1
|
Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Histories of Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase and Dermatan 4- O-Sulfotransferase from Discovery of Their Enzymes and Genes to Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:509. [PMID: 36833436 PMCID: PMC9957132 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and its proteoglycans are essential for the assembly of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Various transporters and biosynthetic enzymes for nucleotide sugars, glycosyltransferases, epimerase, and sulfotransferases, are involved in the biosynthesis of DS. Among these enzymes, dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotranserase (D4ST) are rate-limiting factors of DS biosynthesis. Pathogenic variants in human genes encoding DSE and D4ST cause the musculocontractural type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, characterized by tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and skin hyperextensibility. DS-deficient mice exhibit perinatal lethality, myopathy-related phenotypes, thoracic kyphosis, vascular abnormalities, and skin fragility. These findings indicate that DS is essential for tissue development as well as homeostasis. This review focuses on the histories of DSE as well as D4ST, and their knockout mice as well as human congenital disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramarajan MG, Saraswat M, Budhraja R, Garapati K, Raymond K, Pandey A. Mass spectrometric analysis of chondroitin sulfate-linked peptides. JOURNAL OF PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 13:187-203. [PMID: 36213313 PMCID: PMC9526814 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components composed of linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains attached to a core protein. CSPGs play a vital role in neurodevelopment, signal transduction, cellular proliferation and differentiation and tumor metastasis through interaction with growth factors and signaling proteins. These pleiotropic functions of proteoglycans are regulated spatiotemporally by the GAG chains attached to the core protein. There are over 70 chondroitin sulfate-linked proteoglycans reported in cells, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. A core glycan linker of 3-6 monosaccharides attached to specific serine residues can be extended by 20-200 disaccharide repeating units making intact CSPGs very large and impractical to analyze. The current paradigm of CSPG analysis involves digesting the GAG chains by chondroitinase enzymes and analyzing either the protein part, the disaccharide repeats, or both by mass spectrometry. This method, however, provides no information about the site of attachment or the composition of linker oligosaccharides and the degree of sulfation and/or phosphorylation. Further, the analysis by mass spectrometry and subsequent identification of novel CSPGs is hampered by technical challenges in their isolation, less optimal ionization and data analysis. Unknown identity of the linker oligosaccharide also makes it more difficult to identify the glycan composition using database searching approaches. Following chondroitinase digestion of long GAG chains linked to tryptic peptides, we identified intact GAG-linked peptides in clinically relevant samples including plasma, urine and dermal fibroblasts. These intact glycopeptides including their core linker glycans were identified by mass spectrometry using optimized stepped higher energy collision dissociation and electron-transfer/higher energy collision dissociation combined with hybrid database search/de novo glycan composition search. We identified 25 CSPGs including three novel CSPGs that have not been described earlier. Our findings demonstrate the utility of combining enrichment strategies and optimized high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis including alternative fragmentation methods for the characterization of CSPGs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madan Gopal Ramarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Rohit Budhraja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Awad L, Demange R, Zhu YH, Vogel P. The use of levoglucosenone and isolevoglucosenone as templates for the construction of C-linked disaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1235-52. [PMID: 16678805 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of their functionalities (enone, ketone, and acetal) and their bicyclic structure (steric factors), levoglucosenone (1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose) and isolevoglucosenone (1,6-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-4-ulose) are useful templates for the convergent and combinatorial synthesis of (1-->2), (1-->3), and (1-->4)-linked C-disaccharides in reactions combining them with sugar-derived carbaldehydes. Synthetic methods relying on conjugate nucleophilic additions of these enones, their combination with aluminum reagents and aldehydes (Baylis-Hillman reaction) and modified Takai-Hiyama-Nozaki-Kishi couplings of enol triflates derived from them with sugar-derived aldehydes are reviewed. Highly stereoselective methods have thus been developed. These allow the generation of disaccharide mimetics with a high molecular diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loay Awad
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie et de Synthèse Asymétrique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lamari FN, Karamanos NK. Structure of Chondroitin Sulfate. CHONDROITIN SULFATE: STRUCTURE, ROLE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 2006; 53:33-48. [PMID: 17239761 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lamari FN, Theocharis AD, Asimakopoulou AP, Malavaki CJ, Karamanos NK. Metabolism and biochemical/physiological roles of chondroitin sulfates: analysis of endogenous and supplemental chondroitin sulfates in blood circulation. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:539-50. [PMID: 16779785 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, which is commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of galactosamine. The administration of CS as a supplement or a drug for the treatment of osteoarthrosis, the prevention of subsequent coronary events, treatment of psoriasis and ophthalmic diseases has been suggested. Much debate on the metabolism of CS and therefore the effectiveness of these treatments, especially after oral administration, has arisen due to the macromolecular nature of CS. Difficulties in analysing CS in blood due to the low endogenous concentrations and the covalent and anionic complexes with proteins have hampered the resolution of these issues. In this review, the information on the pharmacokinetics of CS obtained from studies in experimental animals and in humans is presented. Emphasis has been given to the analytical methods used for the determination of glycosaminoglycans, intact CS and CS-derived disaccharides in blood serum and plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Lamari
