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Bekasova O. Properties and potential applications of bioconjugates of R-phycoerythrin with Ag° or CdS nanoparticle synthesized in its tunnel cavity: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128181. [PMID: 37977463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesis is a promising method for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) due to its simplicity, low cost, low toxicity, and environmental friendliness. Biosynthesized NPs exhibit multifunctional activity, good biocompatibility, and higher anticancer and antibacterial activity compared to chemically synthesized NPs. R-phycoerythrin, a photosynthetic light-harvesting pigment of protein nature (M.w. 290 kDa), is an attractive platform for the synthesis of small sizes NPs due to its structural features, non-toxicity, water solubility. Photosensitive bioconjugates of R-phycoerythrin with NPs were prepared by synthesizing Ag° and CdS NPs in tunnel cavities of R-phycoerythrin (3.5 × 6.0 nm) isolated from the red seaweed Callithamnion rubosum. The review is devoted to the physical processes and chemical reactions that occur in the native protein macromolecule of a complex structure during the synthesis of a NP in its cavity. The influence of Ago and CdS NPs on the electronic processes caused by the absorption of photons, leading to reversible and irreversible changes in R-phycoerythrin has been analyzed. Properties of R-phycoerythrin bioconjugates Ag° and CdS with NPs combined with the literature data suggest potential applications of Ag°⋅PE and CdS⋅PE bioconjugates for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring as well as for realizing theranostic strategy in the future. The use of these bioconjugates in anticancer therapy may have synergistic effects since both R-phycoerythrin and NPs induce cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bekasova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation.
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Lee H, Park DH, Kim EJ, Choi MJ. Freshness Analysis of Raw Laver ( Pyropia yenzoensis) Conserved under Supercooling Conditions. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030510. [PMID: 36766039 PMCID: PMC9913910 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Freezing raw laver is unsuitable for the laver industry due to process characteristics and economic problems. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate supercooled storage to extend the storage period without freezing, rather than refrigeration. To compare and analyze the storage ability of supercooling, the experiment was performed under refrigeration (5 °C), constant supercooling (CS, -2 °C), stepwise supercooling (SS, -2 °C), and freezing (-18 °C) conditions for 15 days, and the physicochemical changes according to the treatment and period were investigated. All SS samples, which were designed for stable supercooling, were kept in a supercooled state for 15 days. Two samples among the twelve total subjected to CS were frozen. At 9 days, the drip losses of the CS and SS samples were 6.32% and 6.48%, respectively, which was two times lower than that of refrigeration and three times lower than that of the frozen samples. The VBN of the refrigerated samples was 108.33 mg/100 g at 6 days, which exceeded the decomposition criterion. Simultaneously, the VBN of the other treatments was under the decomposition criterion of 30 mg/100 g. However, the VBN of both supercooling samples at 15 days increased to higher than the decomposition criterion. Regarding appearance, the refrigerated samples showed tissue destruction at 9 days, but tissue destruction of the CS and CC samples was observed at 15 days, and tissue destruction of the frozen samples was not observed until 15 days. Consequently, supercooling did not maintain quality for longer periods than freezing, but it did extend the shelf life more than refrigeration, and effectively preserved the quality for a short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonbo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Park
- Kimchi Industry Promotion Division, Practical Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Kim
- Refrigerator Research of Engineering Division, Home Appliance and Air Solution Company, LG Electronics, Changwon 51533, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3048
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Vásquez-Suárez A, Lobos-González F, Cronshaw A, Sepúlveda-Ugarte J, Figueroa M, Dagnino-Leone J, Bunster M, Martínez-Oyanedel J. The γ 33 subunit of R-phycoerythrin from Gracilaria chilensis has a typical double linked phycourobilin similar to β subunit. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195656. [PMID: 29634783 PMCID: PMC5892909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycobilisomes (PBS) are accessory light harvesting protein complexes formed mainly by phycobiliproteins (PBPs). The PBPs absorb light that is efficiently transferred to Photosystems due to chromophores covalently bound to specific cysteine residues. Besides phycobiliproteins (PE), the PBS contains linker proteins responsible for assembly and stabilization of the whole complex and the tuning of energy transfer steps between chromophores. The linker (γ33) from Gracilaria chilensis, is a chromophorylated rod linker associated to (αβ)6 hexamers of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE). Its role in the energy transfer process is not clear yet. Structural studies as well as the composition and location of the chromophores are essential to understand their involvement in the energy transfer process in PBS. To achieve this, the coding gene of γ33 was cloned and sequenced. The sequence was analyzed by informatics tools, to obtain preliminary information which leaded the next experiments. The protein was purified from R-phycoerythrin, and the sequence confirmed by mass spectrometry. The coding sequence analysis revealed a protein of 318 aminoacid residues containing a chloroplastidial transit peptide (cTP) of 39 aminoacids at the N-terminus. The conservation of cysteines revealed possible chromophorylation sites. Using α and β R-PE subunits as spectroscopic probes in denaturation assays, we deduced a double bonded phycourobilin (PUB) on γ33 subunit that were confirmed between Cys62 and Cys73 (DL-PUB62/73) by mass spectrometry. The cysteines involved in the double link are located in a helical region, in a conformation that reminds the position of the DL-PUB50/61 in the β subunit of R-PE. The position of single linked PUB at Cys95 and a single linked PEB at Cys172 were also confirmed. Spectroscopic studies show the presence of both types of chromophores and that there are not energy transfer by FRET among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleikar Vásquez-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Lobos-González
