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Ramseier MK, von Gunten U, Freihofer P, Hammes F. Kinetics of membrane damage to high (HNA) and low (LNA) nucleic acid bacterial clusters in drinking water by ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1490-500. [PMID: 21146846 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water was treated with ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate to investigate the kinetics of membrane damage of native drinking water bacterial cells. Membrane damage was measured by flow cytometry using a combination of SYBR Green I and propidium iodide (SGI+PI) staining as indicator for cells with permeabilized membranes and SGI alone to measure total cell concentration. SGI+PI staining revealed that the cells were permeabilized upon relatively low oxidant exposures of all tested oxidants without a detectable lag phase. However, only ozonation resulted in a decrease of the total cell concentrations for the investigated reaction times. Rate constants for the membrane damage reaction varied over seven orders of magnitude in the following order: ozone > chlorine > chlorine dioxide ≈ ferrate > permanganate > chloramine. The rate constants were compared to literature data and were in general smaller than previously measured rate constants. This confirmed that membrane integrity is a conservative and therefore safe parameter for disinfection control. Interestingly, the cell membranes of high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria were damaged much faster than those of low nucleic acid (LNA) content bacteria during treatment with chlorine dioxide and permanganate. However, only small differences were observed during treatment with chlorine and chloramine, and no difference was observed for ferrate treatment. Based on the different reactivity of these oxidants it was suggested that HNA and LNA bacterial cell membranes have a different chemical constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike K Ramseier
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Kirschenbaum DM. MOLAR ABSORPTIVITY AND A1%1cm VALUES FOR PROTEINS AT SELECTED WAVELENGTHS OF THE ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE REGION. VII*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1973.tb02318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nishimura JS. Succinyl-CoA synthetase structure-function relationships and other considerations. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 58:141-72. [PMID: 3521216 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123041.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Loziński T, Wierzchowski KL. Inactivation and destruction by KMnO4 of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase open transcription complex: recommendations for footprinting experiments. Anal Biochem 2003; 320:239-51. [PMID: 12927830 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Potassium permanganate oxidation of pyrimidine residues in single-stranded DNA is commonly used in footprinting studies on formation of open transcription complex (RPo) by RNA polymerases (RNAP) at cognate promoters. Our own experience and literature search led us to conclude that KMnO4 doses often used in such studies might cause multiple-hit oxidation of promoter DNA and oxidative damage to RNAP in RPo and lead to false interpretation of footprints. We have therefore studied as a function of KMnO4 dose (i) transcription activity of RPo formed by Escherichia coli RNAP at a model cognate promoter Pa and (ii) RPo's structural integrity, by gel electrophoresis and footprinting assays. Kinetics of formation of this complex and melting of DNA in the transcription bubble region were thoroughly characterized by us previously. Here we show that (i) RPo becomes completely inactivated at oxidant doses much lower than those needed to cause a detectable footprint of the melted DNA region, (ii) footprinting patterns of the melted promoter region remain practically unaffected by RNAP oxidation within a range of low oxidant doses causing single-hit oxidation of DNA, and (iii) at higher oxidant doses, corresponding to multiple-hit DNA oxidation, the gross structure of RPo changes progressively until its complete collapse and dissociation into constituent components, so that only approximate interpretation of the footprinting data for the melted DNA region is possible. A protocol for accurate RPo footprinting with low single-hit KMnO4 doses and interpretation of the footprinting data in terms of kinetics of oxidation of pyrimidine residues in promoter DNA is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Loziński
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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Glackin MP, McCarthy MP, Mallikarachchi D, Matthew JB, Allewell NM. Electrostatic interactions in the assembly of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase. Proteins 1989; 5:66-77. [PMID: 2664765 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although ionizable groups are known to play important roles in the assembly, catalytic, and regulatory mechanisms of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase, these groups have not been characterized in detail. We report the application of static accessibility modified Tanford-Kirkwood theory to model electrostatic effects associated with the assembly of pairs of chains, subunits, and the holoenzyme. All of the interchain interfaces except R1-R6 are stabilized by electrostatic interactions by -2 to -4 kcal-m-1 at pH 8. The pH dependence of the electrostatic component of the free energy of stabilization of intrasubunit contacts (C1-C2 and R1-R6) is qualitatively different from that of intersubunit contacts (C1-C4, C1-R1, and C1-R4). This difference may allow the transmission of information across subunit interfaces to be selectively regulated. Groups whose calculated pK or charge changes as a result of protein-protein interactions have been identified and the results correlated with available information about their function. Both the 240s loop of the c chain and the region near the Zn(II) ion of the r chain contain clusters of ionizable groups whose calculated pK values change by relatively large amounts upon assembly. These pK changes in turn extend to regions of the protein remote from the interface. The possibility that networks of ionizable groups are involved in transmitting information between binding sites is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Glackin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06457
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Scherer NM, Deamer DW. Oxidation of thiols in the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 862:309-17. [PMID: 2946320 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that oxidative stress impairs the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to transport and retain calcium. Inhibition results primarily from oxidation of one or more thiol groups in the Ca2+-ATPase. We now report that thiol oxidation does not result in disulfide formation. Oxidative inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity was not reversed by dithiothreitol. Also, arsenite, which crosslinks dithiols, only mildly inhibited Ca2+-ATPase activity and protected against inhibition by peroxydisulfate. These data suggest the thiols susceptible to oxidation are not spatially close enough to form a disulfide. Furthermore, these thiols appear to be involved in some aspect of phosphoenzyme formation. ATP, in the presence of calcium and magnesium, protected against inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity by both oxidants and thiol-binding agents. Both inhibitors also decreased binding of the nucleotide analogue TNP-AMP after phosphorylation by Pi. Dithiothreitol and arsenite were protective. In conclusion, reversible redox regulation of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum by thiol-disulfide exchange does not occur. However, some other mechanism of redox regulation may operate because the enzyme is sensitive to oxidants, thiol-binding agents and activity can be enhanced by prolonged exposure to dithiothreitol.
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Lerner CG, Switzer RL. Cloning and structure of the Bacillus subtilis aspartate transcarbamylase gene (pyrB). J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Dennis PR, Krishna MV, Di Gregorio M, Chan WW. Ligand interactions at the active site of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1986; 25:1605-11. [PMID: 3518791 DOI: 10.1021/bi00355a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The active site of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli was probed by studying the inhibitory effects of substrate analogues on the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. The inhibitors were chosen to satisfy the structural requirements for binding to either the phosphate or the dicarboxylate region. In addition, they also contained a side chain that would extend into the normal position occupied by the carbamoyl group. All the compounds tested showed competitive inhibition against carbamoyl phosphate. The ionic character of the side chain was found to be highly important in determining the affinity of the inhibitor. On the other hand, very little effect on binding was produced by changing the geometry of the functional group from trigonal to tetrahedral. Our findings suggest that the electrostatic stabilization of the negative charge that develops in the transition state may be a major factor in promoting catalysis. From the available X-ray diffraction data, we propose His-134 as the residue most likely to participate in this interaction. These results have significant implications on the design of reversible and irreversible inhibitors to this enzyme.
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Ariki M, Shamoo AE. Oxidation of reactive sulfhydryl groups of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 734:83-90. [PMID: 6225459 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of reactive sulfhydryl groups of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase has been investigated. Incubation of ATPase with 17 mol o-iodosobenzoic acid per mol ATPase results in a 15% inhibition of Ca2+ uptake with only a 5% loss of ATPase activity. When ATPase is treated with 15 mol KMnO4 per mol ATPase, Ca2+ uptake is completely inhibited. From the measurement of remaining SH groups using 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), it is found that the oxidation of approximately four SH groups per ATPase molecule with KMnO4 leads to a complete loss of Ca2+ uptake, while the oxidation of five SH groups per ATPase with o-iodosobenzoic acid results in only 15% inhibition of Ca2+ uptake. The results of amino acid analysis indicate that KMnO4 oxidizes the reactive SH groups to sulfonic acid groups. Among the five o-iodosobenzoic acid-reactive SH groups, at least one shows a distinct Ca2+ dependence. Addition of o-iodosobenzoic acid to the reaction medium containing KMnO4 does not increase the number of oxidized SH groups, indicating that both o-iodosobenzoic acid and KMnO4 oxidize the same SH groups of the enzyme. The different effects of two oxidizing agents on sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase eliminate the possibility of direct involvement of SH group(s) in the ATPase reaction.
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The intramembrane topography of the mannitol-specific enzyme II of the Escherichia coli phosphotransferase system. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Lauritzen A, Lipscomb W. Modification of three active site lysine residues in the catalytic subunit of aspartate transcarbamylase by D- and L-bromosuccinate. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kantrowitz ER, Pastra-Landis SC, Lipscomb WN. E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase: Part I: Catalytic and regulatory functions. Trends Biochem Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(80)90053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Lauritzen A, Landfear S, Lipscomb W. Inactivation of the catalytic subunit of aspartate transcarbamylase by nitration with tetranitromethane. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Wall K, Schachman H. Primary structure and properties of an inactive mutant aspartate transcarbamoylase. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Evans D, Lipscomb W. The modification of the catalytic chain sulfhydryl group of aspartate transcarbamylase with mercurinitrophenols. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Baron M, Lipscomb W, Evans D. The location and local environment of the active sites of aspartate transcarbamylase. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Conformational states of aspartate transcarbamoylase stabilized with a cross-linking reagent. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Allwell NM, Hofmann GE, Zaug A, Lennick M. Bohr effect in Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase. Linkages between substrate binding, proton binding, and conformational transitions. Biochemistry 1979; 18:3008-15. [PMID: 37893 DOI: 10.1021/bi00581a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Robertson N. The carbohydrate content of isolated yolk platelets from early developmental stages of Xenopus laevis. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1979; 8:173-86. [PMID: 466703 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(79)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Rippa M, Signorini M, Bellini T, Dallocchio F. The active site of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. A phosphate binding site and its surroundings. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 189:516-23. [PMID: 568455 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Beck CF, Howlett GJ. The nature of the miscoding caused by growth in the presence of 2-thiouracil. J Mol Biol 1977; 111:1-17. [PMID: 323495 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nishimura JS, Mitchell T, Matula JM. Inactivation of Escherichia coli succinic thiokinase by selective oxidation of thiol groups by permanganate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 69:1057-64. [PMID: 776179 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Kempe TD, Stark GR. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, a fluorescent probe in the active site of aspartate transcarbamylase. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Roberts MF, Switzer RL, Schubert KR. Inactivation of Salmonella phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase by oxidation of a specific sulfhydryl group with potassium permanganate. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Ohlsson JT, Wilson IB. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by periodate and permanganate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 350:48-53. [PMID: 4366383 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Lipscomb WN, Evans DR, Edwards BF, Warren SG, Pastra-Landis S, Wiley DC. Three-dimensional structures at 5.5 A resolution and regulatory processes in aspartate transcarbamylase from E. coli. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1974; 2:82-98. [PMID: 4612257 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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