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Orevi T, Lerner E, Rahamim G, Amir D, Haas E. Ensemble and single-molecule detected time-resolved FRET methods in studies of protein conformations and dynamics. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1076:113-169. [PMID: 24108626 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-649-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins are nanomachines that are selected to execute specific functions and therefore should have some degree of flexibility. The driving force that excites specific motions of domains and smaller chain elements is the thermal fluctuations of the solvent bath which are channeled to selected modes of motions by the structural constraints. Consequently characterization of the ensembles of conformers of proteins and their dynamics should be expressed in statistical terms, i.e., determination of probability distributions of the various conformers. This can be achieved by measurements of time-resolved dynamic non-radiative excitation energy transfer (trFRET) within ensembles of site specifically labeled protein molecules. Distributions of intramolecular segmental end-to-end distances and their fast fluctuations can be determined, and fast and slow conformational transitions within selected sections of the molecule can be monitored and analyzed. Both ensemble and single-molecule detection methods can be applied for data collection. In combination with synchronization methods, time-resolved FRET was also used for studies of fast conformational transitions, in particular the folding/unfolding transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Orevi
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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2
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Veinberg S, Shaltiel S, Steinberg IZ. Factors Contributing to the Absorption and Fluorescence Characteristics of Pyridoxal Phosphate in Glycogen Phosphorylaseb. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Hill SC, Pan YL, Williamson C, Santarpia JL, Hill HH. Fluorescence of bioaerosols: mathematical model including primary fluorescing and absorbing molecules in bacteria. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:22285-313. [PMID: 24104120 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.022285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a mathematical model of fluorescent biological particles composed of bacteria, viruses, or proteins. The fluorescent and/or light absorbing molecules included in the model are amino acids (tryptophan, etc.); nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, etc.); coenzymes (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, flavins, and vitamins B₆ and K and variants of these); and dipicolinates. The concentrations, absorptivities, and fluorescence quantum yields are estimated from the literature, often with large uncertainties. The bioparticles in the model are spherical and homogeneous. Calculated fluorescence cross sections for particles excited at 266, 280, and 355 nm are compared with measured values from the literature for several bacteria, bacterial spores and albumins. The calculated 266- and 280-nm excited fluorescence is within a factor of 3.2 of the measurements for the vegetative cells and proteins, but overestimates the fluorescence of spores by a factor of 10 or more. This is the first reported modeling of the fluorescence of bioaerosols in which the primary fluorophores and absorbing molecules are included.
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Evaluation of solute binding to proteins and intra-protein distances from steady state fluorescence measurements. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 106:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
The main structural characteristic of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or intrinsically disordered regions of globular proteins is that they exist as ensembles of multiple conformers which can continuously interconvert, and at times, form ensembles of a more restricted number of conformers. Characterization of the disordered state and transitions to partially or fully ordered states of such ensembles must be expressed in statistical terms, i.e., determination of probability distributions of the various conformers. This can be achieved by measurements of time-resolved dynamic non-radiative excitation energy transfer within ensembles of site-specifically labeled IDP molecules. Distributions of intramolecular segmental end-to-end distances and their fast fluctuations can be determined and fast and slow conformational transitions within selected sections of the molecule can be monitored and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Haas
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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6
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Mueller M, Takemasa R, Schwarz A, Atomi H, Nidetzky B. “Short-chain” α-1,4-glucan phosphorylase having a truncated N-terminal domain: Functional expression and characterization of the enzyme from Sulfolobus solfataricus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Counts KG, Wong I, Oliveira MA. Investigating the Geminal Diamine Intermediate of Yersinia pestis Arginine Decarboxylase with Substrate, Product, and Inhibitors Using Single Wavelength Stopped-Flow Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2006; 46:379-86. [PMID: 17209548 DOI: 10.1021/bi061260h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of Yersinia pestis arginine decarboxylase has been investigated using a series of substrate, product, and inhibitors. Using single wavelength stopped-flow spectroscopy, novel mechanistic features were noted in the presence of the product, agmatine. By focusing on the excitation and emission wavelengths of the geminal diamine intermediate, we were able to monitor the formation and decay of two different geminal diamine species. Experiments revealed that the enzyme exists in two different conformational states--one that binds ligand and one that does not. The on and off rates for the conversion between the two conformational states was determined to be 390 s-1 and 880 s-1, respectively. The KD for agmatine binding was 6 mM. In addition, experiments revealed a pH-dependent conversion between two states of the enzyme. The deprotonated form of the enzyme binds ligand more slowly than the protonated form. The rates for the formation of the geminal diamine and external aldimine in this pathway were determined to be 25 and 4 s-1, respectively. There is also a slow interconversion between the protonated and deprotonated enzymes that has a pKa of approximately 8.0. Finally, the formation of the geminal diamine was determined to be Mg2+-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korie G Counts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Griessler R, D'Auria S, Tanfani F, Nidetzky B. Thermal denaturation pathway of starch phosphorylase from Corynebacterium callunae: oxyanion binding provides the glue that efficiently stabilizes the dimer structure of the protein. Protein Sci 2000; 9:1149-61. [PMID: 10892808 PMCID: PMC2144666 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.6.