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrew Cronshaw
- Michael Swann Building, Kings’ Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - José Sepúlveda-Ugarte
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Dagnino-Leone
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marta Bunster
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail: (MB); (JM-O)
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail: (MB); (JM-O)
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Mancini JA, Kodali G, Jiang J, Reddy KR, Lindsey JS, Bryant DA, Dutton PL, Moser CC. Multi-step excitation energy transfer engineered in genetic fusions of natural and synthetic light-harvesting proteins. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0896. [PMID: 28179548 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic proteins designed and constructed from first principles with minimal reference to the sequence of any natural protein have proven robust and extraordinarily adaptable for engineering a range of functions. Here for the first time we describe the expression and genetic fusion of a natural photosynthetic light-harvesting subunit with a synthetic protein designed for light energy capture and multi-step transfer. We demonstrate excitation energy transfer from the bilin of the CpcA subunit (phycocyanin α subunit) of the cyanobacterial photosynthetic light-harvesting phycobilisome to synthetic four-helix-bundle proteins accommodating sites that specifically bind a variety of selected photoactive tetrapyrroles positioned to enhance energy transfer by relay. The examination of combinations of different bilin, chlorin and bacteriochlorin cofactors has led to identification of the preconditions for directing energy from the bilin light-harvesting antenna into synthetic protein-cofactor constructs that can be customized for light-activated chemistry in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Goutham Kodali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - P Leslie Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher C Moser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Structure of phycobilisome from the red alga Griffithsia pacifica. Nature 2017; 551:57-63. [DOI: 10.1038/nature24278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Phycoerythrins in phycobilisomes from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 73:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Watanabe M, Ikeuchi M. Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:265-76. [PMID: 24081814 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The phycobilisome (PBS) is an extra-membrane supramolecular complex composed of many chromophore (bilin)-binding proteins (phycobiliproteins) and linker proteins, which generally are colorless. PBS collects light energy of a wide range of wavelengths, funnels it to the central core, and then transfers it to photosystems. Although phycobiliproteins are evolutionarily related to each other, the binding of different bilin pigments ensures the ability to collect energy over a wide range of wavelengths. Spatial arrangement and functional tuning of the different phycobiliproteins, which are mediated primarily by linker proteins, yield PBS that is efficient and versatile light-harvesting systems. In this review, we discuss the functional and spatial tuning of phycobiliproteins with a focus on linker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Zhao M, Sun L, Sun S, Gong X, Fu X, Chen M. The 42.1 and 53.7 kDa bands in SDS-PAGE of R-phycoerythrin from Polysiphonia urceolata. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:405-11. [PMID: 23791755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In SDS-PAGE gels of three purified R-phycoerythrins (R-PEs) isolated from three species of red algae, two bands whose molecular weights were about 40 kDa and 50 kDa can stably be found when the sample loading amount was enough. It is important for structure study of R-PE to clarify what these bands represent and how they are formed. According to results of the second SDS-PAGE, as well as molecular weights, fluorescences under UV and abundance, the 42.1 kDa and 53.7 kDa bands in SDS-PAGE gels of R-PE from Polysiphonia urceolata were believed to be complexes of αβ and βγ1, respectively. Formation of these bands may be related to light and phycourobilins (PUB) in subunits; and appearance of these two bands provided some proofs on position of chromophores and directions of energy transfer in R-PE. R-PE containing γ1 subunit was obviously more stable than R-PE containing γ2 subunit when they were exposed to protein denaturants, so γ subunits of R-PE may play important roles in structural stability of R-PE aggregates and the main forces that maintain the stability of R-PE may be interactions between γ subunit and β subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingri Zhao
- Mariculture Research Lab, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
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Alvey RM, Biswas A, Schluchter WM, Bryant DA. Attachment of noncognate chromophores to CpcA of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4890-902. [PMID: 21553904 DOI: 10.1021/bi200307s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many cyanobacteria use brilliantly pigmented, multisubunit macromolecular structures known as phycobilisomes as antenna to enhance light harvesting for photosynthesis. Recent studies have defined the enzymes that synthesize phycobilin chromophores as well as many of the phycobilin lyase enzymes that attach these chromophores to their cognate apoproteins. The ability of the phycocyanin α-subunit (CpcA) to bind alternative linear tetrapyrrole chromophores was examined through the use of a heterologous expression system in Escherichia coli. E. coli strains produced phycocyanobilin, phytochromobilin, or phycoerythrobilin when they expressed 3Z-phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA), 3Z-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (HY2) from Arabidopsis