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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemie und Biologie der Schilddrüsenhormon-Biosynthese und -Wirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Indien
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Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U, Mugesh G. Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7606-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Karuppusamy Raja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie; Nussallee 11 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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3
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Joharapurkar AA, Dhote VV, Jain MR. Selective Thyromimetics Using Receptor and Tissue Selectivity Approaches: Prospects for Dyslipidemia. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5649-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2004706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit A. Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya,
Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Vipin V. Dhote
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya,
Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Mukul R. Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya,
Ahmedabad 382210, India
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4
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Brake PB, Bair SR, Mellon SH. DNA sequence-dependent regulation of SF-1-mediated transcription. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:148-60. [PMID: 15767781 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat P450c17 gene transcription is regulated by several nuclear factors, including steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), nerve growth factor-inducible protein B (NGF-IB, Nurr77), COUP-TF, SET, and Ku autoimmune antigen. A region of this gene, -447/-419, that mediates both basal and cAMP-stimulated transcription, contains two binding sites for orphan nuclear receptors. While SF-1 activates transcription through a single binding site, we show that both binding sites at -447/-419 are required for transcriptional activation by SF-1 and cAMP. Both SF-1 and a novel factor, Steroidogenic Factor-Inducer of Transcription-2 (StF-IT-2) bind to this region, suggesting that a DNA-dependent interaction between StF-IT-2 and SF-1 may be required for full transcriptional activity. Each of the two orphan nuclear receptor sites -429/-424 and at -444/-439 are sufficient for SF-1 binding but are insufficient for SF-1-mediated transcription. Increasing the distance between or changing the orientation of these two sites does not affect basal or SF-1-stimulated activity. Circular permutation analysis, which measures the degree of DNA bending caused by protein binding, indicates that SF-1 binding to -447/-419 induces a different degree of DNA bending than it does at another SF-1-responsive site. However, similar domains of the SF-1 protein are required for its actions at these two regions. Southwestern blots suggest that StF-IT-2 is a approximately 33 kDa protein, and gel shift assays suggest it is expressed primarily in the gonad and brain early in rodent development. These data suggest that the mechanism by which SF-1 stimulates transcription is DNA sequence dependent, and may require additional proteins, such as StF-IT-2, for activation at specific regions of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Brake
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, The Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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5
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Dauphinée MJ, Mizejewski GJ. Human alpha-fetoprotein contains potential heterodimerization motifs capable of interaction with nuclear receptors and transcription/growth factors. Med Hypotheses 2002; 58:453-61. [PMID: 12323110 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) serum levels in man have long been utilized as a tumor marker and as a birth defect screening agent in the clinical laboratory. Although the physiological role of AFP has remained obscure, the stereotypic carrier/transport function of a fetal counterpart to albumin has been attributed to this oncofetal protein. However, reports from a multitude of investigators in the last decade have provided a rationale to reconsider and extend the biological role of AFP to include cell growth modulation during development. Previously, a leucine zipper-like (heptad) motif, which mimicked that found in the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, was postulated for portions of the third domain of AFP. The present report proposes the presence of additional potential heterodimerization sites for the nuclear receptor superfamily members and other growth factors in the second and third domains of human AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dauphinée
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute of Cancer Research, Plantation, Florida 33313, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play critical roles in the differentiation, growth, metabolism, and physiological function of virtually all tissues. TH binds to receptors that are ligand-regulatable transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Tremendous progress has been made recently in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie TH action. In this review, we present the major advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of TH action and their implications for TH action in specific tissues, resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome, and genetically engineered mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Yen
- Molecular Regulation and Neuroendocrinology Section, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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7
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Kimmel-Jehan C, Darwish HM, Strugnell SA, Jehan F, Wiefling B, DeLuca HF. DNA bending is induced by binding of vitamin D receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers to vitamin D response elements. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990801)74:2<220::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Edwards
