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Su WB, Zhu CY, Zhou HP, Gao J, Zhang YW. A single site mutation significantly improves the thermostability and activity of heparinase I from Bacteroides eggerthii. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1976757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Su
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
- College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Gupta R, Ponnusamy MP. Analysis of sulfates on low molecular weight heparin using mass spectrometry: structural characterization of enoxaparin. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:503-513. [PMID: 29782806 PMCID: PMC10134193 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1480110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structural characterization of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is critical to meet biosimilarity standards. In this context, the review focuses on structural analysis of labile sulfates attached to the side-groups of LMWH using mass spectrometry. A comprehensive review of this topic will help readers to identify key strategies for tackling the problem related to sulfate loss. At the same time, various mass spectrometry techniques are presented to facilitate compositional analysis of LMWH, mainly enoxaparin. Areas covered: This review summarizes findings on mass spectrometry application for LMWH, including modulation of sulfates, using enzymology and sample preparation approaches. Furthermore, popular open-source software packages for automated spectral data interpretation are also discussed. Successful use of LC/MS can decipher structural composition for LMWH and help evaluate their sameness or biosimilarity with the innovator molecule. Overall, the literature has been searched using PubMed by typing various search queries such as 'enoxaparin', 'mass spectrometry', 'low molecular weight heparin', 'structural characterization', etc. Expert commentary: This section highlights clinically relevant areas that need improvement to achieve satisfactory commercialization of LMWHs. It also primarily emphasizes the advancements in instrumentation related to mass spectrometry, and discusses building automated software for data interpretation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.,b Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
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3
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Deciphering the mode of action, structural and biochemical analysis of heparinase II/III (PsPL12a) a new member of family 12 polysaccharide lyase from Pseudopedobacter saltans. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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4
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The identification of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in archaeological human bones and teeth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131105. [PMID: 26107959 PMCID: PMC4481269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue is mineralized dense connective tissue consisting mainly of a mineral component (hydroxyapatite) and an organic matrix comprised of collagens, non-collagenous proteins and proteoglycans (PGs). Extracellular matrix proteins and PGs bind tightly to hydroxyapatite which would protect these molecules from the destructive effects of temperature and chemical agents after death. DNA and proteins have been successfully extracted from archaeological skeletons from which valuable information has been obtained; however, to date neither PGs nor glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains have been studied in archaeological skeletons. PGs and GAGs play a major role in bone morphogenesis, homeostasis and degenerative bone disease. The ability to isolate and characterize PG and GAG content from archaeological skeletons would unveil valuable paleontological information. We therefore optimized methods for the extraction of both PGs and GAGs from archaeological human skeletons. PGs and GAGs were successfully extracted from both archaeological human bones and teeth, and characterized by their electrophoretic mobility in agarose gel, degradation by specific enzymes and HPLC. The GAG populations isolated were chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). In addition, a CSPG was detected. The localization of CS, HA, three small leucine rich PGs (biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin) and glypican was analyzed in archaeological human bone slices. Staining patterns were different for juvenile and adult bones, whilst adolescent bones had a similar staining pattern to adult bones. The finding that significant quantities of PGs and GAGs persist in archaeological bones and teeth opens novel venues for the field of Paleontology.