thaliana, or phycoerythrobilin synthase (PebS) from the myovirus P-SSM4, respectively. CpcA from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was coexpressed in these strains with the phycocyanin α-subunit phycocyanobilin lyase, CpcE/CpcF, or the phycoerythrocyanin α-subunit phycocyanobilin isomerizing lyase, PecE/PecF, from Noctoc sp. PCC 7120. Both lyases were capable of attaching three different linear tetrapyrrole chromophores to CpcA; thus, up to six different CpcA variants, each with a unique chromophore, could be produced with this system. One of these chromophores, denoted phytoviolobilin, has not yet been observed naturally. The recombinant proteins had unexpected and potentially useful properties, which included very high fluorescence quantum yields and photochemical activity. Chimeric lyases PecE/CpcF and CpcE/PecF were used to show that the isomerizing activity that converts phycocyanobilin to phycoviolobilin resides with PecF and not PecE. Finally, spectroscopic properties of recombinant phycocyanin R-PCIII, in which the CpcA subunits carry a phycoerythrobilin chromophore, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Alvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Su HN, Xie BB, Zhang XY, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. The supramolecular architecture, function, and regulation of thylakoid membranes in red algae: an overview. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 106:73-87. [PMID: 20521115 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Red algae are a group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. Phycobilisomes (PBSs), which are composed of various types of phycobiliproteins and linker polypeptides, are the main light-harvesting antennae in red algae, as in cyanobacteria. Two morphological types of PBSs, hemispherical- and hemidiscoidal-shaped, are found in different red algae species. PBSs harvest solar energy and efficiently transfer it to photosystem II (PS II) and finally to photosystem I (PS I). The PS I of red algae uses light-harvesting complex of PS I (LHC I) as a light-harvesting antennae, which is phylogenetically related to the LHC I found in higher plants. PBSs, PS II, and PS I are all distributed throughout the entire thylakoid membrane, a pattern that is different from the one found in higher plants. Photosynthesis processes, especially those of the light reactions, are carried out by the supramolecular complexes located in/on the thylakoid membranes. Here, the supramolecular architecture, function and regulation of thylakoid membranes in red algal are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Nan Su
- The State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Miyamoto E, Yabuta Y, Kwak CS, Enomoto T, Watanabe F. Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds from Korean purple laver (Porphyra sp.) products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2793-2796. [PMID: 19256490 DOI: 10.1021/jf803755s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B(12) contents of various Korean purple laver products were determined with the microbiological vitamin B(12) assay method. Although a substantial amount (133.8 microg/100 g) of vitamin B(12) was found in dried purple laver, seasoned and toasted laver products contained lesser vitamin B(12) contents (about 51.7 microg/100 g). The decreased vitamin B(12) contents in the seasoned and toasted laver products, however, were not due to loss or destruction of vitamin B(12) during the toasting process. Silica gel 60 thin layer chromatography-bioautogram analysis indicated that all Korean laver products tested contain true vitamin B(12), but not inactive corrinoid compounds. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion experiments indicated that digestion rate of vitamin B(12) from the dried Korean purple laver was estimated to be 50% under pH 2.0 conditions (as a model of normal gastric function). These results suggest that Korean purple laver products would be excellent vitamin B(12) sources for humans, especially vegetarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Miyamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
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Derks AK, Vasiliev S, Bruce D. Under Light Limiting Growth, CpcB Lyase Null Mutants of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 Are Capable of Producing Pigmented β Phycocyanin but with Altered Chromophore Function. Biochemistry 2008; 47:11877-84. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen K. Derks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Serguei Vasiliev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Doug Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Klotz AV. 15 Modification of phycobiliproteins at asparagine residues. Enzymes 2007; 24:455-463. [PMID: 26718049 DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(06)80017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Side-chain amide methylation of asparagine was described in a special complement of photosynthesis accessory pigment-protein complexes called phycobiliproteins nearly 20 years ago. Since that report, several investigations have assigned this posttranslational modification a functional role in tuning the spectroscopic properties of the phycobiliprotein chromophores. Asparagine methylation has not been reported in other systems and is restricted to the broader phycobiliprotein family. The methyltransferase responsible for this modification has been partially characterized but the structural gene has not been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan V Klotz
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Lilly Corporate Center Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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15
