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Yamazaki A, Nishimiya Y, Tsuda S, Togashi K, Munehara H. Freeze Tolerance in Sculpins (Pisces; Cottoidea) Inhabiting North Pacific and Arctic Oceans: Antifreeze Activity and Gene Sequences of the Antifreeze Protein. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040139. [PMID: 30959891 PMCID: PMC6523315 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine species inhabiting icy seawater produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to prevent their body fluids from freezing. The sculpin species of the superfamily Cottoidea are widely found from the Arctic to southern hemisphere, some of which are known to express AFP. Here we clarified DNA sequence encoding type I AFP for 3 species of 2 families (Cottidae and Agonidae) belonging to Cottoidea. We also examined antifreeze activity for 3 families and 32 species of Cottoidea (Cottidae, Agonidae, and Rhamphocottidae). These fishes were collected in 2013–2015 from the Arctic Ocean, Alaska, Japan. We could identify 8 distinct DNA sequences exhibiting a high similarity to those reported for Myoxocephalus species, suggesting that Cottidae and Agonidae share the same DNA sequence encoding type I AFP. Among the 3 families, Rhamphocottidae that experience a warm current did not show antifreeze activity. The species inhabiting the Arctic Ocean and Northern Japan that often covered with ice floe showed high activity, while those inhabiting Alaska, Southern Japan with a warm current showed low/no activity. These results suggest that Cottoidea acquires type I AFP gene before dividing into Cottidae and Agonidae, and have adapted to each location with optimal antifreeze activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamazaki
- Nanae Fresh-Water Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Nanae Town Kameda-gun 041-1105, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishimiya
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Sakae Tsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Koji Togashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Munehara
- Usujiri Fisheries Station, Field Science Center of Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-1613, Japan.
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Ammar AY, El Nahas AF, Mahmoud S, Barakat ME, Hassan AM. Characterization of type IV antifreeze gene in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and influence of cold and hot weather on its expression and some immune-related genes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:515-525. [PMID: 29234908 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the effect of the thermal stress of ambient temperature during winter and summer on the expression of type IV antifreeze gene (ANF IV) in different tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as some immune-related genes. At first, genomic ANF IV gene was characterized from one fish; 124 amino acids were identified with 92.7% similarity with that on the gene bank. Expression of ANF IV and immune-related genes were done twice, once at the end of December (winter sample, temperature 14 °C) and the other at August (summer sample, temperature 36 °C). Assessment of ANF IV gene expression in different organs of fish was done; splenic mRNA was used for assessment of immune-related gene transcripts (CXCl2 chemokine, cc-chemokine, INF-3A, and MHC IIβ). Winter expression analysis of AFP IV in O. niloticus revealed significant upregulation of mRNA transcript levels in the intestine, gills, skin, spleen, liver, and brain with 324.03-, 170.06-, 107.63-, 97.61-, 94.35-, and 27.85-folds, respectively. Furthermore, upregulation in the gene was observed in some organs during summer: in the liver, gills, skin, intestine, and brain with lower levels compared with winter. The level of expression of immune-related genes in winter is significantly higher than summer in all assessed genes. Cc-chemokine gene expression was the most affected in both winter and summer. Variable expression profile of ANF IV in different organs and in different seasons together with its amino acid similarity of N-terminal and C-terminal with apolipoprotein (lipid binder) and form of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) suggests a different role for this protein which may be related to lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmma Y Ammar
- Biotechnology department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abeer F El Nahas
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Behera, 22758, Egypt.
