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Sreelatha S, Kumar N, Rajani S. Biological effects of Thymol loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TCNPs) on bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1085113. [PMID: 36620059 PMCID: PMC9815552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials can provide eco-friendly alternatives for crop disease management. Chitosan based nanoparticles has shown beneficial applications in sustainable agricultural practices and effective healthcare. Previously we demonstrated that Thymol loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TCNPs) showed bactericidal activity against Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc), a bacterium that causes black rot disease in brassica crops. Despite the progress in assessing the antibacterial action of TCNPs, the knowledge about the molecular response of Xcc when exposed to TCNPs is yet to be explored. In the present study, we combined physiological, spectroscopic and untargeted metabolomics studies to investigate the response mechanisms in Xcc induced by TCNPs. Cell proliferation and membrane potential assays of Xcc cells exposed to sub-lethal concentration of TCNPs showed that TCNPs affects the cell proliferation rate and damages the cell membrane altering the membrane potential. FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with untargeted metabolite profiling using mass spectrometry of TCNPs treated Xcc cells revealed alterations in amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, fatty acids and antioxidant metabolites. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed a 10-25% increase in nucleic acid, fatty acids and antioxidant metabolites and a 20% increase in lipid metabolites while a decrease of 10-20% in amino acids and carbohydrates was seen in in TCNP treated Xcc cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that the major metabolic perturbations induced by TCNPs in Xcc are associated with membrane damage and oxidative stress, thus providing information on the mechanism of TCNPs mediated cytotoxicity. This will aid towards the development of nano- based agrochemicals as an alternative to chemical pesticides in future.
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Fructose metabolism in Chromohalobacter salexigens: interplay between the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:134. [PMID: 31409414 PMCID: PMC6692947 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens metabolizes glucose exclusively through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, an adaptation which results in inefficient growth, with significant carbon overflow, especially at low salinity. Preliminary analysis of C. salexigens genome suggests that fructose metabolism could proceed through the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathways. In order to thrive at high salinity, this bacterium relies on the biosynthesis and accumulation of ectoines as major compatible solutes. This metabolic pathway imposes a high metabolic burden due to the consumption of a relevant proportion of cellular resources, including both energy molecules (NADPH and ATP) and carbon building blocks. Therefore, the existence of more than one glycolytic pathway with different stoichiometries may be an advantage for C. salexigens. The aim of this work is to experimentally characterize the metabolism of fructose in C. salexigens. RESULTS Fructose metabolism was analyzed using in silico genome analysis, RT-PCR, isotopic labeling, and genetic approaches. During growth on fructose as the sole carbon source, carbon overflow was not observed in a wide range of salt concentrations, and higher biomass yields were reached. We unveiled the initial steps of the two pathways for fructose incorporation and their links to central metabolism. While glucose is metabolized exclusively through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, fructose is also partially metabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) route. Tracking isotopic label from [1-13C] fructose to ectoines revealed that 81% and 19% of the fructose were metabolized through ED and EMP-like routes, respectively. Activities of enzymes from both routes were demonstrated in vitro by 31P-NMR. Genes encoding predicted fructokinase and 1-phosphofructokinase were cloned and the activities of their protein products were confirmed. Importantly, the protein encoded by csal1534 gene functions as fructose bisphosphatase, although it had been annotated previously as pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. The gluconeogenic rather than glycolytic role of this enzyme in vivo is in agreement with the lack of 6-phosphofructokinase activity previously described. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study shows that C. salexigens possesses a greater metabolic flexibility for fructose catabolism, the ED and EMP pathways contributing to a fine balancing of energy and biosynthetic demands and, subsequently, to a more efficient metabolism.
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Schatschneider S, Schneider J, Blom J, Létisse F, Niehaus K, Goesmann A, Vorhölter FJ. Systems and synthetic biology perspective of the versatile plant-pathogenic and polysaccharide-producing bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:1117-1144. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schatschneider
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle-Künsebeck, Germany
| | - Jessica Schneider
- Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, Kantstr. 2, 33790 Halle-Künsebeck, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Fabien Létisse
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Abteilung für Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Frank-Jörg Vorhölter
- Institut für Genomforschung und Systembiologie, Centrum für Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Present address: MVZ Dr. Eberhard & Partner Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Characterization of the pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 546:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Establishment, in silico analysis, and experimental verification of a large-scale metabolic network of the xanthan producing Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain B100. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lu GT, Xie JR, Chen L, Hu JR, An SQ, Su HZ, Feng JX, He YQ, Jiang BL, Tang DJ, Tang JL. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is required for extracellular polysaccharide production and full virulence. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1602-1612. [PMID: 19372163 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.023762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) plays an important role in glucose catabolism, converting glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerates. Open reading frame (ORF) XC_0972 in the genome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) strain 8004 is the only ORF in this strain annotated to encode a GAPDH. In this work, we have demonstrated genetically that this ORF encodes a unique GAPDH in Xcc strain 8004, which seems to be constitutively expressed. A GAPDH-deficient mutant could still grow in medium with glucose or other sugars as the sole carbon source, and no phosphofructokinase activity was detectable in strain 8004. These facts suggest that Xcc may employ the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, but not glycolysis, to utilize glucose. The mutant could not utilize pyruvate as sole carbon source, whereas the wild-type could, implying that the GAPDH of Xcc is involved in gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, inactivation of the Xcc GAPDH resulted in impairment of bacterial growth and virulence in the host plant, and reduction of intracellular ATP and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). This reveals that GAPDH is required for EPS production and full pathogenicity of Xcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Tao Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Jia-Ri Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Jiang-Ru Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Shi-Qi An
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhao Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Bo-Le Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Dong-Jie Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, and College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
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Kim MI, Kim HS, Jung J, Rhee S. Crystal structures and mutagenesis of sucrose hydrolase from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines: insight into the exclusively hydrolytic amylosucrase fold. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:636-47. [PMID: 18565544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase (NpAS), a transglucosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 13, is a hydrolase and glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the synthesis of amylose-like polymer from a sucrose substrate. Recently, an NpAS homolog from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines was identified as a member of the newly defined carbohydrate utilization locus that regulates the utilization of plant sucrose in phytopathogenic bacteria. Interestingly, this enzyme is exclusively a hydrolase and not a glucosyltransferase; it is thus known as sucrose hydrolase (SUH). Here, we elucidated the novel functional features of SUH using X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis. Four different crystal structures of SUH, including the SUH-Tris and the SUH-sucrose and SUH-glucose complexes, represent structural snapshots along the catalytic reaction coordinate. These structures show that SUH is distinctly different from NpAS in that ligand-induced conformational changes in SUH cause the formation of a pocket-shaped active site and in that SUH lacks the three arginine residues found in the NpAS active site that appear to be crucial for NpAS glucosyltransferase activity. Mutation of SUH to insert these arginines failed to confer glucosyltransferase activity, providing evidence that its enzymatic activity is limited to sucrose hydrolysis by its pocket-shaped active site and the identity of residues in the vicinity of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Il Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Comas I, González-Candelas F, Zúñiga M. Unraveling the evolutionary history of the phosphoryl-transfer chain of the phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase system through phylogenetic analyses and genome context. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:147. [PMID: 18485189 PMCID: PMC2405797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) plays a major role in sugar transport and in the regulation of essential physiological processes in many bacteria. The PTS couples solute transport to its phosphorylation at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and it consists of general cytoplasmic phosphoryl transfer proteins and specific enzyme II complexes which catalyze the uptake and phosphorylation of solutes. Previous studies have suggested that the evolution of the constituents of the enzyme II complexes has been driven largely by horizontal gene transfer whereas vertical inheritance has been prevalent in the general phosphoryl transfer proteins in some bacterial groups. The aim of this work is to test this hypothesis by studying the evolution of the phosphoryl transfer proteins of the PTS. Results We have analyzed the evolutionary history of the PTS phosphoryl transfer chain (PTS-ptc) components in 222 complete genomes by combining phylogenetic methods and analysis of genomic context. Phylogenetic analyses alone were not conclusive for the deepest nodes but when complemented with analyses of genomic context and functional information, the main evolutionary trends of this system could be depicted. Conclusion The PTS-ptc evolved in bacteria after the divergence of early lineages such as Aquificales, Thermotogales and Thermus/Deinococcus. The subsequent evolutionary history of the PTS-ptc varied in different bacterial lineages: vertical inheritance and lineage-specific gene losses mainly explain the current situation in Actinobacteria and Firmicutes whereas horizontal gene transfer (HGT) also played a major role in Proteobacteria. Most remarkably, we have identified a HGT event from Firmicutes or Fusobacteria to the last common ancestor of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Shewanellaceae and Vibrionaceae. This transfer led to extensive changes in the metabolic and regulatory networks of these bacteria including the development of a novel carbon catabolite repression system. Hence, this example illustrates that HGT can drive major physiological modifications in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Comas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
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The role of glucose kinase in carbohydrate utilization and extracellular polysaccharide production in Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:4284-4294. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/010538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Poplawsky AR, Walters DM, Rouviere PE, Chun W. A gene for a dioxygenase-like protein determines the production of the DF signal in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2005; 6:653-657. [PMID: 20565687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY The DF signal molecule regulates the production of both yellow pigments (xanthomonadins) and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. These two bacterial products are crucial to the epiphytic survival and pathogenicity of this pathogen on its plant hosts. Previous work suggested that DF is a butyrolactone, which the Streptomyces bacteria are known to utilize as signals. pigB is one of seven transcriptional units in the X. c. pv. campestris xanthomonadin gene cluster, and its inactivation results in the loss of DF signal, xanthomonadin and EPS production. Here, determination and analysis of the pigB DNA sequence reveals the presence of two open reading frames, the first (xanB1) encoding a putative reductase/halogenase, and the second (xanB2) showing the highest level of identity to Streptomyces genes encoding putative pteridine-dependent dioxygenase-like proteins. We show that xanB2 (but not xanB1) is needed for production of the DF signal, and that some Streptomyces strains produce functional analogues of DF. A role for xanB2 in the biosynthesis of DF is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Poplawsky
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2339, USA
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Hu KY, Saier MH. Phylogeny of phosphoryl transfer proteins of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar-transporting phosphotransferase system. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:405-15. [PMID: 12405346 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some bacteria lack sugar permeases of the bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS) but encode within their genomes phosphoryl transfer proteins of the PTS that probably function in regulation. These proteins include homologues of HPr (PtsH), the ATP-dependent HPr(ser) kinase/phosphatase (PtsK) and the PEP-dependent HPr(his) kinase known as Enzyme I (PtsI). We identify all currently sequenced homologues of these proteins, multiply align their sequences and construct phylogenetic trees in order to derive functional, structural and evolutionary conclusions. We show that no bacterium possesses more than one HPr kinase and that these proteins are probably all orthologous. alpha-Proteobacteria possess truncated HPr kinases which probably serve a unified regulatory function together with other PTS proteins. The Enzymes I are orthologous in all Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria, but other Gram-negative bacteria exhibit paralogues that fall into 5 functional types. No bacterium with a fully sequenced genome exhibits all of these types. With the exception of the classical Enzymes I, each of these functional types exhibits a distinctive set of accompanying domains, usually with a characteristic domain order. One functional type, the fructose-specific type, includes two phylogenetically different subgroups with different domain orders. The results establish that domain associations occurred early during evolutionary history of the PTS, and that subsequent domain rearrangements occurred rarely. Our findings define the evolutionary histories of these important bacterial proteins and provide guides for functional assignment of PTS-related proteins encoded by genes revealed by genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yu Hu
- Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA
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Benchabane H, Lortie LA, Buckley ND, Trahan L, Frenette M. Inactivation of the Streptococcus mutans fxpC gene confers resistance to xylitol, a caries-preventive natural carbohydrate sweetener. J Dent Res 2002; 81:380-6. [PMID: 12097428 DOI: 10.1177/0810380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol is transported by Streptococcus mutans via a constitutive phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase system (PTS) composed of a IIABC protein. Spontaneous xylitol-resistant strains are depleted in constitutive fructose-PTS activity, exhibit additional phenotypes, and are associated with the caries-preventive properties of xylitol. Polymerase chain-reactions and chromosome walking were used to clone the fxp operon that codes for the constitutive fructose/xylitol-PTS. The operon contained three open reading frames: fxpA, which coded for a putative regulatory protein of the deoxyribose repressor (DeoR) family, fxpB, which coded for a 1-phosphofructokinase, and fxpC, which coded for a IIABC protein of the fructose-PTS family. Northern blot analysis revealed that these genes were co-transcribed into a 4.4-kb mRNA even in the absence of fructose. Inactivation of the fxpC gene conferred resistance to xylitol, confirming its function. The fxp operon is also present in the genomes of other xylitol-sensitive streptococci, which could explain their sensitivity to xylitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Benchabane
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie (Sciences) and Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1K 7P4
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Reizer J, Paulsen IT, Reizer A, Titgemeyer F, Saier MH. Novel phosphotransferase system genes revealed by bacterial genome analysis: the complete complement of pts genes in mycoplasma genitalium. MICROBIAL & COMPARATIVE GENOMICS 2001; 1:151-64. [PMID: 9689210 DOI: 10.1089/mcg.1996.1.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete sequence of the Mycoplasma genitalium chromosome has recently been determined. We here report analyses of the genes encoding proteins of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, PTS. These genes encode (1) Enzyme I, (2) HPr, (3) a glucose-specific Enzyme IICBA, (4) an inactive glucose-specific Enzyme IIB, lacking the active site cysteyl residue, and (5) a fructose-specific Enzyme IIABC. Some of the unique features of these genes and their enzyme products are as follows. (1) Each of the genes is encoded within a distinct operon. (2) Both Enzyme I and HPr have basic isoelectric points. (3) The glucose-specific Enzyme IIC bears a centrally located, hydrophilic, 200 amino acyl residue insert that lacks sequence similarity with any protein in the current database. (4) The fructose-specific Enzyme II has a domain order (IIABC), different from those of previously characterized fructose permeases, and its IIA domain more closely resembles the IIANtr protein of Escherichia coli than other fructose-specific IIA domains. The potential significance of these novel features is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reizer
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Tung SY, Kuo TT. Requirement for phosphoglucose isomerase of Xanthomonas campestris in pathogenesis of citrus canker. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:5564-70. [PMID: 10584018 PMCID: PMC91758 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5564-5573.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutant (XT906) of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, the causal agent of citrus canker, was induced by insertion of the transposon Tn5tac1 and isolated. This mutant did not grow or elicit canker disease in citrus leaves but was still able to induce a hypersensitive response in a nonhost plant (the common bean). The mutant was also unable to grow on minimal medium containing fructose or glycerol as the sole carbon source. A 2.5-kb fragment of wild-type DNA that complemented the mutant phenotype of XT906 was isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that this DNA fragment encoded a protein of 562 amino acids that shows homology to phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). Enzyme activity assay confirmed that the encoded protein possesses PGI activity. Analysis of the activity of the promoter of the pgi gene revealed that it was inhibited by growth in complex medium but induced by culture in plant extract. These results demonstrate that PGI is required for pathogenicity of X. campestris pv. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Tung
- Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, and Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Binet MRB, Rager MN, Bouvet OMM. Fructose and mannose metabolism in Aeromonas hydrophila: identification of transport systems and catabolic pathways. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 4):1113-1121. [PMID: 9579084 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-4-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila was examined for fructose and mannose transport systems. A. hydrophila was shown to possess a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): fructose phosphotransferase system (fructose-PTS) and a mannose-specific PTS, both induced by fructose and mannose. The mannose-PTS of A. hydrophila exhibited cross-reactivity with Escherichia coli mannose-PTS proteins. The fructose-PTS proteins exhibited cross-reactivities with E. coli and Xanthomonas campestris fructose-PTS proteins. In A. hydrophila grown on mannose as well as on fructose, the phosphorylated derivative accumulated from fructose was fructose 1-phosphate. Identification of fructose 1-phosphate was confirmed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. 1-Phosphofructokinase (1-PFK), which converts the product of the PTS reaction to fructose 1,6-diphosphate, was present in A. hydrophila grown with fructose but not on mannose. An inducible phosphofructomutase (PFM) activity, an unusual enzyme converting fructose 1-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, was detected in extracts induced by mannose or fructose. These results suggest that in cells grown on fructose, fructose 1-phosphate could be converted to fructose 1,6-diphosphate either directly by the 1-PFK activity or via fructose 6-phosphate by the PFM and 6-phosphofructokinase activities. In cells grown on mannose, the degradation of fructose 1-phosphate via PFM and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway appeared to be a unique route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R B Binet
- Unité des Entérobactéries, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche U389, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Rager
- Service de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, URA 403, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Odile M M Bouvet