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Demange R, Awad L, Vogel P. Synthesis of C-linked analogues of β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-d-galactopyranosides and of β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-d-galactal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Iwafune M, Kakizaki I, Nakazawa H, Nukatsuka I, Endo M, Takagaki K. A glycomic approach to proteoglycan with a two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map. Anal Biochem 2004; 325:35-40. [PMID: 14715282 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan chains were liberated from proteoglycans (bovine lung, tracheal cartilage, and cerebrum) by successive digestion with actinase and with cellulase from Aspergillus niger, which has endo-beta-xylosidase activity. The glycosaminoglycan chains were fluorescence-labeled with 2-aminopyridine after digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The resulting pyridylamino-glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, and heparin, were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Each separated fraction was analyzed by two types of high-performance liquid chromatography: gel-filtration chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The correlation between molecular weight and degree of sulfation could be shown on the two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map. Use of a commonly available cellulase with endo-beta-xylosidase activity together with the two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map allows easy analysis of various glycosaminoglycan chains and comprehensive comparison among the structures. These techniques will become useful tools in the further development of glycotechnology and glycome analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mito Iwafune
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University, School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paulsen H, Brenken M. Synthese vonL-Alanyl-3-O-(β-D-xylopyranosyl)-L-seryl-glycyl-L-isoleucin. Direkte Glycosidierung von Peptiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198819880706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
9
|
Swann DA, Garg HG, Hendry CJ, Hermann H, Siebert E, Sotman S, Stafford W. Isolation and partial characterization of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans from human post-burn scar tissues. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1988; 8:295-313. [PMID: 3215004 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(88)80002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans (PGs) were extracted from human post-burn scar (Sc) tissues with 4M guanidinium chloride and isolated from the extracts by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by differential ethanol precipitation. The DS.PGs were further purified by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The average molecular weight (Mr) of hypertrophic scar (HSc) tissue DS.PGs was 39,000 based on sedimentation equilibrium measurements. Alkaline borohydride treatment of DS.PGs liberated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains and the presence of xylitol indicated that these chains were attached to protein core by xylosyl residues. The average Mr of the DS.GAG chain from HSc and normal scar (NSc) samples were 23,500 and 20,000 respectively. After digestion of the HSc and NSc, DS.PGs with chondroitinase ABC in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, two peptide components with Mr values of 21,500 and 17,000 were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using reducing conditions. Analysis of the protein core fractions derived from NSc and HSc DS.PGs by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography showed the presence of a single NH2-terminal amino acid (aspartic acid) and also that the fractions with different KAV values had an identical NH2-terminal sequence (A1-A5). The A1-A23 sequence of NSc DS.PG (major fraction, C): NH2Asp-Glu-Ala-O-Gly-Ile-Gly-Pro-Glu-Val-Pro-Asp-Asp-Arg-Asp-Phe-G lu-Pro- Ser-Leu-Gly-Pro-Val was the same as reported for a DS.PG isolated from human fetal membrane (HFM) tissue (Brennan et al., 1984). ELISA inhibition assay using monoclonal antibodies raised in rabbit against the NH2-terminal peptide (containing 15 amino acids) of human fetal membrane tissue were found to cross-react with HSc and NSc DS.PGs. Monoclonal antibodies to bovine skin DS.PGs protein core (Pearson et al., 1983) did not show any cross-reactivity with scar DS.PGs. These results show that the scar DS.PGs described here are different from normal bovine skin DS.PGs in the size and type of the protein core, and that in all the samples, the peptide components have the same NH2-terminal amino acid sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Swann
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Burns Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
van Kuppevelt TH, Janssen HM, van Beuningen HM, Cheung KS, Schijen MM, Kuyper CM, Veerkamp JH. Isolation and characterization of a collagen fibril-associated dermatan sulphate proteoglycan from bovine lung. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 926:296-309. [PMID: 3318935 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dermatan sulphate proteoglycans have been extracted from bovine lung with 2.0 M CaCl2 and isolated using CsCl density gradient centrifugation, DEAE ion-exchange chromatography, gel chromatography and preparative sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ultrastructurally these proteoglycans are specifically associated with collagen fibrils. Dermatan sulphate (Mr 15.10(3)-35.10(3), with a strong prevalence for the higher Mr) is link via an O-glycosidic bond to a protein core, which is rich in Asx, Glx and Leu. Of the total uronic acid, 91% is iduronic acid. A part of the glucuronic acid residues is located near the protein core and a large cluster of disaccharides is devoid of glucuronic acid residues. An inhibition enzyme immunoassay has been developed to quantitate the proteoglycan. A model for the interaction between dermatan sulphate proteoglycans and collagen fibrils is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Chemical Cytology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garg HG, Hasenkamp T, Paulsen H. [Synthesis of xylose-containing glycopeptides that contain the amino acid sequence 4 bis 7 des NH2-terminus of the protein core structure of cattle skin proteodermatan sulfates]. Carbohydr Res 1986; 151:225-32. [PMID: 3768890 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis is described of alpha-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-L-serylglycyl-L-isoleucyl-glycine (7), a glycopeptide containing the amino acid sequence of the protein core-structure of beef-skin proteodermatan sulfate; coupling of N-protected O-XylpSer with protected GlyIleuGly followed by deprotection afforded 7.