| | - Shawky Mahmoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafer El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Barakat
- Biotechnology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafer El Sheik, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Hassan
- Biotechnology department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
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3
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Desjardins M, Graham LA, Davies PL, Fletcher GL. Antifreeze protein gene amplification facilitated niche exploitation and speciation in wolffish. FEBS J 2012; 279:2215-30. [PMID: 22520964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During winter, the coastal waters of Newfoundland can be considered a 'freeze risk ecozone' for teleost fishes, where the shallower habitats pose a high (and the deeper habitats a low) risk of freezing. Atlantic (Anarhichas lupus) and spotted (Anarhichas minor) wolffish, which inhabit these waters, reside at opposite ends of this ecozone, with the Atlantic wolffish being the species facing the greatest risk, because of its shallower niche. In order to resist freezing, this species secretes five times the level of antifreeze protein (AFP) activity into the plasma than does the spotted wolffish. The main basis for this interspecific difference in AFP levels is gene dosage, as the Atlantic wolffish has approximately three times as many AFP gene copies as the spotted wolffish. In addition, AFP transcript levels in liver (the primary source of circulating AFPs) are several times higher in the Atlantic wolffish. One explanation for the difference in gene dosage and transcript levels is the presence of tandemly arrayed repeats in the latter, which make up two-thirds of its AFP gene pool. Such repeats are not present in the spotted wolffish. The available evidence indicates that the two species diverged from a common ancestor at a time when the ebb and flow of northern glaciations would have resulted in the emergence of shallow water 'freeze risk ecozones'. The results of this study suggest that the duplication/amplification of AFP genes in a subpopulation of ancestral wolffish would have facilitated the exploitation of this high-risk habitat, resulting in the divergence and evolution of modern-day Atlantic and spotted wolffish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariève Desjardins
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
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Lauersen KJ, Brown A, Middleton A, Davies PL, Walker VK. Expression and characterization of an antifreeze protein from the perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne. Cryobiology 2011; 62:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Lin FH, Davies PL, Graham LA. The Thr- and Ala-rich hyperactive antifreeze protein from inchworm folds as a flat silk-like β-helix. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4467-78. [PMID: 21486083 DOI: 10.1021/bi2003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inchworm larvae of the pale beauty geometer moth, Campaea perlata, exhibit strong (6.4 °C) freezing point depression activity, indicating the presence of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (AFPs). We have purified two novel Thr- and Ala-rich AFPs from the larvae as small (∼3.5 kDa) and large (∼8.3 kDa) variants and have cloned the cDNA sequences encoding both. They have no homology to known sequences in current BLAST databases. However, these proteins and the newly characterized AFP from the Rhagium inquisitor beetle both contain stretches rich in alternating Thr and Ala residues. On the basis of these repeats, as well as the discontinuities between them, a detailed structural model is proposed for the 8.3 kDa variant. This 88-residue protein is organized into an extended parallel-stranded β-helix with seven strands connected by classic β-turns. The alternating β-strands form two β-sheets with a thin core composed of interdigitating Ala and Ser residues, similar to the thin hydrophobic core proposed for some silks. The putative ice-binding face of the protein has a 4 × 5 regular array of Thr residues and is remarkably flat. In this regard, it resembles the nonhomologous Thr-rich AFPs from other moths and some beetles, which contain two longer rows of Thr in contrast to the five shorter rows in the inchworm protein. Like that of some other hyperactive AFPs, the spacing between these ice-binding Thr residues is a close match to the spacing of oxygen atoms on several planes of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hsu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Gauthier SY, Scotter AJ, Lin FH, Baardsnes J, Fletcher GL, Davies PL. A re-evaluation of the role of type IV antifreeze protein. Cryobiology 2008; 57:292-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Identification of a two-domain antifreeze protein gene in Antarctic eelpout Lycodichthys dearborni. Polar Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-008-0499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bagis H, Tas A, Kankavi O. Determination of the expression of fish antifreeze protein (AFP) in 7th generation transgenic mice tissues and serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:255-61. [PMID: 18366101 DOI: 10.1002/jez.