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Everroad C, Six C, Partensky F, Thomas JC, Holtzendorff J, Wood AM. Biochemical bases of type IV chromatic adaptation in marine Synechococcus spp. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:3345-56. [PMID: 16621829 PMCID: PMC1447437 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.9.3345-3356.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatic adaptation (CA) in cyanobacteria has provided a model system for the study of the environmental control of photophysiology for several decades. All forms of CA that have been examined so far (types II and III) involve changes in the relative contents of phycoerythrin (PE) and/or phycocyanin when cells are shifted from red to green light and vice versa. However, the chromophore compositions of these polypeptides are not altered. Some marine Synechococcus species strains, which possess two PE forms (PEI and PEII), carry out another type of CA (type IV), occurring during shifts from blue to green or white light. Two chromatically adapting strains of marine Synechococcus recently isolated from the Gulf of Mexico were utilized to elucidate the mechanism of type IV CA. During this process, no change in the relative contents of PEI and PEII was observed. Instead, the ratio of the two chromophores bound to PEII, phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin, is high under blue light and low under white light. Mass spectroscopy analyses of isolated PEII alpha- and beta-subunits show that there is a single PEII protein type under all light climates. The CA process seems to specifically affect the chromophorylation of the PEII (and possibly PEI) alpha chain. We propose a likely process for type IV CA, which involves the enzymatic activity of one or several phycobilin lyases and/or lyase-isomerases differentially controlled by the ambient light quality. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene confirm that type IV CA is not limited to a single clade of marine Synechococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Everroad
- Center for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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16
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Six C, Thomas JC, Thion L, Lemoine Y, Zal F, Partensky F. Two novel phycoerythrin-associated linker proteins in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:1685-94. [PMID: 15716439 PMCID: PMC1064003 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.5.1685-1694.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of the whole genome of Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102 allows us to have a global view of the complex structure of the phycobilisomes of this marine picocyanobacterium. Genomic analyses revealed several new characteristics of these phycobilisomes, consisting of an allophycocyanin core and rods made of one type of phycocyanin and two types of phycoerythrins (I and II). Although the allophycocyanin appears to be similar to that found commonly in freshwater cyanobacteria, the phycocyanin is simpler since it possesses only one complete set of alpha and beta subunits and two rod-core linkers (CpcG1 and CpcG2). It is therefore probably made of a single hexameric disk per rod. In contrast, we have found two novel putative phycoerythrin-associated linker polypeptides that appear to be specific for marine Synechococcus spp. The first one (SYNW2000) is unusually long (548 residues) and apparently results from the fusion of a paralog of MpeC, a phycoerythrin II linker, and of CpeD, a phycoerythrin-I linker. The second one (SYNW1989) has a more classical size (300 residues) and is also an MpeC paralog. A biochemical analysis revealed that, like MpeC, these two novel linkers were both chromophorylated with phycourobilin. Our data suggest that they are both associated (partly or totally) with phycoerythrin II, and we propose to name SYNW2000 and SYNW1989 MpeD and MpeE, respectively. We further show that acclimation of phycobilisomes to high light leads to a dramatic reduction of MpeC, whereas the two novel linkers are not significantly affected. Models for the organization of the rods are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Six
- Département "Phytoplancton Océanique," Station Biologique, UMR 7127 CNRS & Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 74, 29682 Roscoff cedex, France
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Steglich C, Mullineaux CW, Teuchner K, Hess WR, Lokstein H. Photophysical properties ofProchlorococcus marinusSS120 divinyl chlorophylls and phycoerythrin in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett 2003; 553:79-84. [PMID: 14550550 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 is an ecologically important and biochemically intriguing marine cyanobacterium. In addition to divinyl chlorophylls (DV-Chls) a and b it possesses a particular form of phycoerythrin (PE), but no other phycobilins and therefore no complete phycobilisomes. Here, a spectroscopic characterisation of these DV-Chls and PE is provided. Comparison of fluorescence quantum yields, excited state lifetimes and absorption characteristics indicate similar light-harvesting properties of the DV-Chls as their monovinyl counterparts. PE, which is present only in tiny amounts, was purified and considerably enriched. A phycourobilin to phycoerythrobilin ratio of 3:1 chromophores per (alphabeta) PE monomer is suggested. The in vitro fluorescence lifetime of PE is 1.74 ns. In vivo time-resolved fluorescence measurements with synchrotron radiation were used to investigate the possible role of PE in light-harvesting. The fluorescence decay time for PE is about 550 ps, indicating an unusually slow excitation energy transfer. The decay time slowed to 1 ns after addition of glycerol to cell cultures. The contribution of PE to total light-harvesting capacity was estimated to be about one (alphabeta) PE monomer per 330 DV-Chl b molecules. Thus, the capacity of PE to function primarily as a photosynthetic light-harvesting pigment in P. marinus SS120 is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Steglich
- Institut für Biologie/Genetik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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Bermejo R, Tobaruela DJ, Talavera EM, Orte A, Alvarez-Pez JM. Fluorescent behavior of B-phycoerythrin in microemulsions of aerosol OT/water/isooctane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 263:616-24. [PMID: 12909055 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of its unusual fluorescent properties, the incorporation of B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) in aerosol OT (AOT, sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate)/water/isooctane microemulsions was investigated by following their steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence as a function of the water-to-surfactant molar ratio, w(0). The fluorescent intensity at 575 nm increased continuously with increasing water content, saturating at a w(0) around 35 and staying practically constant at w(0)> or =40. The steady-state