- Unité des Entérobactéries, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche U389, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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Katzen F, Becker A, Zorreguieta A, Pühler A, Ielpi L. Promoter analysis of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum operon directing biosynthesis of the xanthan polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:4313-8. [PMID: 8763965 PMCID: PMC178194 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.14.4313-4318.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xanthomonas campestris gum gene cluster is composed of 12 genes designated gumB, -C, -D, -E, -F, -G, -H, -I, -J, -K, -L, and -M. The transcriptional organization of this gene cluster was analyzed by the construction of gum-lacZ transcriptional fusions in association with plasmid integration mutagenesis. This analysis, coupled with primer extension assays, indicated that the gum region was mainly expressed as an operon from a promoter located upstream of the first gene, gumB.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Katzen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Fundación Campomar, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Yamamoto H, Uchiyama S, Fajar AN, Ogasawara N, Sekiguchi J. Determination of a 12 kb nucleotide sequence around the 76 degrees region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 6):1417-1421. [PMID: 8704981 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-6-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a 12361 bp DNA segment in the 76 degrees region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome has been determined. Ten putative ORFs were identified. The deduced amino acid sequences of the products of two of them (glv-1 and glv-2) exhibited high similarity to those of glvG (6-phospho-beta-glucosidase gene) and glvC [permease (the IIC domain) of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)], respectively, in the glv operon of Escherichia coli. The C-terminal region of Glv-2 exhibited similarity to the entire region of GlvB (the IIB domain of PTS) of E. coli, suggesting fusion of the glvC and glvB genes in B. subtilis. glv-1, yfiA and glv-2 seem to form an operon of a phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar PTS, followed by a presumed four-membered operon of an ABC transport system. Moreover, a presumed sugar symporter and its regulatory genes were located in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi, Nagano 386, Japan
| | - Shigeki Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi, Nagano 386, Japan
| | - Aji N Fajar
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi, Nagano 386, Japan
| | - Naotake Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-01, Japan
| | - Junichi Sekiguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi, Nagano 386, Japan
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18
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Reizer J, Ramseier TM, Reizer A, Charbit A, Saier MH. Novel phosphotransferase genes revealed by bacterial genome sequencing: a gene cluster encoding a putative N-acetylgalactosamine metabolic pathway in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 2):231-250. [PMID: 8932697 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-2-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have analysed a gene cluster in the 67 center dot 4-76 center dot 0 min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome, revealed by recent systematic genome sequencing. The genes within this cluster include: (1) five genes encoding homologues of the E. coli mannose permease of the phosphotransferase system (IIB, IIB', IIC, IIC' and IID); (2) genes encoding a putative N-acetylgalactosamine 6-phosphate metabolic pathway including (a) a deacetylase, (b) an isomerizing deaminase, (c) a putative carbohydrate kinase, and (d) an aldolase; and (3) a transcriptional regulatory protein homologous to members of the DeoR family. Evidence is presented suggesting that the aldolase-encoding gene within this cluster is the previously designated kba gene that encodes tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. These proteins and a novel IIAMan-like protein encoded in the 2 center dot 4-4 center dot 1 min region are characterized with respect to their sequence similarities and phylogenetic relationships with other homologous proteins. A pathway for the metabolism of N-acetylgalactosamine biochemically similar to that for the metabolism of N-acetylglucosamine is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Reizer
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Tom M Ramseier
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Aiala Reizer
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Alain Charbit
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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19
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Saier MH, Ye JJ, Klinke S, Nino E. Identification of an anaerobically induced phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent fructose-specific phosphotransferase system and evidence for the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway in the heterofermentative bacterium Lactobacillus brevis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:314-6. [PMID: 8550437 PMCID: PMC177658 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.1.314-316.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterofermentative gram-positive bacteria are believed to metabolize sugars exclusively via the pentose phosphoketolase pathway following uptake via sugar:cation symport. Here we show that anaerobic growth of one such bacterium, Lactobacillus brevis, in the presence of fructose induces the synthesis of a phosphotransferase system and glycolytic enzymes that allow fructose to be metabolized via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Saier
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA
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20
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Lengeler JW, Jahreis K, Wehmeier UF. Enzymes II of the phospho enol pyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems: their structure and function in carbohydrate transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1188:1-28. [PMID: 7947897 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Lengeler
- Arbeitsgruppe Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Germany