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the presence of antifreeze protein (AFP) gene expression through successive generations in transgenic mice carrying the chimeric gene construct of the coding sequence for the AFP protein from ocean pout was investigated. AFP transgenic hemizygote mice were used for AFP gene expression. AFP genome expressions in transgenic mice were analyzed by Western blotting, and tissue location of AFP protein was shown by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques. Seventh transgenic mice from the established founders demonstrated the expression of AFP in organs such as the skin, oviduct, lung, kidney and liver tissues and serum except for the heart. Our results demonstrate successful expression of AFP gene products in several tissues and serum of transgenic mice, the association of in vivo expressed AFP protein, for the first time. These results indicate that the coding sequence for the AFP protein gene (ocean pout type III AFP gene) could be integrated and stably transcribed and expressed in the 7th generation of transgenic mice. In conclusion transgenic mouse lines would be a good model for the cryostudy of AFP and for the determination of AFP roles in several organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Bagis
- TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center (MRC), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GEBI), Transgenic Core Facility, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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9
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Graham LA, Qin W, Lougheed SC, Davies PL, Walker VK. Evolution of hyperactive, repetitive antifreeze proteins in beetles. J Mol Evol 2007; 64:387-98. [PMID: 17443386 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Some organisms that experience subzero temperatures, such as insects, fish, bacteria, and plants, synthesize antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to surfaces of nascent ice crystals and inhibit their growth. Although some AFPs are globular and nonrepetitive, the majority are repetitive in both sequence and structure. In addition, they are frequently encoded by tandemly arrayed, multigene families. AFP isoforms from the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, are extremely potent and inhibit ice growth at temperatures below -5 degrees C. They contain a 12-amino acid repeat with the sequence TCTxSxxCxxAx, each of which makes up one coil of the beta-helix structure. TxT motifs are arrayed to form the ice-binding surface in all three known insect AFPs: the homologous AFPs from the two beetles, T. molitor and Dendroides canadensis, and the nonhomologous AFP from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. In this study, we have obtained the cDNA and genomic sequences of additional T. molitor isoforms. They show variation in the number of repeats (from 6 to 10) which can largely be explained by recombination at various TCT motifs. In addition, phylogenetic comparison of the AFPs from the two beetles suggests that gene loss and amplification may have occurred after the divergence of these species. In contrast to a previous study suggesting that T. molitor genes have undergone positive Darwinian selection (selection for heterogeneity), we propose that the higher than expected ratio of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitutions might result from selection for higher AT content in the third codon position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Scotter AJ, Kuntz DA, Saul M, Graham LA, Davies PL, Rose DR. Expression and purification of sea raven type II antifreeze protein from Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 47:374-83. [PMID: 16330225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a system for the expression and purification of recombinant sea raven type II antifreeze protein, a cysteine-rich, C-type lectin-like globular protein that has proved to be a difficult target for recombinant expression and purification. The cDNAs encoding the pro- and mature forms of the sea raven protein were cloned into a modified pMT Drosophila expression vector. These constructs produced N-terminally His(6)-tagged pro- and mature forms of the type II antifreeze protein under the control of a metallothionein promoter when transfected into Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Upon induction of stable cell lines the two proteins were expressed at high levels and secreted into the medium. The proteins were then purified from the cell medium in a simple and rapid protocol using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and specific protease cleavage by tobacco etch virus protease. The proteins demonstrated antifreeze activity indistinguishable from that of wild-type sea raven antifreeze protein purified from serum as illustrated by ice affinity purification, ice crystal morphology, and their ability to inhibit ice crystal growth. This expression and purification system gave yields of 95 mg/L of fully active mature sea raven type II AFP and 9.6 mg/L of the proprotein. This surpasses all previous attempts to express this protein in Escherichia coli, baculovirus-infected fall armyworm cells and Pichia pastoris and will provide sufficient protein for structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Scotter
- Department of Biochemistry and the Protein Engineering Network Centres of Excellence, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada.