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Starch phosphorylase from Corynebacterium callunae is a dimeric protein in which each mol of 90 kDa subunit contains 1 mol pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as an active-site cofactor. To determine the mechanism by which phosphate or sulfate ions bring about a greater than 500-fold stabilization against irreversible inactivation at elevated temperatures (> or = 50 degrees C), enzyme/oxyanion interactions and their role during thermal denaturation of phosphorylase have been studied. By binding to a protein site distinguishable from the catalytic site with dissociation constants of Ksulfate = 4.5 mM and Kphosphate approximately 16 mM, dianionic oxyanions induce formation of a more compact structure of phosphorylase, manifested by (a) an increase by about 5% in the relative composition of the alpha-helical secondary structure, (b) reduced 1H/2H exchange, and (c) protection of a cofactor fluorescence against quenching by iodide. Irreversible loss of enzyme activity is triggered by the release into solution of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and results from subsequent intermolecular aggregation driven by hydrophobic interactions between phosphorylase subunits that display a temperature-dependent degree of melting of secondary structure. By specifically increasing the stability of the dimer structure of phosphorylase (probably due to tightened intersubunit contacts), phosphate, and sulfate, this indirectly (1) preserves a functional active site up to approximately 50 degrees C, and (2) stabilizes the covalent protein cofactor linkage up to approximately 70 degrees C. The effect on thermostability shows a sigmoidal and saturatable dependence on the concentration of phosphate, with an apparent binding constant at 50 degrees C of approximately 25 mM. The extra stability conferred by oxyanion-ligand binding to starch phosphorylase is expressed as a dramatic shift of the entire denaturation pathway to a approximately 20 degrees C higher value on the temperature scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Griessler
- Division of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Food Technology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU), Austria
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9
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Gómez-Gallego F, Garrido-Pertierra A, Bautista JM. Structural defects underlying protein dysfunction in human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A(-) deficiency. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9256-62. [PMID: 10734064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme variant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) A(-), which gives rise to human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, is a protein of markedly reduced structural stability. This variant differs from the normal enzyme, G6PD B, in two amino acid substitutions. A further nondeficient variant, G6PD A, bears only one of these two mutations and is structurally stable. In this study, the synergistic structural defect in recombinant G6PD A(-) was reflected by reduced unfolding enthalpy due to loss of beta-sheet and alpha-helix interactions where both mutations are found. This was accompanied by changes in inner spatial distances between residues in the coenzyme domain and the partial disruption of tertiary structure with no significant loss of secondary structure. However, the secondary structure of G6PD A(-) was qualitatively affected by an increase in beta-sheets substituting beta-turns related to the lower unfolding enthalpy. The structural changes observed did not affect the active site of the mutant proteins, since its spatial position was unmodified. The final result is a loss of folding determinants leading to a protein with decreased intracellular stability. This is suggested as the cause of the enzyme deficiency in the red blood cell, which is unable to perform de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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McClure GD, Cook PF. Product binding to the alpha-carboxyl subsite results in a conformational change at the active site of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-A: evidence from fluorescence spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1994; 33:1674-83. [PMID: 8110769 DOI: 10.1021/bi00173a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic fluorescence of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzyme O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-A (OASS-A) was studied in order to gain insight into the structural basis for binding of substrates and products and for catalysis. Excitation of OASS-A with 298-nm light gives an emission spectrum with two maxima, 337 and 498 nm. OASS-A has two tryptophan residues, and the 337-nm maximum indicates that at least one of these is exposed somewhat to aqueous solvent. The 498-nm emission observed is due to fluorescence of the PLP Schiff base. Some of this long-wavelength fluorescence is likely due to direct excitation by incident radiation. However, the concomitant quenching of 340-nm emission and the enhancement of 498-nm emission observed upon reconstitution of apoenzyme with PLP support the conclusion that some of the long-wavelength emission is due to singlet-singlet transfer from at least one tryptophan residue to the PLP Schiff base. Enhancement of 498-nm fluorescence by either of the products, acetate or