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA
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Hendry LB, Bransome ED, Mahesh VB. The ligand insertion hypothesis in the genomic action of steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 65:75-89. [PMID: 9699860 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation by steroids is tightly coupled to hormone concentration and stereochemistry. A key step is binding of hormones to receptors which interact with consensus DNA sequences known as hormone response elements (HREs). The specificity and strength of hormone binding do not correlate well with hormonal activity suggesting an additional step involving recognition of ligand by the gene. Stereospecific fit of hormones between base pairs and correlation of fit with hormonal activity led to the proposal that such recognition involves insertion of hormone into DNA. Here, the feasibility of insertion was investigated using computer models of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain bound to its HRE. The site reported to accommodate glucocorticoids was found in the HRE and was exposed to permit unwinding at this locus. The resulting cavity in the unwound DNA/receptor interface fit cortisol remarkably well; cortisol formed hydrogen bonds to both the receptor and DNA. Current experimental evidence is generally consistent with ligand binding domains of receptors undergoing a conformational change which facilitates transfer of the ligand into the unwound DNA/receptor interface. We propose this step is rate limiting and alterations in receptor, DNA or hormone which attenuate insertion impair hormonal regulation of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Hendry
- Drug Design and Development Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Endocrinology CLW3134, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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10
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Landel CC, Potthoff SJ, Nardulli AM, Kushner PJ, Greene GL. Estrogen receptor accessory proteins augment receptor-DNA interaction and DNA bending. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 63:59-73. [PMID: 9449207 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that accessory proteins play an important role in the ability of the estrogen receptor (ER) and other nuclear hormone receptors to modulate transcription when bound to cis-acting hormone response elements in target genes. We have previously shown that four proteins, hsp70, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and two unknown proteins (p48 and p45), copurify with ER that has been isolated by site-specific DNA chromatography (BERE) and influence the interaction of ER with DNA in vitro. To better define the nature of these effects, we used filter binding and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to study the ability of these proteins to alter the kinetics of ER-DNA interaction and to influence the ability of ER to bend DNA when bound to an estrogen response element (ERE). The results of both assays indicate that ERE-purified ER, with its four associated proteins (hsp70, PDI, p48, p45), has a greater ability to bind to the vitellogenin A2 ERE than ER purified by estradiol-Sepharose chromatography in the absence (ESeph) or presence (EATP) of ATP, in which p48, p45 (ESeph) and hsp70 (EATP) are removed. Surprisingly, the rates of association and dissociation of ER and ERE were essentially the same for all three mixtures, suggesting that one or more ER-associated proteins, especially p45 and p48, may be required for ER to attain maximum DNA binding activity. In addition, circular permutation and phasing analyses demonstrated that the same ER-associated proteins produced higher order ER-DNA complexes that significantly increased the magnitude of DNA distortion, but did not alter the direction of the ER-induced bend of ERE-containing DNA fragments, which was toward the major groove of the DNA helix. These results suggest that p45 and/or p48 and possibly hsp70, play an important role both in the specific DNA binding and bending activities of ER and thus contribute to the overall stimulation of transcription in target genes that contain cis-acting EREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Landel
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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11
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Pfeifer GP. Formation and processing of UV photoproducts: effects of DNA sequence and chromatin environment. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:270-83. [PMID: 9066304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6-4) photoproducts are the two major classes of lesions produced in DNA by UVB and UVC irradiation. Their distribution along genes is nucleotide sequence-dependent. In vivo, the frequency of these lesions at specific sites is modulated by nucleosomes and other DNA binding proteins. Repair of UV photoproducts is dependent on the transcriptional status of the sequences to be repaired and on the chromatin environment. The formation of DNA photolesions by UV light is responsible for the induction of mutations and the development of skin cancer. To understand the mechanisms of UV mutagenesis, it is important to know how these lesions are formed, by which cellular pathways they are repaired and how they are dealt with by DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Pfeifer
- Department of Biology, Beckman Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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12