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11
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Hosono M, Sugawara S, Ogawa Y, Kohno T, Takayanagi M, Nitta K. Purification, characterization, cDNA cloning, and expression of asialofetuin-binding C-type lectin from eggs of shishamo smelt (Osmerus [Spirinchus] lanceolatus). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1725:160-73. [PMID: 16112459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel C-type lectin (OLABL) was isolated from the eggs of shishamo smelt [Osmerus (Spirinchus) lanceolatus] by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-Sepharose. OLABL had a molecular mass of 29 kDa on SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and two subunits with masses of 15 kDa (OLABL-H) and 14 kDa (OLABL-L) under reducing conditions. Thus, OLABL is a heterodimeric protein. cDNA sequence analysis revealed that the H- and L-subunits of OLABL were composed of 137 and 136 amino acid residues, respectively, and showed almost identical (95%) sequences, with slight differences in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions. Since each subunit contained only the characteristic motif of C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD), EPN-E-WND, OLABL is a member of group VII of the CTLD-containing protein family. Although OLABL had an EPN sequence that is known as a mannose-specific motif found in the collectin family, OLABL agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes without the addition of Ca(2+) ion, and this activity was inhibited by l-rhamnose and d-galactose derivatives, but not by d-mannose and d-glucose. These results indicate that OLABL has similar characteristics to AJL-2, a calcium-independent lactose specific lectin isolated from Japanese eel skin mucus. Recombinant OLABLs (rHisOLABLs), His-tagged homodimers of the H- and L-subunits, were refolded from inclusion bodies expressed by Escherichia coli. rHisOLABL-L was recovered as a soluble form, but rHisOLABL-H was hardly dissolved in a renaturing buffer. The specific activities of rHisOLABL-L, rHisOLABL-H, and native OLABL were 500, 36, and 20, respectively. These findings suggest that the combination of subunits may affect the solubility and activity of these dimeric form lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosono
- Cancer Research Institute, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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Evans RP, Fletcher GL. Isolation and purification of antifreeze proteins from skin tissues of snailfish, cunner and sea raven. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1700:209-17. [PMID: 15262230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins/polypeptides (AFPs), which are found in diverse species of marine fish, are grouped into four distinct classes (types I-IV). The discovery of skin-specific type I AFPs established that this class contains distinct isoforms, liver-type and skin-type, which are encoded by separate gene families. In this study, type I AFPs were isolated and partially characterized from skin tissues of Atlantic snailfish (Liparis atlanticus) and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Interestingly, evidence from this study indicates that snailfish type I AFPs synthesized in skin tissues are identical to those circulating in their blood plasma. Furthermore, type II AFPs that are identical to those expressed in liver for export into blood were purified from sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) skin tissue extracts. It is clear that epithelial tissues are an important source for antifreeze expression to enhance the complement of AFPs that protect fish from freezing in extreme cold environments. In addition, the evidence generated in this study demonstrates that expression of AFPs in fish skin is a widespread phenomenon that is not limited to type I proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Evans
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7.
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13
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Richards RC, Hudson DM, Thibault P, Ewart KV. Cloning and characterization of the Atlantic salmon serum lectin, a long-form C-type lectin expressed in kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1621:110-5. [PMID: 12667617 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning of four distinct cDNAs and a genomic sequence encoding a multimeric serum lectin found in the blood of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The sequence variation among the cDNAs as well as genomic Southern blotting analysis revealed a multi-gene family. Expression of the salmon serum lectin (SSL) was specific to kidney, as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Analysis of the 173-amino acid sequence of SSL confirmed that it is a member of the C-type lectin superfamily. Sequence alignments and intron/exon structure of the SSL gene showed it to belong to the type VII C-type lectins, which normally bind to galactose or other ligands, whereas the SSL protein sequence contains the EPN motif of mannose-binding C-type lectins, that bind mannose or related carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Richards
- NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, B3H 3Z1, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Doucet D, Tyshenko MG, Davies PL, Walker VK. A family of expressed antifreeze protein genes from the moth, Choristoneura fumiferana. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:38-46. [PMID: 11784296 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The freeze-intolerant insect, Choristoneura fumiferana (spruce budworm), produces multiple antifreeze protein (AFP) isoforms for protection during the overwintering stage. We now report the cloning of AFP genes from insects; Afp-Lu1 encodes a approximately 9-kDa AFP isoform, and Afp-Iu1 encodes a approximately 12-kDa AFP isoform. Both CfAFP genes have similar structures with a single 3- to 3.6-kb intron interrupting the coding region. The second exon of an additional CfAFP gene, 2.7a, encoding a new approximately 9-kDa isoform, was found 3.7 kb upstream of Afp-Lu1 and demonstrates that some AFP family members are linked in tandem. This gene appears to encode an AFP with 68-76% identity to previously isolated CfAFPs. With its eight Cys residues necessary for disulfide bonding and five perfectly conserved 'Thr button' (Thr-Xaa-Thr) ice-binding motifs, it can be modeled as a functional AFP. Southern blot analysis shows that there are approximately 17 genes in this AFP family, with each of the isoforms represented by two to five gene copies. Transcript accumulation from Afp-Lu1 and Afp-Iu1 (or closely related genes) was maximal during the overwintering stage, while 2.7a transcripts were only detected in first instars, larvae that are normally found only in the summer. Contrary to expectations, this differential expression demonstrates that CfAFP gene family transcripts are primarily regulated during development, rather than by seasonally low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doucet
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Doucet D, Tyshenko MG, Kuiper MJ, Graether SP, Sykes BD, Daugulis AJ, Davies PL, Walker VK. Structure-function relationships in spruce budworm antifreeze protein revealed by isoform diversity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6082-8. [PMID: 10998070 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, produces antifreeze protein (AFP) to assist in the protection of the overwintering larval stage. AFPs are thought to lower the freezing point of the hemolymph, noncolligatively, by interaction with the surface of ice crystals. Previously, we had identified a cDNA encoding a 9-kDa AFP with 10-30 times the thermal hysteresis activity, on a molar basis, than that shown by fish AFPs. To identify important residues for ice interaction and to investigate the basis for the hyperactivity of the insect AFPs, six new spruce budworm AFP cDNA isoforms were isolated and sequenced. They differ in amino-acid identity as much as 36% from the originally characterized AFP and can be divided into three classes according to the length of their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). The new isoforms have at least five putative 'Thr-X-Thr' ice-binding motifs and three of the new isoforms encode larger, 12-kDa proteins. These appear to be a result of a 30 amino-acid insertion bearing two additional ice-binding motifs spaced 15 residues apart. Molecular modeling, based on the NMR structure of a short isoform, suggests that the insertion folds into two additional beta-helix loops with their Thr-X-Thr motifs in perfect alignment with the others. The first Thr of the motifs are often substituted by Val, Ile or Arg and a recombinantly expressed isoform with both Val and Arg substitutions, showed wild-type thermal hysteresis activity. The analysis of these AFP isoforms suggests therefore that specific substitutions at the first Thr in the ice binding motif can be tolerated, and have no discernible effect on activity, but the second Thr appears to be conserved. The second Thr is thus likely important for the dynamics of initial ice contact and interaction by these hyperactive antifreezes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Doucet
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Yuasa HJ, Furuta E, Nakamura A, Takagi T. Cloning and sequencing of three C-type lectins from body surface mucus of the land slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 119:479-84. [PMID: 9734332 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three C-type lectins of 15 kDa were isolated from the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of the body surface mucus of the land slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi. Based on their partial amino acid sequences, the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding these lectins, named incilarin A, B and C, were determined. cDNAs of incilarin A, B and C consisted of 673, 663 and 715 bp, and deduced amino acids were 150, 149 and 156 residues, respectively. All three lectins had signal peptides of 17 amino acid residues at their N-termini. They showed 44-55% amino acid sequence identity with each other, and lower but significant homology with the other animal C-type lectins and antifreeze protein. Incilarin A and B seem to possess two intramolecular disulfide bonds in the carbohydrate-binding domain (CRD) conserved among the animal C-type lectins, however, one of these bonds is absent in incilarin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Yuasa
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Duncker BP, Gauthier SY, Davies PL. Evidence for a proprotein intermediate during maturation of type II antifreeze protein in sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1292:312-6. [PMID: 8597578 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The circulating Type II antifreeze protein (AFP) in sea raven is 129 amino acids (aa) long (14 kDa) and is derived from an initial 163 aa translation product that is synthesised in the liver. Signal peptide cleavage algorithms, as well as transgenic expression studies in fall armyworm cells, predict the formation of a 146 aa (16 kDa) proprotein intermediate. A protein of this size that cross-reacted with anti-sea raven AFP antibody was detected in sea raven serum using phosphate/urea SDS-PAGE, and was purified by size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry identified the protein as the predicted proAFP, and immunoblotting suggested that it is the predominant form present in liver. These results are consistent with production and storage of a proAFP intermediate in the liver, and its subsequent processing to mature AFP during or soon after its release into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Duncker
