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Li L, Shen Y, Xu X, Yang W, Li J. Tracing and exploring the evolutionary origin and systematic function of fish complement C9. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:665-676. [PMID: 33718983 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Complement C9, as a member of terminal complement component (TCC) protein, plays important roles in innate immunity. However, some complement components appear to show difference and evolutionary complexity between higher and lower vertebrates. Hence, it is essential to carry on a study of evolutionary origin and systematic function of C9 in fish and non-fish vertebrates. This study aims to explore the complement gene evolution and potential function in fish based on molecular and structural biology. Herein, we found complete divergence of C9 throughout the gene evolution. The optimal codons of C9 sequences tended to be closer to the genomes of lower vertebrates compared to higher vertebrates. Further, conserved amino acids in the C9 TMH1 region were identified, implying their potential functional association with MAC growth and pore formation. Transposons and simple repeats, as gene elements, exhibited a differential distribution in the genomic regions in different animal groups but were sparsely scattered around the sixth exon (TMH1 region). Notably, this demonstrated the regulatory complexity of the C9 gene in higher vertebrates. The negative selection pressures on fish and non-fish groups improved both the sequence conservation and similarity. Through gene/protein regulatory network and pathway analyses, the systematic function of C9 protein was showcased; thus, we could reveal the divergence of the systematic function of C9 across species from different evolutionary positions. In addition, more complicated functions of C9 in higher vertebrates could established by the altered spatial conformation of the protein. Collectively, the present study illustrates the C9 gene evolutionary process and the difference in its systematic function across multiple species. Such advances provide new insights for understanding the evolutionary and potential functions of complement C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Weining Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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2
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Simon J, Kuhn G, Fichter M, Gehring S, Landfester K, Mailänder V. Unraveling the In Vivo Protein Corona. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010132. [PMID: 33445454 PMCID: PMC7826990 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of nanoparticles upon contact with a physiological environment is of urgent need in order to improve their properties for a successful therapeutic application. Most commonly, the interaction of nanoparticles with plasma proteins are studied under in vitro conditions. However, this has been shown to not reflect the complex situation after in vivo administration. Therefore, here we focused on the investigation of magnetic nanoparticles with blood proteins under in vivo conditions. Importantly, we observed a radically different proteome in vivo in comparison to the in vitro situation underlining the significance of in vivo protein corona studies. Next to this, we found that the in vivo corona profile does not significantly change over time. To mimic the in vivo situation, we established an approach, which we termed “ex vivo” as it uses whole blood freshly prepared from an animal. Overall, we present a comprehensive analysis focusing on the interaction between nanoparticles and blood proteins under in vivo conditions and how to mimic this situation with our ex vivo approach. This knowledge is needed to characterize the true biological identity of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Simon
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabor Kuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Fichter
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (M.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (M.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (G.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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3
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Franc V, Yang Y, Heck AJR. Proteoform Profile Mapping of the Human Serum Complement Component C9 Revealing Unexpected New Features of N-, O-, and C-Glycosylation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3483-3491. [PMID: 28221766 PMCID: PMC5362742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
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The human complement
C9 protein (∼65 kDa) is a member of
the complement pathway. It plays an essential role in the membrane
attack complex (MAC), which forms a lethal pore on the cellular surface
of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we charted in detail the structural
microheterogeneity of C9 purified from human blood serum, using an
integrative workflow combining high-resolution native mass spectrometry
and (glyco)peptide-centric proteomics. The proteoform profile of C9
was acquired by high-resolution native mass spectrometry, which revealed
the co-occurrence of ∼50 distinct mass spectrometry (MS) signals.
Subsequent peptide-centric analysis, through proteolytic digestion
of C9 and liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)
measurements of the resulting peptide mixtures, provided site-specific
quantitative profiles of three different types of C9 glycosylation
and validation of the native MS data. Our study provides a detailed
specification, validation, and quantification of 15 co-occurring C9
proteoforms and the first direct experimental evidence of O-linked glycans in the N-terminal region.
Additionally, next to the two known glycosylation sites, a third novel,
albeit low abundant, N-glycosylation site on C9 is
identified, which surprisingly does not possess the canonical N-glycosylation sequence N-X-S/T. Our data also reveal a
binding of up to two Ca2+ ions to C9. Mapping all detected
and validated sites of modifications on a structural model of C9,
as present in the MAC, hints at their putative roles in pore formation
or receptor interactions. The applied methods herein represent a powerful
tool for the unbiased in-depth analysis of plasma proteins and may
advance biomarker discovery, as aberrant glycosylation profiles may
be indicative of the pathophysiological state of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Yang
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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The C-terminal transmembrane domain of human phospholipid scramblase 1 is essential for the protein flip-flop activity and Ca²⁺-binding. J Membr Biol 2013; 247:155-65. [PMID: 24343571 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) is a 318 amino acid protein that was originally described as catalyzing phospholipid transbilayer (flip-flop) motion in plasma membranes in a Ca²⁺-dependent, ATP-independent way. Further studies have suggested an intranuclear role for this protein in addition. A putative transmembrane domain located at the C terminus (aa 291-309) has been related to the flip-flop catalysis. In order to clarify the role of the C-terminal region of SCR, a mutant was produced (SCRΔ) in which the last 28 amino acid residues were lacking, including the α-helix. SCRΔ had lost the scramblase activity and its affinity for Ca²⁺ was decreased by one order of magnitude. Fluorescence and IR spectroscopic studies revealed that the C-terminal region of SCR was essential for the proper folding of the protein. Moreover, it was found that Ca²⁺ exerted an overall destabilizing effect on SCR, which might facilitate its binding to membranes.
