sensitive to β-lactams, and one mutant showed attenuated virulence in mice. Our results revealed previously unknown structural roles for LM and LAM and further demonstrated that they are important for the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a global burden, affecting millions of people worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a causative agent of TB, and understanding the biology of M. tuberculosis is essential for tackling this devastating disease. The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is highly impermeable and plays a protective role in establishing infection. Among the cell wall components, LM and LAM are major glycolipids found in all Mycobacterium species, show various immunomodulatory activities, and have been thought to play roles in TB pathogenesis. However, the roles of LM and LAM as integral parts of the cell wall structure have not been elucidated. Here we show that LM and LAM play critical roles in the integrity of mycobacterial cell wall and the pathogenesis of TB. These findings will now allow us to seek the possibility that the LM/LAM biosynthetic pathway is a chemotherapeutic target.
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Jankute M, Grover S, Rana AK, Besra GS. Arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis: structure, biogenesis and their potential as drug targets. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:129-47. [PMID: 22191451 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of TB, remains the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious organism. The persistence of this human pathogen is associated with its distinctive lipid-rich cell wall structure that is highly impermeable to hydrophilic chemical drugs. This highly complex and unique structure is crucial for the growth, viability and virulence of M. tuberculosis, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. It contains a large macromolecular structure known as the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, as well as phosphatidyl-myo-inositol derived glycolipids with potent immunomodulatory activity, notably lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. These cell wall components are often the targets of effective chemotherapeutic agents against TB, such as ethambutol. This review focuses on the structural details and biosynthetic pathways of both arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, as well as the effects of potent drugs on these important (lipo)polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jankute
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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35
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Sonawane A, Mohanty S, Jagannathan L, Bekolay A, Banerjee S. Role of glycans and glycoproteins in disease development by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:250-66. [PMID: 22324751 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.653550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins play a critical role in host-pathogen interactions, antigenicity, and virulence determination, and are therefore, considered as potential drug targets. The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), dominantly contains sugars and lipids. Despite the efforts taken by the World Health Organization to reduce the incidence rate, the prevalence of TB is increasing in certain regions. This is mainly attributed to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Factors that contribute to Mtb virulence and antigenicity remain elusive. However, several studies have shown that sugars and lipids are mainly responsible for Mtb pathogenesis and resistance to numerous drugs. This review gives insight into the role of glycoproteins in mycobacterium pathogenesis, disease development, and its implications in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India.
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36
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Hutacharoen P, Ruchirawat S, Boonyarattanakalin S. Biological Activities of Synthetic Oligosaccharides and Glycolipids from Mycobacteria. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.621041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panatpong Hutacharoen
- a School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , 12121 , Thailand
- b Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- b Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
- c Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
| | - Siwarutt Boonyarattanakalin
- a School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , 12121 , Thailand
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37