anisotropy showed an initial increase with increasing water content until w(0)=23 and then decreased strongly, staying practically constant when w(0)> or =40. The values of the fluorescent parameters, anisotropy and fluorescent intensity, were unchanged when the water content of the system increased in the range between w(0)=40 to 50. This implies the effective incorporation of B-PE in the microemulsion droplets with w(0)> or =40, as well as the equilibrium of the dispersion at these water/surfactant ratios, since higher water content does not affect the main surrounding microenvironment of the protein. The overall incorporation in the microemulsion droplets caused minor spectroscopic changes with respect to biliprotein in aqueous solution of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, such as a blue absorption shift of 3 nm and an emission shift of 1.5 nm, as well as a slight increase in excitation anisotropy spectrum mainly caused by a decrease in protein mobility. Therefore, there are no important interactions between the chromophores and the AOT sulfonate head groups. Emission intensity decays followed complex kinetics in both aqueous and dispersion media. The stability with time and temperature of the biliprotein in the microemulsion was higher than in the aqueous solution. All the results can be explained in terms of B-PE inclusion in the water droplets of AOT microemulsions where the protein has similar configuration and conformation to that in aqueous solution but with the chromophores more protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruperto Bermejo
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Jaén University, E.U.P. of Linares, 23700, Linares, Spain
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Bermejo R, Talavera EM, Alvarez-Pez JM. Chromatographic purification and characterization of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and characterization of its subunits. J Chromatogr A 2001; 917:135-45. [PMID: 11403465 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast preparative two-step chromatographic method for purification of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum is described. This biliprotein was homogeneous as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielding three closely migrating bands corresponding to its three subunits. Baseline separation of its alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits was achieved by a reversed-phase HPLC gradient semipreparative method with a C4 large-pore column and a solvent system consisting of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water and 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile. B-Phycoerythrin in different aggregation states and its subunits have been spectroscopically characterized. Hexameric B-phycoerythrin has similar secondary and tertiary structure than dissociated B-phycoerythrin determined by circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bermejo
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Jaen University, E.U.P. of Linares, Spain
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21
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Ritz M, Thomas JC, Spilar A, Etienne AL. Kinetics of photoacclimation in response to a shift to high light of the red alga Rhodella violacea adapted to low irradiance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 123:1415-26. [PMID: 10938358 PMCID: PMC59098 DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.4.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1999] [Accepted: 04/03/2000] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular rhodophyte Rhodella violacea can adapt to a wide range of irradiances. To create a light stress, cells acclimated to low light were transferred to higher irradiance and the kinetics of various changes produced by the light shift were analyzed. The proton gradient generated by excess light led to a non-photochemical quenching of the chlorophyll fluorescence and some photoinhibition of photosystem II centers was also produced by the light stress. After the shift to higher irradiance, the mRNA levels of three chloroplast genes that encode phycoerythrin and phycocyanin apoproteins and heme oxygenase (the first enzyme specific to the bilin synthesis) were negatively regulated. A change in the amount of thylakoids and in the total pigment content of the cells occurred during light acclimation after a light stress. The change in the size of the phycobilisome was limited to dissapearance of the terminal phycoerythrin hexamers in some of the rods. The ability of R. violacea to photoacclimate depends both on large changes in thylakoid number and pigment content and on smaller changes in the antenna size of photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ritz
- Laboratoire Dynamique des Membranes Végétales-Complexes Proteines-Pigments, Unité de Recherche Associée 1810 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
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Thomas JC, Passaquet C. Characterization of a phycoerythrin without alpha-subunits from a unicellular red alga. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2472-82. [PMID: 9891018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the spectral and biochemical properties of a novel biliprotein belonging to the phycoerythrin family, purified from the phycobilisome of a unicellular red alga, Rhodella reticulata strain R6. This biliprotein is assembled from a unique beta-type subunit, chloroplast-encoded, whose hexameric or dodecameric aggregates are stabilized by unusually large linkers (87 and 60 kDa) encoded by the nuclear genome. Although each beta-type subunit bears two phycoerythrobilins and one phycocyanobilin per chain, the linker polypeptides are non-chromophorylated. The apoprotein of the beta-subunit of the R. reticulata R6 phycoerythrin is specified by a monocistronic rpeB chloroplast gene that is split into three exons. We discuss the relationships between R6 beta-phycoerythrin and the previously published polypeptide sequences, the structural consequences due to the absence of an alpha-subunit, and its evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Thomas
- Laboratoire de Photorégulation et Dynamique des Membranes Végétales, CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 1810, GDR 1002, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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23