cysteine, of the enzymatic reaction without a quenching of 337-nm fluorescence is consistent with triplet-singlet transfer from one or both of the tryptophan residues to the PLP Schiff base. This would require a rigid environment for the tryptophan donor when the product is bound. However, a conformational change which affected principally the environment of the PLP Schiff base, resulting in a longer lifetime of its excited singlet state, would also increase the intensity of the 498-nm emission. Enhancement of OASS-A long-wavelength fluorescence by each product requires the unprotonated form of a different group on enzyme. Enhancement by acetate binding requires the unprotonated form of an enzyme group with a pK of 7 and is insensitive to substitution on the methyl group. L-Cysteine binding enhances 498-nm fluorescence when a group with a pK of 8 is unprotonated, and substitution at the thiol or the methylene bridge does not affect the enhancement elicited. Binding of L-cysteine to free enzyme (E) likely results in the formation of the external Schiff base accompanied by a conformational change giving fluorescence enhancement. The carboxylate moiety of acetate likely binds to the alpha-carboxylate subsite for amino acid reactants such as L-cysteine, resulting in a conformational change in the internal Schiff base and giving rise to the observed fluorescence enhancement. Data are interpreted in terms of the mechanism of OASS-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D McClure
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth 76107
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11
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Cuenda A, Centeno F, Gutierrez-Merino C. Modulation by phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase-sarcoplasmic reticulum interaction. FEBS Lett 1991; 283:273-6. [PMID: 1828440 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylase b at concentrations close to those found in skeletal muscle interacts with sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, but not with liposomes made of lipids extracted from these membranes, and is inhibited upon binding to the membrane. The interaction of glycogen phosphorylase with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane is modulated by phosphorylation, for the a form of this enzyme shows a K0.5 of interaction about 10-fold lower than the b form. Upon association to the membrane the fluorescence properties of the coenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, are strongly altered, for the fluorescence at 535 nm is partially quenched and the fluorescence at 415-420 nm increases. Using fluorescein labeled sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes we have found that the average conformation of the Ca2+ + Mg(2+)-ATPase is also altered on binding of phosphorylase b. In conclusion, the results reported in this paper suggest that glycogen phosphorylase and Ca2+ + Mg(2+)-ATPase directly interact under experimental conditions similar to those found in the sarcoplasm, and that this interaction is modulated by phosphorylation of the phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuenda
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Badajoz, Spain
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12
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Thermodynamic Analysis of the Activation of Glycogen Phosphorylase b Over a Range of Temperatures. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Company M, Zuluaga J, Martínez P, Jiménez JS. A stopped-flow assay for glycogen phosphorylase appropriate to measure catalytic activity at high enzyme concentrations. Anal Biochem 1988; 173:235-40. [PMID: 3189806 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) may be assayed in the glycogen degradation direction by a continuous spectrophotometric method. The formation of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen and phosphate produces a controlled change of pH which can be measured by the changes in absorbance of phenol red added to the system. The procedure may be conveniently applied to a stopped-flow spectrophotometer to measure the rate of the reaction. Therefore the activity of the enzyme may be determined at low conventional concentrations and, by the same technique, at high enzyme concentrations approaching those supposed to exist in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Company
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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14
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Company M, Zuluaga J, Jimenez JS. Continuous spectrophotometric assay for glycogen phosphorylase activity. Int J Biol Macromol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(88)90062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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16
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The influence of temperature on the binding of AMP to phosphorylase b. Int J Biol Macromol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(85)90001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Chang YC, Graves DJ. Use of 6-fluoroderivatives of pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate in the study of the coenzyme function in glycogen phosphorylase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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18
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Muñoz F, Canaves G, Donoso J, Echevarría G, García Blanco F. Influence of pH on the removal of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from phosphorylase b. Biophys Chem 1984; 20:175-81. [PMID: 6435697 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(84)80016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A method to break the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-phosphorylase b bond using hydroxylamine and slightly acid pH is put forward and described in the present paper. This method does not involve drastic conditions or deforming reagents. The influence of pH and protein concentration on the removal of PLP from phosphorylase has also been studied, resulting in an order of -0.3 with respect to the enzyme, a value that implies a complex reaction. An additional conclusion is that an increase in the protein concentration entails better protection of the enzyme from attack by hydroxylamine.