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Sumatoh HR, Oliver BG, Kumar M, Elliott JH, Vonthanak S, Vun MC, Singh S, Agarwal U, Kumar A, Tan HY, Kamarulzaman A, Yunihastuti E, Saraswati H, Price P. Mycobacterial antibody levels and immune restoration disease in HIV patients treated in South East Asia. Biomark Med 2011; 5:847-53. [PMID: 22103621 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Immune restoration disease (IRD) associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis parallels the reconstitution of a pathogen-specific Th1 response. However, it is not clear whether humoral responses to M. tuberculosis antigens also rise, or whether antibody levels predict IRD. Here, humoral immunity to M. tuberculosis antigens was investigated in four Asian cohorts. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from longitudinal prospective studies of HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy (ART) in New Delhi (India), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Jakarta (Indonesia) and Phnom Penh (Cambodia). IgG antibodies to purified protein derivative, lipoarabinomannan and 38-kDa antigens of M. tuberculosis were quantitated using in-house ELISAs. IRD was defined as exacerbated symptoms of tuberculosis in patients on anti-tuberculosis therapy or a novel presentation of tuberculosis on ART. RESULTS Pre-ART IgG levels to purified protein derivative, lipoarabinomannan and 38-kDa antigen were similar in the IRD and control groups from each site. Compared with non-IRD controls, a higher proportion of IRD patients had elevated IgG levels to lipoarabinomannan (defined as a greater than twofold increase) over 12 weeks of ART. However, this trend was not significant for the other antigens and longitudinal analyses did not reveal clear rises in antibody levels at the time of IRD. CONCLUSION Levels of antibody to mycobacterial antigens do not predict IRD, but levels of antibody reactive with lipoarabinomannan rise during an IRD in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermi R Sumatoh
- School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Understanding the interaction of Lipoarabinomannan with membrane mimetic architectures. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 92:38-47. [PMID: 22033469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. LAM is secreted in urine and serum from infected patients and is being studied as a potential diagnostic indicator for the disease. Herein, we present a novel ultra-sensitive and specific detection strategy for monomeric LAM based on its amphiphilic nature and consequent interaction with supported lipid bilayers. Our strategy involves the capture of LAM on waveguides functionalized with membrane mimetic architectures, followed by detection with a fluorescently labeled polyclonal antibody. This approach offers ultra-sensitive detection of lipoarabinomannan (10 fM, within 15 min) and may be extended to other amphiphilic markers. We also show that chemical deacylation of LAM completely abrogates its association with the supported lipid bilayers. The loss of signal using the waveguide assay for deacylated LAM, as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) images that show no change in height upon addition of deacylated LAM support this hypothesis. Mass spectrometry of chemically deacylated LAM indicates the presence of LAM-specific carbohydrate chains, which maintain antigenicity in immunoassays. Further, we have developed the first three-dimensional structural model of mannose-capped LAM that provides insights into the orientation of LAM on supported lipid bilayers.
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Parthasarathi R, Tian J, Redondo A, Gnanakaran S. Quantum Chemical Study of Carbohydrate–Phospholipid Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12826-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Parthasarathi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jianhui Tian
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Antonio Redondo
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Lipoarabinomannan localization and abundance during growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5802-9. [PMID: 21840972 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05299-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a structurally heterogeneous amphipathic lipoglycan present in Mycobacterium spp. and other actinomycetes, which constitutes a major component of the cell wall and exhibits a wide spectrum of immunomodulatory effects. Analysis of Mycobacterium smegmatis subcellular fractions and spheroplasts showed that LAM and lipomannan (LM) were primarily found in a cell wall-enriched subcellular fraction and correlated with the presence (or absence) of the mycolic acids in spheroplast preparations, suggesting that LAM and LM are primarily associated with the putative outer membrane of mycobacteria. During the course of these studies significant changes in the LAM/LM content of the cell wall were noted relative to the age of the culture. The LAM content of the M. smegmatis cell wall was dramatically reduced as the bacilli approached stationary phase, whereas LM, mycolic acid, and arabinogalactan content appeared to be unchanged. In addition, cell morphology and acid-fast staining characteristics showed variations with growth phase of the bacteria. In the logarithmic phase, the bacteria were found to be classic rod-shaped acid-fast bacilli, while in the stationary phase M. smegmatis lost the characteristic rod shape and developed a punctate acid-fast staining pattern with carbolfuchsin. The number of viable bacteria was independent of LAM content and phenotype. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that LAM is primarily localized with the mycolic acids in the cell wall and that the cellular concentration of LAM in M. smegmatis is selectively modulated with the growth phase.