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Thakur SA, Hamilton R, Pikkarainen T, Holian A. Differential binding of inorganic particles to MARCO. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:238-46. [PMID: 18836211 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) in the lung have been documented to play pivotal roles in inflammation and fibrosis (silicosis) following inhalation of crystalline silica (CSiO(2)). In contrast, exposure to either titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) or amorphous silica (ASiO(2)) is considered relatively benign. The scavenger receptor macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), expressed on AM, binds and internalizes environmental particles such as silica and TiO(2). Only CSiO(2) is toxic to AM, while ASiO(2) and TiO(2) are not. We hypothesize that differences in induction of pathology between toxic CSiO(2) and nontoxic particles ASiO(2) and TiO(2) may be related to their differential binding to MARCO. In vitro studies with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human MARCO and mutants were conducted to better characterize MARCO-particulate (ASiO(2), CSiO(2), and TiO(2)) interactions. Results with MARCO-transfected CHO cells and MARCO-specific antibody demonstrated that the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain of MARCO was required for particle binding for all the tested particles. Only TiO(2) required divalent cations (viz., Ca(+2) and/or Mg(+2)) for binding to MARCO, and results from competitive binding studies supported the notion that TiO(2) and both the silica particles bound to different motifs in SRCR domain of MARCO. The results also suggest that particle shape and/or crystal structure may be the determinants linking particle binding to MARCO and cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the SRCR domain of MARCO is required for particle binding and that involvement of different regions of SRCR domain may distinguish downstream events following particle binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal A Thakur
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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6
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Calcium induces a conformational change in the ligand binding domain of the low density lipoprotein receptor. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Morgan BP. Effects of the membrane attack complex of complement on nucleated cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 178:115-40. [PMID: 1424771 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77014-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B P Morgan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, FL 33103
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9
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Dahlbäck B, Hildebrand B, Linse S. Novel type of very high affinity calcium-binding sites in beta-hydroxyasparagine-containing epidermal growth factor-like domains in vitamin K-dependent protein S. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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11
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Tschopp J, Schäfer S, Masson D, Peitsch MC, Heusser C. Phosphorylcholine acts as a Ca2+-dependent receptor molecule for lymphocyte perforin. Nature 1989; 337:272-4. [PMID: 2783478 DOI: 10.1038/337272a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Large granular lymphocytes and cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL) contain numerous cytoplasmic granules thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the cytolytic activity of these effector cells. Isolated granules are lytic for a variety of target cells and the granule proteins are specifically released upon target-cell interaction. Major proteins in mouse CTL granules are a family of seven serine proteases designated granzymes A to G, and a pore-forming protein called perforin (cytolysin). Purified perforin is cytolytic in the presence of Ca2+ and shows ultrastructural, immunological and amino-acid sequence similarities to complement component C9. Despite these similarities, perforin and C9 are clearly distinct in their mode of target-cell recognition. Whereas C9 insertion is absolutely dependent on a receptor moiety assembled from the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, and C8 on the target-cell membrane, no requirement for a receptor molecule has been reported for perforin. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylcholine acts as a specific, Ca2+-dependent receptor molecule for perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tschopp
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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12
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Marazziti D, Eggertsen G, Fey GH, Stanley KK. Relationships between the gene and protein structure in human complement component C9. Biochemistry 1988; 27:6529-34. [PMID: 3219351 DOI: 10.1021/bi00417a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human complement component C9 is a multidomain protein for which a large number of surface topographical features have been determined. We have analyzed the exon-intron boundaries of the human C9 gene and find a good correlation between splice sites and surface features of the protein but little correlation with the putative protein domain structure, even in the cysteine-rich sequence homology with the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor which is likely to be an independently folded structural motif. This is surprising because in the LDL receptor the same sequence is precisely bounded by introns, and it has been assumed that this sequence is present in both proteins as a result of exon shuffling. We deduce that substantial rearrangement of the exon-intron structure of the C9 gene must have occurred before the exchange of cysteine-rich domains, possibly linked to the process of exon duplication which was required to generate the repeats in the LDL receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marazziti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, FRG
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13
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Esser AF, Sodetz JM. Membrane attack complex proteins C5b-6, C7, C8, and C9 of human complement. Methods Enzymol 1988; 162:551-78. [PMID: 3226325 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)62103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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