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Matkó J, Papp S, Hevessy J, Nagy P, Somogyi B. Segmental mobility in glycogen phosphorylase b. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 747:42-8. [PMID: 6411125 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and structuredness of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding region in glycogen phosphorylase b (EC 2.4.1.1) has been investigated with different techniques of fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence polarization data of the thermal Perrin plot indicate some mobility in the cofactor binding site, while the isothermic measurements (at 20 degrees C, in high-viscosity solvents) demonstrate that the mobile unit carrying the emission oscillator is practically insensitive to the external viscosity. Characteristics of the thermal Perrin plots obtained for both native and reduced phosphorylase b can be interpreted either as a freely moving cofactor in a medium of high viscosity (0.3 P) or as the motion of a unit larger than a lysine-bonded pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in a medium with the viscosity of water. Data for acrylamide quenching and time-resolved fluorescence measurements suggest that the latter interpretation should valid. These data also suggest a tightly packed microenvironment around the pyridoxal moiety.
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Helmreich EJ, Klein HW. The role of pyridoxal phosphate in the catalysis of glycogen phosphorylases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1980; 19:441-5. [PMID: 6773443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.198004411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Helmreich EJM, Klein HW. Die Rolle von Pyridoxalphosphat bei der Katalyse der Glykogen-Phosphorylasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19800920605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Arrio-Dupont M. Fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 91:369-78. [PMID: 729576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At pH 8.3, the fluorescence spectrum of apoaspartate aminotransferase is characteristic of buried tryptophans (maximum at 330 nm and width at half-height equal to 51 nm). Its quantum yield is 1.69 times larger than for tryptophan in H2O and the mean decay time is 2.5 ns for the fluorescence emitted at wavelengths higher than 335 nm. Polarization of excitation spectrum (minimum at 305 nm for an emission at 360 nm), suggests an inter-tryptophan energy transfer. Accessibility to a quencher of fluorescence indicates that 34% of the fluorescence can be extinguished by iodide with a quenching constant of 4 M-1; as shown by solvent perturbation spectroscopy, this partial accessibility is related to two tryptophan residues accessible to solvent. At pH 5, the relative quantum yield is slightly lower than at pH 8.3 (1.65). Binding of the pyridoxal-P coenzyme diminishes the fluorescence quantum yield relative to tryptophan to 0.51 at pH 8.3 and 0.595 at pH 5; the decrease is smaller in the presence of pyridoxamine-P. Since the fluorescence of the coenzyme is very weak it is difficult to observe its emission sensitized by tryptophan, nevertheless, since the quenching is larger for pyridoxal-P that absorbs at 360 nm than for reduced pyridoxal-P that absorbs at 330 nm, it is deduced that the energy is transferred preferentially from exposed tryptophans. It is proposed that conformational changes in the vicinity of buried tryptophans are responsible for the remaining quenching. This hypothesis of conformational changes induced by the binding of the coenzyme is in agreement with the observed fluorescence emission of tyrosine. In the apoenzyme the tyrosine quantum yield is zero and the energy is entirely transferred to tryptophan. In the holoenzyme the quantum yield is low and the efficiency of transfer to tryptophan is 0.13 in pyridoxal-P form and 0.7 in pyridoxamine-P form. According to the Förster theory of long-range energy transfer, a change of transfer efficiency can be attributed to a modification either of the mutual orientation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues or of the distance between these residues: both interpretations correspond to a conformational change.