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Petz LN, Nardulli AM, Kim J, Horwitz KB, Freedman LP, Shapiro DJ. DNA bending is induced by binding of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain and progesterone receptors to their response element. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 60:31-41. [PMID: 9182856 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circular permutation analysis was used to determine the degree of DNA bending induced by binding of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding domain (DBD), the human progesterone receptor (PR) DBD, PR-A:A and PR-B:B homodimers, and PR-A:B heterodimers to the glucocorticoid response element/progesterone response element (GRE/PRE). The bending angles induced by the GR DBD and the PR DBD were approximately 28 degrees and 25 degrees, respectively. The PR-B:B and PR-A:A homodimers and the PR-A:B heterodimers all induced similar DNA bending angles of 72-77 degrees. The substantially greater DNA bend induced by full-length PR compared to the PR DBD indicates that sequences outside the classic zinc finger DNA binding domain may play an important role in the interaction of PR with the GRE/PRE. Because PR-A:A and PR-B:B homodimers and the PR-A:B heterodimers induce similar DNA bends, the different abilities of the PR-A and PR-B isoforms to activate transcription are not due to differences in their abilities to distort DNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Petz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, U.S.A
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13
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Ikeda M, Wilcox EC, Chin WW. Different DNA elements can modulate the conformation of thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer and its transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:23096-104. [PMID: 8798500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.38.23096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-hormone receptors (TRs) form heterodimers with retinoid-X receptors (RXRs) on thyroid-hormone-response elements (TREs). However, it is not known whether the formation of liganded TR/RXR heterodimer on a TRE alone is sufficient to dictate transcriptional activity. We designed several mutated DR4s (half-sites arranged as direct repeats with a nucleotide gap of 4) that bound TR/RXR heterodimers preferentially, and employed them to characterize functional and biochemical properties of the heterodimers on DNA. Although TR/RXR heterodimer binding was similar on some of the mutated DR4s, transient transfection assays showed that TRalpha failed to support triiodothyronine (T3)-stimulated transcription on "inactive" DR4s but mediated basal repression on both "active" and inactive mutated DR4. T3 binding assays showed that the mutated DR4s did not affect T3 binding to the heterodimer. Finally, partial proteolysis studies revealed that binding of active DR4 elements and T3 to the heterodimer synergistically enhanced heterodimerization-induced protease resistance of TR, but not RXR, in the heterodimer. These results suggest that: 1) liganded TR/RXR heterodimer binding to a DR4 is not sufficient for transcriptional activation of the target gene, and 2) DNA sequences in specific TREs may modify T3-mediated transcription by affecting the conformation of the liganded heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikeda
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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14
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Eberhardt NL, Jiang SW, Shepard AR, Arnold AM, Trujillo MA. Hormonal and cell-specific regulation of the human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin genes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 54:127-63. [PMID: 8768074 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N L Eberhardt
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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15
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Lauber AH, Sandhu NP, Schuchard M, Subramaniam M, Spelsberg TC. Nuclear matrix acceptor binding sites for steroid hormone receptors: a candidate nuclear matrix acceptor protein. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1996; 162B:337-76. [PMID: 8557491 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Steroid/nuclear-hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that have been localized to the nuclear matrix. The classic model of hormone action suggests that, following activation, these receptors bind to specific "steroid response elements" on the DNA, then interact with other factors in the transcription initiation complex. However, evidence demonstrates the existence of specific chromatin proteins that act as accessory factors by facilitating the binding of the steroid receptors to the DNA. One such protein, the "receptor binding factor (RBF)-1", has been purified and shown to confer specific, high-affinity binding of the progesterone receptor to the DNA. Interestingly, the RBF-1 is localized to the nuclear matrix. Further, the RBF-1 binds specifically to a sequence of the c-myc proto-oncogene that has the appearance of a nuclear matrix attached region (MAR). These results, and other findings reviewed here, suggest that the nuclear matrix is involved intimately in steroid hormone-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lauber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55904, USA
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16
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Ribeiro RC, Apriletti JW, West BL, Wagner RL, Fletterick RJ, Schaufele F, Baxter JD. The molecular biology of thyroid hormone action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 758:366-89. [PMID: 7625705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb24843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0540, USA
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17
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Kim J, Klooster S, Shapiro DJ. Intrinsically bent DNA in a eukaryotic transcription factor recognition sequence potentiates transcription activation. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1282-8. [PMID: 7836392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.3.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic transcription factors induce DNA bending on binding to their recognition sequences. DNA bending could play a structural role by altering contacts between the protein and DNA. Alternatively, DNA bending could play a more direct role in transcription activation. To distinguish between these possibilities, we inserted two to eight copies of the intrinsic bending sequence, AAAAAACGTG, into a minimal promoter containing only a TATA box. The intrinsic DNA bending sequence was a potent activator of transcription in both in vivo transfection experiments and in a cell-free transcription system. A protein binds to the intrinsic bending sequence with high specificity in gel mobility shift assays and was required for its transcription in cell-free extracts. The intercalator, distamycin, which eliminates the ability of the sequence to bend, specifically reduced its transcription by about 60%. Mutations in the sequence which abolished DNA bending reduced transcription by approximately 70% in vivo. Competition gel mobility shift assays showed that the transcription factor bound equally well to mutants in which DNA bending was abolished and to the intrinsic bending sequence. These data indicate that DNA bending can play a direct role in the activation of eukaryotic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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18