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Winston GW, Regoli F, Dugas AJ, Fong JH, Blanchard KA. A rapid gas chromatographic assay for determining oxyradical scavenging capacity of antioxidants and biological fluids. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24:480-93. [PMID: 9438561 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(97)00277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new, rapid,and reliable method for measuring the protective antioxidant potential of pure antioxidant solutions or biological tissues. Peroxyl radicals generated by thermal homolysis of 2,2'-azobis-amidinopropane (ABAP) cause the oxidation of alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) to ethylene; ethylene formation is monitored by gas chromatographic analysis of head space from the reaction vessel. The partial inhibition of ethylene formation in the presence of antioxidants that compete with KMBA for oxyradicals is the basis of the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity Assay (TOSCA). The assay is shown to be reliable for quantifying ROS scavenging potential. The quantifiable parameters are consistent with the relative order of those predicted by the fluorescence- and oxygen electrode-based assays reported in the literature. Antioxidants competing for peroxyl radicals influenced the rate of KMBA oxidation in different ways, but the calculation of TOSC was not affected by such variations. Responses were linear over a wide range of sample concentrations and the TOSC values of classical soluble antioxidants showed the following relative order: Trolox > uric acid > ascorbic acid > GSH. The KMBA method was reliable for biological tissues; the TOSC for 1 microg rat liver cytosolic protein was 0.40 +/- 0.02 and for the microsomal membrane, 0.15 +/- 0.03. Soluble antioxidants accounted for 77% of the protective antioxidant potential in rat liver cytosol. When incorporated into the microsomal membrane, alpha-tocopherol markedly enhances antioxidant protection against peroxyl radical; thus, the assay is suitable for the assessment of fat-soluble antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Winston
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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Two γ-polypeptides of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)83321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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MacColl R, Eisele LE. R-phycoerythrins having two conformations for the same aggregate. Biophys Chem 1996; 61:161-7. [PMID: 17023373 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(96)02188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/1996] [Accepted: 05/07/1996] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The visible circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of an R-phycoerythrin (Porphyra tenera) is composed of several positive bands. The protein in aqueous buffer very slowly exhibits changes in the CD spectrum of its chromophores, a band at 489 nm undergoes an increase in intensity and a red shift. When the band reached a 493 nm maximum, the spectrum became very stable. The aggregation state of the protein did not change during this spectral conversion. The chromophore CD spectrum was also obtained in the presence of a low concentration of urea or sodium thiocyanate, and the identical change in the CD was noted, but the change was much faster. The visible absorption and CD in the far UV spectra were unaffected by urea. Unchanged visible absorption and protein secondary structure (61% alpha helix) contradicted by comparatively salient alterations in the visible CD spectra suggested very subtle structural changes are influencing some of the chromophores. For a second R-phycoerythrin (Gastroclonium coulteri), the CD of the chromophores had a negative band on the blue edge of the spectrum. This is the first negative CD band observed for any R-phycoerythrin. Treatment of this protein with low concentrations of urea produced a change in the visible CD with the negative band being completely converted to a positive band. Fluorescence studies showed that the treatment by urea did not affect energy migration. Deconvolution of the CD spectra were used to monitor the chromophores. The results demonstrated that the same aggregate of each R-phycoerythrin could exist in two conformations, and this is a novel finding for any red algal or cyanobacterial biliprotein. The two forms of each protein would differ in tertiary structure, but retain the same secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R MacColl
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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26
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MacColl R, Eisele LE, Williams EC, Bowser SS. The discovery of a novel R-phycoerythrin from an antarctic red alga. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:17157-60. [PMID: 8663533 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.29.17157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel biliprotein, named R-phycoerythrin IV, has been discovered. It absorbs blue light better than any other known red algal biliprotein. The protein was found in Phyllophora antarctica, a benthic macroalga, which grows beneath the coastal waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Fluorescence emission and fluorescence excitation polarization spectroscopy demonstrated that R-phycoerythrin IV behaved as a typical R-phycoerythrin in the functioning of energy migration and has an emission maximum at 577 nm. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the chromophores was compared with visible absorption spectrum, and both were deconvoluted. This process showed the energy states of various individual chromophores. The molecular weight of the protein suggested a alpha6beta6gamma polypeptide structure, and far UV CD studies revealed polypeptides with highly alpha-helical secondary structures. Dynamic light scattering indicated that the protein had a 5.54 nm radius, and its shape was nonspherical. R-phycoerythrin was also purified from a second benthic Antarctic red alga, Iridaea cordata. Its spectroscopic properties were similar to those of some R-phycoerythrins from nonpolar regions. The unique spectroscopic properties of R-phycocerythrin IV may help enable the alga to occupy its niche deeper in the water column than the red alga that has the typical R-phycoerythrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R MacColl
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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27
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Fairchild CD, Glazer AN. Nonenzymatic bilin addition to the alpha subunit of an apophycoerythrin. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Fairchild C, Glazer A. Oligomeric structure, enzyme kinetics, and substrate specificity of the phycocyanin alpha subunit phycocyanobilin lyase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Adaptive Variations in Phycobilisome Structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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30
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Phosphorescence spectra of R-phycoerythrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80087-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Stadnichuk IN, Khokhlachev AV, Tikhonova YV. Polypeptide γ-subunits of R-phycoerythrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80059-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Roell MK, Morse DE. Organization, expression and nucleotide sequence of the operon encoding R-phycoerythrin alpha and beta subunits from the red alga Polysiphonia boldii. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:47-58. [PMID: 8425050 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the operon encoding the alpha and beta subunits of rhodophytan (R)-phycoerythrin (PE) from the macrophytic red alga Polysiphonia boldii is reported. This plastid-encoded operon was cloned, its nucleotide sequence determined, and its expression characterized by northern and primer extension analyses. The arrangement and expression of the PE alpha and beta genes, named rpeA and rpeB, are similar to those of the cyanobacterial (C)-PE genes: rpeB is located 5' of rpeA, with an intergenic region of 64 nucleotides. The two genes are transcribed on a 1.25 kb dicistronic transcript, and each coding region is preceded by a prokaryotic ribosome binding site consensus sequence. Transcription is initiated 95 nucleotides upstream of the initiating methionine codon of rpeB. The promoter region resembles that of prokaryotic genes, with an AT-rich -10 sequence. A direct pentanucleotide repeat (5'-TGTTA-3') was found in the -35 region. This pentanucleotide is present upstream of all PE operons that have been characterized thus far. An extensive inverted repeat is present 3' of rpeA; inverted repeats are found downstream of all PE operons sequenced to date, although the sequence is not conserved. The deduced amino acid sequences from these genes provide complete sequences for an R-PE. Of the amino acid residues 85% are identical to those of bangeophycean (B)-PE from the unicellular red alga Porphyridium cruentum. Conserved residues include cysteines at the bilin attachment sites of C- and B-PEs, aspartates at positions postulated to interact with bilin chromophores, and an apparent consensus sequence for N-methylation of an asparagine residue in C-PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Roell
- Marine Biotechnology Center, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106
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33
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Wilbanks S, Glazer A. Rod structure of a phycoerythrin II-containing phycobilisome. II. Complete sequence and bilin attachment site of a phycoerythrin gamma subunit. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Wilbanks S, Glazer A. Rod structure of a phycoerythrin II-containing phycobilisome. I. Organization and sequence of the gene cluster encoding the major phycobiliprotein rod components in the genome of marine Synechococcus sp. WH8020. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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35
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Wedemayer G, Kidd D, Wemmer D, Glazer A. Phycobilins of cryptophycean algae. Occurrence of dihydrobiliverdin and mesobiliverdin in cryptomonad biliproteins. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Ong L, Glazer A. Phycoerythrins of marine unicellular cyanobacteria. I. Bilin types and locations and energy transfer pathways in Synechococcus spp. phycoerythrins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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37
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Fairchild CD, Jones IK, Glazer AN. Absence of glycosylation on cyanobacterial phycobilisome linker polypeptides and rhodophytan phycoerythrins. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:2985-92. [PMID: 1902214 PMCID: PMC207882 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.9.2985-2992.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The 27-, 30-, and 33-kDa rod linker polypeptides and the 75-kDa core linker of phycobilisomes from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 have been reported to be glycoproteins with carbohydrate contents ranging from 3.2 to 18.8% and composed of N-acetylgalactosamine and glucose (H.C. Riethman, T.P. Mawhinney, and L.A. Sherman, J. Bacteriol. 170:2433-2440, 1988). Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 phycobilisomes were purified extensively, and the linker polypeptides were separated from the phycobiliproteins by precipitation in 1 M NaSCN. Upon hydrolysis, the linker fraction yielded 0.037% glucose and 0.015% galactosamine by weight and no other carbohydrate. Phycobilisome polypeptides separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate were subjected to various glycoprotein-specific staining procedures. Linker polypeptides showed very weak concanavalin A binding and no staining by the Schiff-periodate method or by a much more sensitive periodate oxidation-based method. These results indicated that the linker polypeptides are not glycosylated. An earlier report (T. Fujiwara, J. Biochem. 49:361-367, 1961) contended, on the basis of the isolation of sugar-containing peptic chromopeptides from Porphyra tenera R-phycoerythrin, that this red algal phycobiliprotein is a glycoprotein. Analysis of Gastroclonium coulteri R-phycoerythrin and Porphyridium cruentum B-phycoerythrin revealed only traces of carbohydrate in these two proteins, 0.36 and 0.14%, respectively. Results of glycoprotein staining of gels suggested that the carbohydrate in the R-phycoerythrin preparation is due to a glycoprotein contaminant and that neither red algal phycoerythrin is glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Fairchild