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25
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Gani V, Kupfer A, Shaltiel S. A micellar model for the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate site of glycogen phosphorylase. Biochemistry 1978; 17:1294-300. [PMID: 656390 DOI: 10.1021/bi00600a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Kupfer A, Gani V, Shaltiel S. Micelles of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate Schiff bases - an improved model for the B6 site of glycogen phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 79:1004-10. [PMID: 597290 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Kasvinsky PJ, Meyer WL. The effect of pH and temperature on the kinetics of native and altered glycogen phosphorylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 181:616-31. [PMID: 20052 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Feldmann K, Helmreich EJ. The pyridoxal 5' -phosphate site in rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase b: an ultraviolet and 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Biochemistry 1976; 15:2394-401. [PMID: 1276147 DOI: 10.1021/bi00656a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1 H NMR spectra of the 3-0-methylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate-n-butylamine reaction product indicated that this analogue forms a Schiff base in aprotic solvent. The uv spectral properties of 3-0-methylpyridoxal-5'-phosphate phosphorylase b correspond to those of the n-butylamine Schiff base derivative in dimethyl sulfoxide. On the basis of that and auxiliary uv and 1H NMR spectra of pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and the corresponding Schiff base derivatives we have verified that pyridoxal 5' -phosphate is also bound as a Schiff base to phosphorylase and not as an aldamine. Since 3-0-methylpyridoxal-5'-phosphate phosphorylase is active, a proton shuttle between the 3-hydroxyl group and the pyridine nitrogen is excluded. This directs attention to the 5' -phosphate group of the cofactor as a candidate for a catalytic function. 31P NMR spectra of pyridoxal 5' -phosphate in phosphorylase b indicated that deprotonation of the 5' -phosphate group was unresponsive to external pH. Interaction of phosphorylase b with adenosine 5' -monophosphate, the allosteric effector required activity, and arsenate, which substitutes for phosphate as substrate, triggered a conformational change which resulted in deprotonation of the 5' -phosphate group of pyridoxal 5' at pH 7.6. It now behaved like in the pyridoxal-phosphate-epsilon-aminocaproate Schiff base in aqueous buffer, where the diionized form is dominant at this pH. Differences of line widths of the adenosine 5' -monophosphate signal point to different life times of the allosteric effector- enzyme complexes in the presence and absence of substrate (arsenate).
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29
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Busby SJ, Radda GK. Regulation of the glycogen phosphorylase system--from physical measurements to biological speculations. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1976; 10:89-160. [PMID: 176011 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152810-2.50010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Kempe TD, Stark GR. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, a fluorescent probe in the active site of aspartate transcarbamylase. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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31
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Greenfield NJ. Enzyme ligand complexes: spectroscopic studies. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 3:71-110. [PMID: 238788 DOI: 10.3109/10409237509102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Acetylation of amino groups and its effect on the conformation and immunological activity of obalbumin. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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A conformational study of poly-l-lysine, metmyoglobin, cytochrome c, methaemoglobin and glycogen phosphorylase b adsorbed at mercury electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(74)80021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vidgoff JM, Pocker A, Hullar TL, Fischer EH. Interaction of muscle glycogen phosphorylase with pyridoxal 5'-methylenephosphonate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 57:1166-74. [PMID: 4830752 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Madsen NB, Avramovic-Zikic O, Honikel KO. Structure-function relationships in glycogen phosphorylase with respect to its control characteristics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 210:222-37. [PMID: 4512312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Scheller F, Will H. A polarographic study on pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding in glycogen phosphorylase b. FEBS Lett 1973; 29:47-50. [PMID: 11946905 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Scheller
- Central Institute of Molecular Biology and Central Institute of Heart and Circulatory Regulation Research, Academy of Sciences of GDR, DDR, 1115, Buch, Berlin, Germany
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Cortijo M, Shaltiel S. On the microenvironment of the pyridoxamine 5-phosphate residue in NaBH 4 -reduced glycogen phosphorylase b. Absorption and fluorescence studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 29:134-42. [PMID: 4673365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Honikel KO, Madsen NB. Comparison of the Absorbance Spectra and Fluorescence Behavior of Phosphorylase b with that of Model Pyridoxal Phosphate Derivatives in Various Solvents. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Peterson PA, Rask L. Studies on the Fluorescence of the Human Vitamin A-transporting Plasma Protein Complex and Its Individual Components. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Jones DC, Cowgill RW. Evidence for the binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in a hydrophobic region of glycogen phosphorylase b dimer. Biochemistry 1971; 10:4276-82. [PMID: 5166645 DOI: 10.1021/bi00799a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Arrio-Dupont M. The effect of solvent on the fluorescence of Schiff bases of pyridoxal 5' phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 44:653-9. [PMID: 5123203 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Forrey AW, Olsgaard RB, Nolan C, Fischer EH. Synthesis and properties of alpha and epsilon pyridoxyl lysines and their phosphorylated derivatives. Biochimie 1971; 53:269-81. [PMID: 5564218 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(71)80093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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FISCHER EDMONDH, HEILMEYER LUDWIGM, HASCHKE RICHARDH. Phosphorylase and the Control of Glycogen Degradation* *The authors wish to thank the National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Disease, NIH, United States Public Health Service (AM 07902), the National Science Foundation (GN 5932X), and the Muscular Dystrophy Association of America for support during preparation of this review. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152804-1.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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