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5
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Yu P, Wu Y. Expression of the heparinase gene from Flavobacterium heparinum in Escherichia coli and its enzymatic properties. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:348-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Zhou Z, Jiang F, Wang S, Peng F, Dai J, Li W, Fang C. Pedobacter arcticus sp. nov., a facultative psychrophile isolated from Arctic soil, and emended descriptions of the genus
Pedobacter
,
Pedobacter heparinus
,
Pedobacter daechungensis
,
Pedobacter terricola
,
Pedobacter glucosidilyticus
and
Pedobacter lentus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:1963-1969. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.031104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, short rod-shaped, motile (by gliding) bacterial strain, designated A12T, was isolated from tundra soil collected from Ny-Ålesund, in the Arctic region of Norway. The temperature, NaCl and pH ranges for growth were 4–25 °C (optimum, 18 °C), 0–2 % (optimum, 0 %) and pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 7). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the Arctic isolate belonged to the genus
Pedobacter
and showed highest sequence similarity (94.4 %) to
Pedobacter daechungensis
KCTC 12637T. The DNA G+C content (38.3 mol%), polar lipid profile, presence of sphingolipid, MK-7 as the only respiratory quinone, and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as major fatty acids supported the allocation of strain A12T to the genus
Pedobacter
as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Pedobacter
arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A12T ( = CCTCC AB 2010223T = NRRL B-59457T). Emended descriptions of the genus
Pedobacter
and of
Pedobacter heparinus
,
Pedobacter daechungensis
,
Pedobacter terricola
,
Pedobacter glucosidilyticus
and
Pedobacter lentus
are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fan Jiang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fang Peng
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jun Dai
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Wenxin Li
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chengxiang Fang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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7
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Tripathi CKM, Banga J, Mishra V. Microbial heparin/heparan sulphate lyases: potential and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:307-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Banga J, Tripathi CKM. Purification and Characterization of a Novel Heparin Degrading Enzyme from Aspergillus flavus (MTCC-8654). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1004-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Ahn MY, Shin KH, Kim DH, Jung EA, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Characterization of aBacteroidesspecies from human intestine that degrades glycosaminoglycans. Can J Microbiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/w98-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide lyases that can degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were identified in an anaerobic strain living in the human intestine. The strain was isolated from the stool of a healthy male and identified as Bacteroides sp. strain HJ-15. A detailed taxonomical study indicated the species is a strain of Bacteroides stercoris. The isolate was cultured and the polysaccharide lyase activity was partially purified. This enzyme preparation could act on GAGs containing either glucosamine or galactosamine suggesting the presence of both heparinases and chondroitinases. Various GAGs were incubated with the partially purified enzyme and the products formed were analyzed by strong anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These studies demonstrated the presence of at least two types of polysaccharide lyases: heparin lyase and chondroitin sulfate lyase. The eliminative mechanism of these lyase enzymes was confirmed through the isolation of unsaturated disaccharide products. The heparin lyase acted on both heparin and acharan sulfate, a GAG recently isolated from Achatina fulica. The Bacteroides chondroitin lyase, acted on chondroitin sulfates A, B (dermatan sulfate), and C, resembling chondroitin lyase ABC. The presence of a GAG-degrading organism in human intestine may pose problems for the effective oral administration of GAG drugs.Key words: Bacteroides stercoris, glycosaminoglycan, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, polysaccharide lyase, heparinase, chondroitinase.
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10
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Imanari T, Toida T, Koshiishi I, Toyoda H. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr A 1996; 720:275-93. [PMID: 8601196 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-derived oligosaccharides has been employed for the structural analysis and measurement of hyaluronan, chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin. Recent developments in the separation and detection of unsaturated disaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from GAGs by enzymatic or chemical degradation are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imanari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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11
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Ernst S, Langer R, Cooney CL, Sasisekharan R. Enzymatic degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 30:387-444. [PMID: 8575190 DOI: 10.3109/10409239509083490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, generate the chemical specificity of GAGs. GAGs can be depolymerized enzymatically either by eliminative cleavage with lyases (EC 4.2.2.-) or by hydrolytic cleavage with hydrolases (EC 3.2.1.-). Often, these enzymes are specific for residues in the polysaccharide chain with certain modifications. As such, the enzymes can serve as tools for studying the physiological effect of residue modifications and as models at the molecular level of protein-GAG recognition. This review examines the structure of the substrates, the properties of enzymatic degradation, and the enzyme substrate-interactions at a molecular level. The primary structure of several GAGs is organized macroscopically by segregation into alternating blocks of specific sulfation patterns and microscopically by formation of oligosaccharide sequences with specific binding functions. Among GAGs, considerable dermatan sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate show conformational flexibility in solution. They elicit sequence-specific interactions with enzymes that degrade them, as well as with other proteins, however, the effect of conformational flexibility on protein-GAG interactions is not clear. Recent findings have established empirical rules of substrate specificity and elucidated molecular mechanisms of enzyme-substrate interactions for enzymes that degrade GAGs. Here we propose that local formation of polysaccharide secondary structure is determined by the immediate sequence environment within the GAG polymer, and that this secondary structure, in turn, governs the binding and catalytic interactions between proteins and GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ernst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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12
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Lohse D, Linhardt R. Purification and characterization of heparin lyases from Flavobacterium heparinum. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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