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ledbetter SR, Hassell JR. beta-D-xyloside-mediated alteration in the synthesis of basement membrane proteoglycan. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 246:403-10. [PMID: 3963827 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside (xyloside), a synthetic initiator of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, on proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by a basement membrane producing tumor was studied. While xyloside markedly stimulated the formation of chondroitin sulfate chains, it depressed the formation of a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan and caused only little formation of free heparan sulfate chains. However, when the synthesis of the core protein of the proteoglycan was inhibited by cycloheximide, heparan sulfate chains were produced by xyloside treatment. These heparan sulfate chains had a sulfate content higher than that of heparan sulfate found on the proteoglycan. The data indicate that xyloside can substitute for the heparan sulfate initiation site on the core protein of the proteoglycan and that this initiation is enhanced in the absence of core protein. This suggests that under normal conditions the formation of heparan sulfate chains may be tightly linked to the production of the core protein.
Collapse
|
13
|
Paulsen H, Hasenkamp T, Paal M. Entwicklung eines syntheseblocks der 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-galactopyranose. Carbohydr Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(85)85005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Lewissäure-katalysierte synthesen von di- und trisaccharid-sequenzen der O- und N-glycoproteine. Anwendung von trimethylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonat. Carbohydr Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(84)85005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Sykes DE, Abbas SA, Barlow JJ, Matta KL. Substrate specificity and other properties of the beta-D-galactosidase from Aspergillus niger. Carbohydr Res 1983; 116:127-38. [PMID: 6409408 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
beta-D-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger was purified by conventional techniques, including the repeated use of chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The final preparation represented a 112-fold purification, with a 22% yield. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 72 mumol of D-galactose released/min/mg of protein, using p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was studied by using saccharides having structural linkages similar to those found in naturally occurring glycoconjugates. At substrate concentrations of 5mM, the beta-D-galactosidase efficiently hydrolyzed beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-Gal, beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, and beta-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, at rates of 63, 53, 65, and 29 mumol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Slower hydrolysis was observed for beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-Glc, beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, and beta-Gal-(1 leads to 6)-beta-GlcNAc-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, with rates of 10, 13 and 9 mumol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Poorly hydrolyzed, at rates 1/300th of that of beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p, were synthetic substrates having D-galactose attached beta-(1 leads to 3)- to either GalNAc or GlcNAc. The Km value for beta-D-galactosidase with beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlNAc-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p was approximately 20 times that with beta-Gal-1 leads to OC6H4NO2-p. The beta-D-galactosidase of A. niger has a molecular weight of 300,000, as demonstrated by gel-filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis indicated a single subunit having a molecular weight of 130,000.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Effect of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside on proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in rat serosal mast cell cultures. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
18
|
|
19
|
Montreuil J. Primary structure of glycoprotein glycans: basis for the molecular biology of glycoproteins. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1980; 37:157-223. [PMID: 6996449 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
20
|
Oguri K, Yamagata T. Appearance of a proteoglycan in developing sea urchin embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 541:385-93. [PMID: 667128 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It was shown that a proteoglycan is synthesised by embryos of a Japanese sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. This proteoglycan appears as a single peak on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation throughout the development. About half of the mucopolysaccharide moiety in this proteoglycan was found to be dermatan sulphate and the rest to be chondroitinase-resistant mucopolysaccharides. Evidence is presented to show that both types of mucopolysaccharide do not exist in a free form but reside as an integral part of the proteoglycan. The linkage between mucopolysaccharide and protein moieties of the proteoglycan appeared not to be an O-glycosidic bond, which is common among other proteoglycans such as proteochondroitin sulphate and proteodermatan sulphate.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Alkaline extraction of whale intestine, followed by pronase digestion and precipitation of heparin (omega-heparin) with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride gave a supernatant fraction containing dermatan sulfate. Ethanol at 20% concentration precipitated dermatan sulfate from the supernatant fraction. The crude dermatan sulfate was further fractionated by ion-exchange column chromatography on Dowex-1 (C1- form), eluting stepwise with aqueous sodium chloride. The fractions eluted with 1.5M and 1.75M sodium chloride contained a typical dermatan sulfate. Chemical and enzymic studies of these preparations revealed that the sulfate groups were located solely at O-4 of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose resides. L-Iduronic acid was assumed to be distributed uniformly in the backbone of the polysaccharide chain, with D-glucuronic acid being located in the linkage region to the protein core. A new method for determining the ratio of D-glucuronic to L-iduronic acid is also described.