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Leng X, Blanco J, Tsai SY, Ozato K, O'Malley BW, Tsai MJ. Mechanisms for synergistic activation of thyroid hormone receptor and retinoid X receptor on different response elements. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gilbert MT, Sun J, Yan Y, Oddoux C, Lazarus A, Tansey WP, Lavin TN, Catanzaro DF. Renin gene promoter activity in GC cells is regulated by cAMP and thyroid hormone through Pit-1-dependent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Miyamoto T, Suzuki S, DeGroot LJ. Differential binding and activation of thyroid hormone response elements by TR alpha 1 and RXR alpha-trap heterodimers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 102:111-7. [PMID: 7926263 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(94)90104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) forms homo- and heterodimers on various thyroid hormone response elements (TREs). We wished to clarify the relationship of homo- and heterodimer binding to TREs and their trans-activation. We investigated binding characteristics in gel mobility shift assays using synthetic direct repeat (DR) TREs having the consensus motifs separated by different oligonucleotide gaps, and we compared binding to trans-activation mediated via the direct repeat TRE. HTR alpha 1 purified from E. coli formed a monomer and homodimer on DR-TRE +0 to +5 but binding did not closely correlate with T3-dependent trans-activation. When RXR alpha expressed in COS 1 cell was added to purified TR alpha 1 in the gel shift assays, TR/RXR heterodimers were formed, and binding of heterodimers correlated highly with the level of trans-activation. These results strongly suggest that TR/TRAP heterodimers mediate the effect of thyroid hormone on DR-TREs. We also found T3-dependent disruption of homodimer formation on DR +0 to +2 and that T3 increased heterodimer formation on these TREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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21
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Force W, Spindler S. 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)-induced protein-DNA interactions in the thyroid hormone response elements and cell type-specific elements of the rat growth hormone gene revealed by in vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Yen PM, Chin WW. New advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1994; 5:65-72. [PMID: 18407190 DOI: 10.1016/1043-2760(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone regulation o f gene transcription is a complex process. There are multiple thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) encoded on separate genes that bind to thyroid hormone-response elements (TREs) of target genes containing different orientation and spacing of half-sites. Additionally, there are multiple TR complexes-monomers, homodimers, and heterodimers with other related nuclear proteins-which bind to TREs and may play important roles in gene transcription. Recently, it has been shown that DNA binding of these TR complexes can be differentially regulated by either ligand or TR phosphorylation. Diversity among TR complexes and TREs, as well as mechanisms for regulating TR binding to TREs, may enable sensitive and precise transcriptional control of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Yen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Prendergast P, Oñate SA, Christensen K, Edwards DP. Nuclear accessory factors enhance the binding of progesterone receptor to specific target DNA. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994; 48:1-13. [PMID: 8136295 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The human progesterone receptor (PR) is dependent upon hormone and a nuclear accessory factor(s) for maximal binding to progesterone response elements (PRES) in vitro. Recombinant full-length PR, expressed in a baculovirus system and purified to apparent homogeneity, was used as a substrate to isolate and identify the accessory factor(s). The major PRE binding enhancement activity present in nuclear extracts was shown to be associated with the high mobility group chromatin protein HMG-1. Moreover, HMG-1 was equally effective in enhancing the DNA binding of both the A and B isoforms of PR. Enhancement of PRE binding was highly selective for HMG-1 as a single purified protein and was not mimicked by a general protein stabilization effect. In gel mobility shift assays, it appeared that HMG-1 enhanced PRE binding without stably participating as a component of the final DNA-PR complex, suggesting that HMG-1 acts indirectly by modifying the PR protein or the target DNA. HMG-1 is a sequence-independent DNA binding protein that recognizes distorted DNA structures and is also able to promote further distortions by bending DNA. Enhancement of PRE binding was found to be intrinsic to the conserved DNA binding domain of HMG-1 suggesting that HMG-1 acts by promoting a structural alteration in the target PRE-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prendergast
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Denver 80262-0216
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25
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Tansey W, Schaufele F, Heslewood M, Handford C, Reudelhuber T, Catanzaro D. Distance-dependent interactions between basal, cyclic AMP, and thyroid hormone response elements in the rat growth hormone promoter. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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