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Morita YS, Fukuda T, Sena CB, Yamaryo-Botte Y, McConville MJ, Kinoshita T. Inositol lipid metabolism in mycobacteria: Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:630-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mishra AK, Driessen NN, Appelmelk BJ, Besra GS. Lipoarabinomannan and related glycoconjugates: structure, biogenesis and role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology and host-pathogen interaction. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:1126-57. [PMID: 21521247 PMCID: PMC3229680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This bacterium has an unusual lipid-rich cell wall containing a vast repertoire of antigens, providing a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against chemical drugs, thus representing an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. Apart from the mycolyl–arabinogalactan–peptidoglycan complex, mycobacteria possess several immunomodulatory constituents, notably lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan. The availability of whole-genome sequences of M. tuberculosis and related bacilli over the past decade has led to the identification and functional characterization of various enzymes and the potential drug targets involved in the biosynthesis of these glycoconjugates. Both lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan possess highly variable chemical structures, which interact with different receptors of the immune system during host–pathogen interactions, such as Toll-like receptors-2 and C-type lectins. Recently, the availability of mutants defective in the synthesis of these glycoconjugates in mycobacteria and the closely related bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, has paved the way for host–pathogen interaction studies, as well as, providing attenuated strains of mycobacteria for the development of new vaccine candidates. This review provides a comprehensive account of the structure, biosynthesis and immunomodulatory properties of these important glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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Structural remodeling, trafficking and functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:411-24. [PMID: 21658410 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a glycolipid that is covalently attached to proteins as a post-translational modification. Such modification leads to the anchoring of the protein to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Proteins that are decorated with GPIs have unique properties in terms of their physical nature. In particular, these proteins tend to accumulate in lipid rafts, which are critical for the functions and trafficking of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). Recent studies mainly using mutant cells revealed that various structural remodeling reactions occur to GPIs present in GPI-APs as they are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. This review examines the recent progress describing the mechanisms of structural remodeling of mammalian GPI-anchors, such as inositol deacylation, glycan remodeling and fatty acid remodeling, with particular focus on their trafficking and functions, as well as the pathogenesis involving GPI-APs and their deficiency.
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Lo Conte M, Marra A, Chambery A, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Dondoni A. Modular approach to triazole-linked 1,6-α-D-oligomannosides to the discovery of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall synthetase. J Org Chem 2011; 75:6326-36. [PMID: 20822121 DOI: 10.1021/jo100928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at developing inhibitors of mannosyltransferases, the enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the synthesis of a range of designed triazole-linked 1,6-oligomannosides up to a hexadecamer has been accomplished by a modular approach centered on the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition as key process. The efficiency and fidelity of the cycloaddition are substantiated by high yields (76-96%) and exclusive formation of the expected 1,4-disubstituted triazole ring in all oligomer assembling reactions. Key features of oligomers thus prepared are the anomeric carbon-carbon bond of all mannoside residues and the 6-deoxymannoside capping residue. Suitable bioassays with dimer, tetramer, hexamer, octamer, decamer, and hexadecamer showed variable inhibitor activity against mycobacterial α-(1,6)-mannosyltransferases, the highest activity (IC(50) = 0.14-0.22 mM) being registered with the hexamannoside and octamannoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lo Conte
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Guerin ME, Korduláková J, Alzari PM, Brennan PJ, Jackson M. Molecular basis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside biosynthesis and regulation in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33577-83. [PMID: 20801880 PMCID: PMC2962455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.168328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs) are unique glycolipids found in abundant quantities in the inner and outer membranes of the cell envelope of all Mycobacterium species. They are based on a phosphatidyl-myo-inositol lipid anchor carrying one to six mannose residues and up to four acyl chains. PIMs are considered not only essential structural components of the cell envelope but also the structural basis of the lipoglycans (lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan), all important molecules implicated in host-pathogen interactions in the course of tuberculosis and leprosy. Although the chemical structure of PIMs is now well established, knowledge of the enzymes and sequential events leading to their biosynthesis and regulation is still incomplete. Recent advances in the identification of key proteins involved in PIM biogenesis and the determination of the three-dimensional structures of the essential phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosyltransferase PimA and the lipoprotein LpqW have led to important insights into the molecular basis of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo E. Guerin
- From the Unidad de Biofisica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
- the Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 País Vasco, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jana Korduláková