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada
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18
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Duncker BP, Hermans JA, Davies PL, Walker VK. Expression of a cystine-rich fish antifreeze in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic Res 1996; 5:49-55. [PMID: 8589739 DOI: 10.1007/bf01979921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for the transgenic expression of cystine-rich Type II antifreeze protein (AFP) from sea raven. This protein was synthesized and secreted into fly haemolymph where it migrated as a larger species (16 kDa) than the mature form of the protein (14 kDa) as judged by immunoblotting. Drosophila-produced Type II AFP demonstrated antifreeze activity both in terms of thermal hysteresis (0.13 degree C) and inhibition of ice recrystallization. Recombinant AFP was purified and N-terminal sequencing revealed a 17 aa extension that began at the predicted signal peptide cleavage point. The expression of all three AFP types in transgenic Drosophila has now been achieved. We conclude that the globular Type II and Type III AFPs are better choices for antifreeze transfer to other organisms than is the more widely used linear Type I AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Duncker
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Sönnichsen FD, Sykes BD, Davies PL. Comparative modeling of the three-dimensional structure of type II antifreeze protein. Protein Sci 1995; 4:460-71. [PMID: 7540906 PMCID: PMC2143085 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type II antifreeze proteins (AFP), which inhibit the growth of seed ice crystals in the blood of certain fishes (sea raven, herring, and smelt), are the largest known fish AFPs and the only class for which detailed structural information is not yet available. However, a sequence homology has been recognized between these proteins and the carbohydrate recognition domain of C-type lectins. The structure of this domain from rat mannose-binding protein (MBP-A) has been solved by X-ray crystallography (Weis WI, Drickamer K, Hendrickson WA, 1992, Nature 360:127-134) and provided the coordinates for constructing the three-dimensional model of the 129-amino acid Type II AFP from sea raven, to which it shows 19% sequence identity. Multiple sequence alignments between Type II AFPs, pancreatic stone protein, MBP-A, and as many as 50 carbohydrate-recognition domain sequences from various lectins were performed to determine reliably aligned sequence regions. Successive molecular dynamics and energy minimization calculations were used to relax bond lengths and angles and to identify flexible regions. The derived structure contains two alpha-helices, two beta-sheets, and a high proportion of amino acids in loops and turns. The model is in good agreement with preliminary NMR spectroscopic analyses. It explains the observed differences in calcium binding between sea raven Type II AFP and MBP-A. Furthermore, the model proposes the formation of five disulfide bridges between Cys 7 and Cys 18, Cys 35 and Cys 125, Cys 69 and Cys 100, Cys 89 and Cys 111, and Cys 101 and Cys 117.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Sönnichsen
- Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, Edmonton, Canada
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Jung A, Johnson P, Eastman JT, Devries AL. Protein content and freezing avoidance properties of the subdermal extracellular matrix and serum of the Antarctic snailfish, Paraliparis devriesi. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 14:71-80. [PMID: 24197273 DOI: 10.1007/bf00004292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic snailfish, Paraliparis devriesi (Liparididae), occupies an epibenthic habitat at a depth of 500-650 m in the subzero waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. This species has watery (97%) gelatinous subdermal extracellular matrix (SECM) comprising a mean of 33.8% of the body weight, the largest known proportion of any adult fish. The protein concentration of the SECM was found to be 6-7 mg ml(-1) (0.6-0.7% w/v). Separation of the polypeptides of the SECM by SDS-PAGE revealed 11 polypeptides ranging in relative molecular mass (Mr) from 67,000 to 13,000, with other unresolved polypeptides of less than 13,000. The isoelectric points of these proteins ranged from 4.85 to 8.05. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence data were obtained for four of the major SECM polypeptides. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of three of these were not identical to or homologous with any other known sequences, whereas the N-terminal sequence of one polypeptide (Mr 51,000) was identical to partial sequence from the apolipoprotein A-I precursor of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Although not isolated from either SECM or serum, melting point-freezing point behavior of body fluids suggest that Paraliparis possess modest amounts of a noncolligative antifreeze compound. Since relatively small amounts of antifreeze are present in the serum and even less in the SECM, freezing avoidance results from the combined effects of antifreeze and the elevated osmolality of body fluids. There are no special adaptations to prevent freezing in the superficially located high water content SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701-2979, U.S.A