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MCB:Stanley/Donner ASU, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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38
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Wilbanks S, de Lorimier R, Glazer A. Phycoerythrins of marine unicellular cyanobacteria. III. Sequence of a class II phycoerythrin. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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Phycoerythrins of marine unicellular cyanobacteria. II. Characterization of phycobiliproteins with unusually high phycourobilin content. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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40
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Wedemayer GJ, Wemmer DE, Glazer AN. Phycobilins of cryptophycean algae. Structures of novel bilins with acryloyl substituents from phycoerythrin 566. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Beale SI, Weinstein JD. Chapter 5 Biochemistry and regulation of photosynthetic pigment formation in plants and algae. BIOSYNTHESIS OF TETRAPYRROLES 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Cheng LJ, Ma JS, Jiang) LCC(LJ. THE COMPLEXES FORMED BY BILADIENE a, b COMPOUNDS WITH ZINC IONS and THEIR APPLICATION IN DETERMINATION OF THE CHROMOPHORE COMPOSITION OF α- and β- SUBUNITS OF R-PHYCOERYTHRIN. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb08447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Swanson RV, Glazer AN. Separation of phycobiliprotein subunits by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1990; 188:295-9. [PMID: 2221378 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90609-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Baseline separation of subunits of diverse phycobiliproteins was achieved by a reverse-phase HPLC gradient method with a C4 large-pore column and a solvent system consisting of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water and 0.1% TFA in 2:1 (v/v) acetonitrile:isopropanol. The procedure was successfully applied to cyanobacterial allophycocyanin and C-phycocyanins, an unusual phycocyanin from a marine cyanobacterium, red algal B- and R-phycoerythrins, and a cryptomonad phycoerythrin. The subunit sizes in these proteins range from about 7.5 to 30 kDa. Sample recovery was in excess of 85% in all cases. On-line spectroscopic analysis with a multiple diode array detector allowed determination of the type and number of bilins carried by each subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Swanson
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Wehrmeyer W. Phycobilisomes: Structure and function. CELL WALLS AND SURFACES, REPRODUCTION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-48652-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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DeLange RJ, Glazer AN. Phycoerythrin fluorescence-based assay for peroxy radicals: a screen for biologically relevant protective agents. Anal Biochem 1989; 177:300-6. [PMID: 2567129 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Under the conditions of this assay, antioxidants that react rapidly with peroxy free radicals (e.g., ascorbate, vitamin E analogs, urate), protect phycoerythrin completely from damage by such radicals generated by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane); other compounds provide partial concentration-dependent protection. Change in phycoerythrin fluorescence emission with time provides a measure of the rate of free radical damage. The assay exploits the unusual reactivity of phycoerythrin toward these peroxy radicals. On a molar basis, phycoerythrin reacts with these radicals over 100-fold slower than do ascorbate or vitamin E analogs, but over 60-fold faster than other proteins. Applications of this assay to the estimation of the peroxy radical scavenging capacity of human plasma are described, and to the comparison of the scavenging properties of several proteins and of DNA, of vitamins and their derivatives, of catecholamine neurotransmitters, and of a variety of other low molecular weight biological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J DeLange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Sidler W, Kumpf B, Suter F, Klotz AV, Glazer AN, Zuber H. The complete amino-acid sequence of the alpha and beta subunits of B-phycoerythrin from the rhodophytan alga Porphyridium cruentum. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1989; 370:115-24. [PMID: 2495805 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1989.370.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the complete amino-acid sequence of the subunits of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum has shown that the alpha subunit contains 164 amino-acid residues and the beta subunit contains 177 residues. When the sequences of B- and C-phycoerythrins are aligned with those of other phycobiliproteins, it is obvious that B-phycoerythrin lacks a deletion at beta-21-22 present in C-phycoerythrin. However, relative to C-phycoerythrin from Fremyella diplosiphon (Calothrix) (Sidler, W., Kumpf, B., Rüdiger, W. and Zuber, H. (1986) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 367, 627-642), B-phycoerythrin has deletions at beta-141k-o, beta-142, beta-143, beta-147 and beta-148. The four singly-linked phycoerythrobilins at positions alpha-84, alpha-143a, beta-84 and beta-155, and the doubly-linked phycoerythrobilin at position beta-50/61 are at sites homologous to the attachment sites in C-phycoerythrin. The aspartyl residues (alpha-87, beta-87, and beta-39), that interact with the bilins at alpha-84, beta-84, and beta-155 in C-phycocyanin, are found in the homologous positions in B-phycoerythrin. B-Phycoerythrin, in common with other phycobiliproteins, contains a N gamma-methylasparagine residue at position beta-72.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sidler
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biophysik, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule, Zürich
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Arciero DM, Dallas JL, Glazer AN. In vitro attachment of bilins to apophycocyanin. II. Determination of the structures of tryptic bilin peptides derived from the phycocyanobilin adduct. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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