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21
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Reizer J, Reizer A, Kornberg HL, Saier MH. Sequence of the fruB gene of Escherichia coli encoding the diphosphoryl transfer protein (DTP) of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 118:159-62. [PMID: 8013873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli genome sequencing project in the 47 to 48 centisome region has resulted in the sequencing of the complete fructose operon (fruBKA). Due to a single base insertion, the presence of the fruB gene went unnoticed. The revised nucleotide sequence of the fruB gene, the deduced amino acid sequence of its protein product, the diphosphoryl transfer protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system, and putative transcriptional regulatory signals of the fru operon of E. coli are here presented and compared with that from Salmonella typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reizer
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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22
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Reizer J, Michotey V, Reizer A, Saier MH. Novel phosphotransferase system genes revealed by bacterial genome analysis: unique, putative fructose- and glucoside-specific systems. Protein Sci 1994; 3:440-50. [PMID: 8019415 PMCID: PMC2142697 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of sequences made available through the Escherichia coli genome project in the 87.2-89.2-min and 81.5-84.5-min regions have revealed 2 putative operons encoding proteins of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). The first putative operon, designated frv, includes 4 open reading frames (ORFs), ORFf147, ORFf485, ORFf356, and ORFf582, ORFf147 and ORFf485 comprise an Enzyme IIA-Enzyme IIBC pair of the PTS. The sequence similarity of ORFf485 to previously characterized fructose-specific Enzymes IIBC suggests that ORFf485 may be specific for fructose. ORFf147 encodes a protein with comparable degrees of sequence similarity to fructose and mannitol-specific Enzymes IIA as well as homologous proteins implicated in sigma 54-dependent transcriptional regulation. Unique features of this system include a detached IIA protein and the absence of a IIB domain duplication. ORFf356 and ORFf582 are functionally unidentified and nonhomologous to other ORFs in the current protein databases, but ORFf582 contains 2 N-terminal helix-turn-helix motifs, suggestive of a role in frv operon transcriptional regulation. The second putative operon, designated glv, includes 3 ORFs, ORFf455, ORFf161, and ORFf212. We suggest that ORFf455 was incorrectly assigned and should be designated ORFf368. ORFf368 and ORFf161 encode an Enzyme IIC and IIB pair of the PTS showing greatest sequence similarity to Enzymes II specific for sugars of the gluco configuration. ORFf212 encodes a protein with sequence similarity to a phospho-beta-glucosidase and an alpha-galactosidase. No putative transcriptional regulator of the glv operon was found. This operon is the first one encoding a putative PTS permease with detached Enzymes IIB and IIC and lacking an Enzyme IIA. It is suggested that both the frv and glv operons are cryptic in E. coli and that additional genes encoding novel PTS-related proteins will be revealed by bacterial genome sequence analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reizer
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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23
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Postma PW, Lengeler JW, Jacobson GR. Phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems of bacteria. Microbiol Rev 1993; 57:543-94. [PMID: 8246840 PMCID: PMC372926 DOI: 10.1128/mr.57.3.543-594.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 846] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria take up carbohydrates through the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS). This system transports and phosphorylates carbohydrates at the expense of PEP and is the subject of this review. The PTS consists of two general proteins, enzyme I and HPr, and a number of carbohydrate-specific enzymes, the enzymes II. PTS proteins are phosphoproteins in which the phospho group is attached to either a histidine residue or, in a number of cases, a cysteine residue. After phosphorylation of enzyme I by PEP, the phospho group is transferred to HPr. The enzymes II are required for the transport of the carbohydrates across the membrane and the transfer of the phospho group from phospho-HPr to the carbohydrates. Biochemical, structural, and molecular genetic studies have shown that the various enzymes II have the same basic structure. Each enzyme II consists of domains for specific functions, e.g., binding of the carbohydrate or phosphorylation. Each enzyme II complex can consist of one to four different polypeptides. The enzymes II can be placed into at least four classes on the basis of sequence similarity. The genetics of the PTS is complex, and the expression of PTS proteins is intricately regulated because of the central roles of these proteins in nutrient acquisition. In addition to classical induction-repression mechanisms involving repressor and activator proteins, other types of regulation, such as antitermination, have been observed in some PTSs. Apart from their role in carbohydrate transport, PTS proteins are involved in chemotaxis toward PTS carbohydrates. Furthermore, the IIAGlc protein, part of the glucose-specific PTS, is a central regulatory protein which in its nonphosphorylated form can bind to and inhibit several non-PTS uptake systems and thus prevent entry of inducers. In its phosphorylated form, P-IIAGlc is involved in the activation of adenylate cyclase and thus in the regulation of gene expression. By sensing the presence of PTS carbohydrates in the medium and adjusting the phosphorylation state of IIAGlc, cells can adapt quickly to changing conditions in the environment. In gram-positive bacteria, it has been demonstrated that HPr can be phosphorylated by ATP on a serine residue and this modification may perform a regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Postma
- E. C. Slater Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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