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Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are proteins that have the ability to modify the growth of ice, resulting in the stabilization of ice crystals over a defined temperature range and in the inhibition of the recrystallization of ice. AFPs are found in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, invertebrates and fish. Moreover, multiple forms of AFPs are synthesized within each organism. As a result, it should be possible to select an AFP with appropriate characteristics and a suitable level of activity for a particular food product. Antifreeze proteins may improve the quality of foods that are eaten while frozen by inhibiting recrystallization and maintaining a smooth texture. In foods that are frozen only for preservation, AFPs may inhibit recrystallization during freezing, storage, transport and thawing, thus preserving food texture by reducing cellular damage and also minimizing the loss of nutrients by reducing drip. Antifreeze proteins are naturally present in many foods consumed as part of the human diet. However, AFPs may be introduced into other food products either by physical processes, such as mixing and soaking, or by gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griffith
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Chao H, Davies PL, Sykes BD, Sönnichsen FD. Use of proline mutants to help solve the NMR solution structure of type III antifreeze protein. Protein Sci 1993; 2:1411-28. [PMID: 8401227 PMCID: PMC2142453 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560020906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To help understand the structure/function relationships in antifreeze proteins (AFP), and to define the motifs required for ice binding, a Type III AFP suitable for two-dimensional (2D) NMR studies was produced in Escherichia coli. A synthetic gene for one of the Type III AFP isoforms was assembled in a T7 polymerase-directed expression vector. The 67-amino acid-long gene product differed from the natural AFP by inclusion of an N-terminal methionine but was indistinguishable in activity. The NMR spectra of this AFP were complicated by cis-trans proline isomerization from the C-terminal sequence YPPA. Substitution of this sequence by YAA eliminated isomer signals without altering the activity or structure of the mutant AFP. This variant (rQAE m1.1) was selected for sequential assignment and the secondary structure determination using 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy. Nine beta-strands are paired to form two triple-stranded antiparallel sheets and one double-stranded antiparallel sheet. Two further proline replacements, P29A and P33A, were made to delineate the role of conserved prolines in Type III AFP. These mutants were valuable in clarifying ambiguous NMR spectral assignments amongst the remaining six prolines of rQAE m1.1. In contrast to the replacement of the C-terminal prolyl residues, the exchange of P29 and P33 caused some structural changes and significantly decreased protein solubility and antifreeze activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Tiffoche C, Chesnel A, Jego P, Le Pennec JP. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding a Pleurodeles lectin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 213:901-7. [PMID: 8504829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a lectin secreted by the oviduct of Pleurodeles waltl has been isolated and sequenced. The cDNA was identified by comparing the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the purified P. waltl lectin polypeptides with the amino-acid sequence deduced from the cDNA. The two chains of the mature protein can be encoded within a unique mRNA. Two mRNA were also found in the oviduct extracts. However, they probably result from differential polyadenylation events. The mRNA are strictly localized in the anterior part of the oviduct and increase after estradiol stimulation, two characteristics which have been previously demonstrated for the protein. P. waltl is known to possess a very high DNA content (approximately 2 x 10(10) bp) but the aforementioned results and Southern-blot experiments suggest a unique or at least a very low gene-copy number for this protein. The amino-acid sequence of the P. waltl lectin deduced from the cDNA sequence shows similarities with the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains of animal lectins as defined by Drickamer [Drickamer, K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9557-9560]. Although it is regulated by estradiol, the P. waltl lectin amino-acid sequence shows a higher similarity with animal lectins involved in the defence of the organism than with those involved in reproduction and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tiffoche
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 256, Université de Rennes I, France
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Sönnichsen FD, Sykes BD, Chao H, Davies PL. The nonhelical structure of antifreeze protein type III. Science 1993; 259:1154-7. [PMID: 8438165 DOI: 10.1126/science.8438165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are present in the blood of some marine fishes and inhibit the growth of ice crystals at subzero temperatures by adsorption to the ice lattice. The solution structure of a Type III AFP was determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These measurements indicate that this 66-residue protein has an unusual fold in which eight beta strands form two sheets of three antiparallel strands and one sheet of two antiparallel strands, and the triple-stranded sheets are packed orthogonally into a beta sandwich. This structure is completely different from the amphipathic, helical structure observed for Type I AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Sönnichsen
- Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Structure of an antifreeze polypeptide from the sea raven. Disulfide bonds and similarity to lectin-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Donahue TF. Scanning, internal initiation and the control of the initiation of protein synthesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1990; 2:1087-91. [PMID: 2099801 DOI: 10.1016/0955-0674(90)90160-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T F Donahue
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington
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