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pedro M. Alzari
- the Unité de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France, and
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Mary Jackson
- the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
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Synthesis of partially benzylated arabinofuranosides, NMR analysis, and application to oligosaccharide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dondoni A. Heterocycles in organic synthesis: thiazoles and triazoles as exemplar cases of synthetic auxiliaries. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3366-85. [PMID: 20505853 DOI: 10.1039/c002586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective article illustrates the key role of thiazole and triazole in the work carried out in the author's laboratory over three decades and deals with the synthesis of carbohydrate-based bioactive molecules. The first part reports on the development of synthetic strategies exploiting the use of various thiazole-based reagents and the ready conversion of thiazole into the formyl group. After describing the chain elongation of monosaccharides into higher-carbon homologues, the synthesis of target natural and non-natural carbohydrates, or their ultimate precursors, is presented. These include some sphingoids, neuraminic and destomic acids, lincosamine, various 3-deoxy-2-ulosonic acids (KDO, KDN, iso-Neu4Ac), iminosugars (nojirimycin, mannojirimycin, galactostatin) and homoazasugars. Also prepared were the disaccharide subunit of bleomycin A(2) and the side-chain of taxol and taxotere.((R)) The use of 1,2,3-triazole is discussed in the second part of the paper. The service of this heterocycle that is easily formed by the Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is considered in light of its use as a robust linker (a sort of keystone) of complex and diverse molecular architectures. Thus, the assembly of triazole-linked glycosyl amino acids, non-natural nucleotides, 1,6-oligomannosides, sialoside clusters on calixarene platfom via CuAAC is described and the biological relevance of these compounds is discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Sena CBC, Fukuda T, Miyanagi K, Matsumoto S, Kobayashi K, Murakami Y, Maeda Y, Kinoshita T, Morita YS. Controlled expression of branch-forming mannosyltransferase is critical for mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13326-36. [PMID: 20215111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycans present in the mycobacterial cell wall. In Mycobacterium smegmatis, the mannan core of LM/LAM constitutes a linear chain of 20-25 alpha1,6-mannoses elaborated by 8-9 alpha1,2-monomannose side branches. At least two alpha1,6-mannosyltransferases mediate the linear mannose chain elongation, and one branching alpha1,2-mannosyltransferase (encoded by MSMEG_4247) transfers monomannose branches. An MSMEG_4247 deletion mutant accumulates branchless LAM and interestingly fails to accumulate LM, suggesting an unexpected role of mannose branching for LM synthesis or maintenance. To understand the roles of MSMEG_4247-mediated branching more clearly, we analyzed the MSMEG_4247 deletion mutant in detail. Our study showed that the deletion mutant restored the synthesis of wild-type LM and LAM upon the expression of MSMEG_4247 at wild-type levels. In striking contrast, overexpression of MSMEG_4247 resulted in the accumulation of dwarfed LM/LAM, although monomannose branching was restored. The dwarfed LAM carried a mannan chain less than half the length of wild-type LAM and was elaborated by an arabinan that was about 4 times smaller. Induced overexpression of an elongating alpha1,6-mannosyltransferase competed with the overexpressed branching enzyme, alleviating the dwarfing effect of the branching enzyme. In wild-type cells, LM and LAM decreased in quantity in the stationary phase, and the expression levels of branching and elongating mannosyltransferases were reduced in concert, presumably to avoid producing abnormal LM/LAM. These data suggest that the coordinated expressions of branching and elongating mannosyltransferases are critical for mannan backbone elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubert B C Sena
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Basler T, Holtmann H, Abel J, Eckstein T, Baumer W, Valentin-Weigand P, Goethe R. Reduced transcript stabilization restricts TNF-alpha expression in RAW264.7 macrophages infected with pathogenic mycobacteria: evidence for an involvement of lipomannan. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:173-83. [PMID: 19850884 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0309207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the critical role that TNF-alpha plays in the containment of mycobacterial infection, the mechanisms involved in regulation of its expression by mycobacteria are poorly defined. We addressed this question by studying MAP, which causes a chronic enteritis in ruminants and is linked to human Crohn's disease. We found that in MAP infected macrophages, TNF-alpha gene expression was substantially lower than in macrophages infected with nonpathogenic MS or stimulated with LPS. TNF-alpha transcriptional one could not fully explain the differential TNF-alpha mRNA expression, suggesting that there must be a substantial contribution by post-transcriptional mechanisms.Accordingly, we found reduced TNF-alpha mRNA stability in MAP-infected macrophages. Further comparison of MAP- and MS-infected macrophages revealed that lower TNF-alpha mRNA stability combined with lower mRNA and protein expression in MAP-infected macrophages correlated with lower p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These findings were independent of viability of MAP and MS. We demonstrate that the major mycobacterial cell-wall lipoglycan LM of MAP and MS induced TNF-alpha mRNA transcription,but only the MS-LM induced p38 MAPK-dependent transcript stabilization. Overall, our data suggest that pathogenic mycobacteria cause weak p38 and TNF-alpha mRNA stabilization as a result of their structural cell-wall components such as LM and thereby, restrict TNF-alpha expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Basler
- Institut fur Mikrobiologie, Stiftung Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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