Collapse
|
22
|
Seno N, Sekizuka E. Quantitative β-elimination-reduction of O-glycosyl linkages in chondroitin sulfates. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)80874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Abstract
A search for derivatized amino acids in proteins has shown that the extent of posttranslational modification of proteins is quite substantial. While only 20 primary amino acids are specified in the genetic code and are involved as monomer building blocks in the assembly of the polypeptide chain, about 140 amino acids and amino acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of different proteins in different organisms. A brief consideration of the questions about where and when the derivatization reactions occur, how the specificity of the reactions is established, and how the posttranslational modifications can facilitate biological processes, reveal a need for more information on all these points. Answers to these questions should represent significant contributions to our understanding of biochemistry and cell biology.
Collapse
|
25
|
METZLER DAVIDE. The Molecules from Which We Are Made. Biochemistry 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-492550-2.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Cantz M, Gehler J. The mucopolysaccharidoses: inborn errors of glycosaminoglycan catabolism. Hum Genet 1976; 32:233-55. [PMID: 820626 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses are genetic disorders of glycosaminoglycan metabolism. Patients with these diseases accumulate within the lysosomes of most tissues excessive amounts of dermatan and/or heparan sulfates, or of keratan sulfate. The clinical consequences of such glycosaminoglycan storage range from skeletal abnormalities to cardiovascular problems, and to motor and mental retardation. In all mucopolysaccharidoses, except Morquio disease, an excessive accumulation of sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans has been demonstrated in fibroblasts cultured from the patient's skin. It was subsequently shown that this was due to the deficiency of specific proteins which were named "corrective factors", because their addition to the culture medium effected a normalization of the impaired glycosaminoglycan catabolism in the respective mucopolysaccharidosis fibroblasts. The investigation of the function of the corrective factors, and other studies, led to the identification of the enzymatic defect in each of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Seven lysosomal enzyme deficiencies are now recognized among this group of disorders. A classification of the diseases, according to the mutant gene products, reveals that there is considerable phenotypic variation not only between diseases, but also within several disease types. With the availability of the appropriate enzyme assays, the previous difficulties in diagnosing these disorders have now been overcome. Methods are also available for the prenatal diagnosis, and the detection of heterozygous individuals, in most of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Although correction of the metabolic defect through enzyme replacement has been achieved in tissue culture, many problems remain to be solved before such therapy may become applicable in the patients themselves.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kennedy JF. Chemical and biochemical aspects of the glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in health and disease. Adv Clin Chem 1976; 18:1-101. [PMID: 130790 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Brew K, Shaper JH, Olsen KW, Trayer IP, Hill RL. Cross-linking of the components of lactose synthetase with dimethylpimelimidate. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
29
|
Kawai Y, Anno K. Glycopeptides from the egg jelly coat of the toad Bufo vulgaris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 381:195-202. [PMID: 1111585 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Glycopeptides isolated by exhaustive pronase digestion from the egg jelly coat of toad, Bufo vulgaris, were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into two fractions. These fractions each gave a single band when they were subjected to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The glycopeptides behaved as a kind of "macroglycopeptide" on gel chromatography. 2. The glycopeptide fractions contained as sugar components galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The amino acid composition was characterized by the presence of threonine and serine, which accounted for approximately 70% of the total amino acids. 3. Large amounts of galactosamine, threonine and serine were destroyed by treatment with alkali, indicating that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage in the glycopeptides is mostly an O-glycosidic bond between N-acetylgalactosamine and the hydroxy groups of threonine and serine.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
Habuchi H, Yamagata T, Iwata H, Suzuki S. The Occurrence of a Wide Variety of Dermatan Sulfate-Chondroitin Sulfate Copolymers in Fibrous Cartilage. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
34
|
|
35
|
Simpson DL, Hranisavljevic J, Davidson EA. Elimination and sulfite addition as a means of localization and identification of substituted seryl and threonyl residues in proteins and proteoglycans. Biochemistry 1972; 11:1849-56. [PMID: 4260246 DOI: 10.1021/bi00760a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|