The Structural Properties of Spinach Leaf Glyoxylic Acid Reductase

NADP-malate dehydrogenase from leaves of Zea mays: purification and physical, chemical, and kinetic properties

NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) from leaves of Zea mays has been purified and has a specific activity of 600-1000 mumol/min/mg protein. The native, inactive form of the enzyme is an 87.4-kDa, dimeric protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5 S and a Stokes' radius of 3.62 nm. Isofocus analysis reveals the native enzyme preparation to contain two proteins of pI 4.88 and 4.90. The uv-visible absorbance spectrum reveals no chromophores on the protein. The inactive form of the enzyme contains three thiols and three disulfides per subunit. 2-Mercaptoethanol can reduce two of the three subunit disulfides without concomitant activation of the enzyme. Treating the enzyme with dithiothreitol reduces all three subunit disulfides and fully activates the enzyme. These results show that NADP-MDH activation is dependent on the reduction of a critical disulfide bond. The enzyme can use both NADPH and NADH for oxaloacetate (OAA) reduction and NADP and NAD for malate oxidation at the following measured specific activities (eu/mg protein) at pH 8.5 in Tris buffer: NADPH plus OAA (690), NADH plus OAA (260), NADP plus malate (82), and NAD plus malate (37). These activities vary as a function of pH and buffer composition. Km values for the substrate pairs are NADPH (24 microM) plus OAA (56 microM); NADH (0.83 mM) plus OAA (61 microM); NADP (73 microM) plus malate (32 mM); and NAD (0.80 mM) plus malate (29 mM). The enzyme shows allosteric kinetics for NADP with a Hill number of 1.56. The enzyme is substrate-inhibited by malate for both NADP- and NAD-dependent activities.

NADH:hydroxypyruvate reductase and NADPH:glyoxylate reductase in algae: partial purification and characterization from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate reductase activities were measured in extracts from the unicellular green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella miniata, and Dunaliella tertiolecta. Only trace levels of these activities were detectable in the blue-green algae, Anabaena variabilis and Synechococcus leopoliensis. A NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase was purified 130-fold from Chlamydomonas to a specific activity of 18 mumol NADH oxidized X min-1 X mg protein-1. The pH optimum was 5.0 to 7.0 in the presence of phosphate and the Km(hydroxypyruvate) was 0.05 mM. Substrate inhibition by hydroxypyruvate could be partially relieved by phosphate. The molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration, was 96,000. NADH-dependent glyoxylate reductase activity copurified with the hydroxypyruvate reductase. The Km(glyoxylate) was 10 mM, and the pH optimum was 4.5 to 8.5. A specific NADPH:glyoxylate reductase was also partially purified which did not reduce hydroxypyruvate or pyruvate. The NADPH:glyoxylate reductase had a Km(glyoxylate) of 0.1 mM and a pH optimum of 5.0 to 9.5. These reductases were compared with the pyruvate reductase of Chlamydomonas which also catalyzes the reduction of both hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate.