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Vera Rodriguez A, Frey S, Görlich D. Engineered SUMO/protease system identifies Pdr6 as a bidirectional nuclear transport receptor. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2006-2020. [PMID: 31023724 PMCID: PMC6548132 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of affinity tags by specific proteases can be exploited for highly selective affinity chromatography. The SUMO/SENP1 system is the most efficient for such application but fails in eukaryotic expression because it cross-reacts with endogenous proteases. Using a novel selection system, we have evolved the SUMOEu/SENP1Eu pair to orthogonality with the yeast and animal enzymes. SUMOEu fusions therefore remain stable in eukaryotic cells. Likewise, overexpressing a SENP1Eu protease is nontoxic in yeast. We have used the SUMOEu system in an affinity-capture-proteolytic-release approach to identify interactors of the yeast importin Pdr6/Kap122. This revealed not only further nuclear import substrates such as Ubc9, but also Pil1, Lsp1, eIF5A, and eEF2 as RanGTP-dependent binders and thus as export cargoes. We confirmed that Pdr6 functions as an exportin in vivo and depletes eIF5A and eEF2 from cell nuclei. Thus, Pdr6 is a bidirectional nuclear transport receptor (i.e., a biportin) that shuttles distinct sets of cargoes in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Vera Rodriguez
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Frey
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Translation is a key step in the regulation of gene expression and one of the most energy-consuming processes in the cell. In response to various stimuli, multiple signaling pathways converge on the translational machinery to regulate its function. To date, the roles of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the regulation of translation are among the best understood. Both pathways engage the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) to regulate a variety of components of the translational machinery. While these pathways regulate protein synthesis in homeostasis, their dysregulation results in aberrant translation leading to human diseases, including diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. Here we review the roles of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways in the regulation of mRNA translation. We also highlight additional signaling mechanisms that have recently emerged as regulators of the translational apparatus.
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Virginio ED, Kubitschek-Barreira PH, Batista MV, Schirmer MR, Abdelhay E, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Immunoproteome of Aspergillus fumigatus using sera of patients with invasive aspergillosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14505-30. [PMID: 25141105 PMCID: PMC4159865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening lung or systemic infection caused by the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. The disease affects mainly immunocompromised hosts, and patients with hematological malignances or who have been submitted to stem cell transplantation are at high risk. Despite the current use of Platelia™ Aspergillus as a diagnostic test, the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis remains a major challenge in improving the prognosis of the disease. In this study, we used an immunoproteomic approach to identify proteins that could be putative candidates for the early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Antigenic proteins expressed in the first steps of A. fumigatus germination occurring in a human host were revealed using 2-D Western immunoblots with the serum of patients who had previously been classified as probable and proven for invasive aspergillosis. Forty antigenic proteins were identified using mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A BLAST analysis revealed that two of these proteins showed low homology with proteins of either the human host or etiological agents of other invasive fungal infections. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing specific antigenic proteins of A. fumigatus germlings that are recognized by sera of patients with confirmed invasive aspergillosis who were from two separate hospital units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emylli D Virginio
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Biology Institute, University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil.
| | - Paula H Kubitschek-Barreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Biology Institute, University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil.
| | - Marjorie Vieira Batista
- Laboratory of Immunology (LIM 48), Clinics Hospital and Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo R Schirmer
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil.
| | - Maria A Shikanai-Yasuda
- Laboratory of Immunology (LIM 48), Clinics Hospital and Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Biology Institute, University of Rio de Janeiro State (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil.
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Sasikumar AN, Kinzy TG. Mutations in the chromodomain-like insertion of translation elongation factor 3 compromise protein synthesis through reduced ATPase activity. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4853-60. [PMID: 24379402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation elongation is mediated by ribosomes and multiple soluble factors, many of which are conserved across bacteria and eukaryotes. During elongation, eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A; EF-Tu in bacteria) delivers aminoacylated-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome, whereas eEF2 (EF-G in bacteria) translocates the ribosome along the mRNA. Fungal translation elongation is striking in its absolute requirement for a third factor, the ATPase eEF3. eEF3 binds close to the E-site of the ribosome and has been proposed to facilitate the removal of deacylated tRNA from the E-site. eEF3 has two ATP binding cassette (ABC) domains, the second of which carries a unique chromodomain-like insertion hypothesized to play a significant role in its binding to the ribosome. This model was tested in the current study using a mutational analysis of the Sac7d region of the chromodomain-like insertion. Specific mutations in this domain result in reduced growth rate as well as slower translation elongation. In vitro analysis demonstrates that these mutations do not affect the ability of eEF3 to interact with the ribosome. Kinetic analysis revealed a larger turnover number for ribosomes in comparison to eEF3, indicating that the partial reactions involving the ribosome are significantly faster than that of eEF3. Mutations in the chromodomain-like insertion severely compromise the ribosome stimulated ATPase of eEF3, strongly suggesting that it exerts an allosteric effect on the hydrolytic activity of eEF3. The chromodomain-like insertion is, therefore, vital to eEF3 function and may be targeted for developing novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun N Sasikumar
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5635
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Abstract
Autoantibodies are extremely promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer, and have the potential to promote early diagnosis and to make a large impact by improving patient outcome and decreasing mortality. Moreover, autoantibodies may be useful reagents in the identification of subjects at risk for cancer, bearing premalignant tissue changes. Great efforts are being made in many laboratories to validate diagnostic panels of autoantibodies with high sensitivity and specificity that could be useful in a clinical setting. It is likely that prospective studies of sufficiently large cohorts of patients and controls using high-throughput technology may allow the identification of biomarkers with diagnostic significance, and perhaps of discrete antigen phenotypes with clinical significance. The identification of TAAs may also be essential for the development of anticancer vaccines, because autoantibodies found in cancer sera target molecules involved in signal transduction, cell-cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, playing important roles in carcinogenesis. On this basis, molecular studies of antigenantibody systems in cancer promise to yield valuable information on the carcinogenic process. TAAs identified by serum antibodies in cancer sera can be natural immunogenic molecules, useful as targets for cancer immunotherapy. An important problem encountered in the practice of medicine is the identification of healthy individuals in the general population who unknowingly are at high risk of developing cancer. For the rheumatologist, a related problem is the identification of those patients with rheumatic diseases who are at high risk for developing a malignant process. These problems encountered in the fields of cancer and the rheumatic diseases can in the future be helped by new diagnostic instruments based on antibodies. The need for promoting the early diagnosis of cancer is a recognized major public health problem in need of significant research support for the validation of multiple promising but inconclusive studies, with the intention of producing diagnostic panels of autoantibodies in various types of cancers. Cancer developing in patients with rheumatic diseases is also an important problem requiring prospective longterm follow-up studies of patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly because some of the new biologic therapies seem to increase the cancer risk. It is possible that a panel of autoantibodies common to patients with cancer and the rheumatic diseases may prove to be of value in the identification of those patients with ADs at high risk for neoplasms.
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Davydova EK, Malinin NL, Ovchinnikov LP. Ribosomes terminated in vitro are in a tight association with non-phosphorylated elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) and GDP. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 215:291-6. [PMID: 8344297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A proportion of the ribosome population in the eukaryotic cell is present in the form of single 80-S ribosomes. These are not involved in translation and are tightly associated with eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). The factor dissociates from ribosomes when it is ADP-ribosylated. Attempts at reconstitution of such complexes from ribosomal subunits and eEF-2 were not successful. We have shown that monomeric ribosomes in a tight complex with eEF-2 can be obtained in vitro as terminated ribosomes in a reconstituted translation system containing isolated polyribosomes, elongation factors and pH5 enzymes (all from rabbit reticulocytes). Incubation of the system with radioactive GTP demonstrated that terminated ribosomes contain GDP. ADP-ribosylation of eEF-2 bound to terminated ribosomes by diphtheria toxin leads to dissociation of both eEF-2 and GDP to the same extent. Thus the presence of GDP in terminated ribosomes is eEF-2 dependent. Ribosomes terminated in vitro as well as native single ribosomes contain the non-phosphorylated form of eEF-2. We assume that tight association of terminated ribosomes with the non-phosphorylated form of eEF-2 excludes both the ribosome and active eEF-2 from the translational cycle and thus, maintains the optimal proportion of translating ribosomes and free eEF-2 in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Davydova
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region
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Abstract
The molecular events responsible for controlling cell growth and development, as well as their coordinate interaction is only beginning to be revealed. At the basis of these controlling events are hormones, growth factors and mitogens which, through transmembrane signalling trigger an array of cellular responses, initiated by receptor-associated tyrosine kinases, which in turn either directly or indirectly mediate their effects through serine/threonine protein kinases. Utilizing the obligatory response of activation of protein synthesis in cell growth and development, we describe efforts to work backwards along the regulatory pathway to the receptor, identifying those molecular components involved in modulating the rate of translation. We begin by describing the components and steps of protein synthesis and then discuss in detail the regulatory pathways involved in the mitogenic response of eukaryotic cells and during meiotic maturation of oocytes. Finally we discuss possible future work which will further our understanding of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Morley
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Ovchinnikov LP, Motuz LP, Natapov PG, Averbuch LJ, Wettenhall RE, Szyszka R, Kramer G, Hardesty B. Three phosphorylation sites in elongation factor 2. FEBS Lett 1990; 275:209-12. [PMID: 2261989 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elongation factor 2 (EF-2) of rabbit reticulocytes was phosphorylated in vitro by incubation with partially purified EF-2 kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. After exhaustive tryptic hydrolysis 4 phosphopeptides were revealed by two-dimensional peptide mapping. The phosphopeptides were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced. A comparison of the primary structure of the phosphopeptides with that of EF-2 showed that all 4 phosphopeptides originated from one region of EF-2 located near the N-terminus that contains 3 threonine residues: Thr-53, Thr-56, Thr-58. A direct estimation of localization of radioactive phosphate in the phosphopeptides demonstrated that all the enumerated threonine residues in EF-2 can be phosphorylated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Ovchinnikov
- Institute of Protein Research, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Pushchino, Moscow Region
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9
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Paszkiewicz-Gadek A, Grochowska K, Gałasiński W. Effect of the aqueous extract and saponin fraction from the flowers ofVerbascum thapsiforme on protein biosynthesis in a rat liver ribosomal system. Phytother Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Chlabicz J, Gałasiński W. The components of Melissa officinalis L. that influence protein biosynthesis in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986; 38:791-4. [PMID: 2879007 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of an inhibiting activity of a substance(s) in a tanninless extract from Melissa officinalis leaves on protein biosynthesis in-vitro has been made. At least two components which inhibited protein biosynthesis were present in the extract; these were caffeic acid and an unidentified glycoside. Freshly prepared buffered solutions of caffeic acid inhibited protein biosynthesis less than solutions stored for several days at room temperature (20 degrees C). In this case derivatives of caffeic acid were formed, which may be responsible for the increase in the inhibitory effect of stored caffeic acid solution. An inhibitor, in the homogeneous state, was also isolated from the glycoside fraction of M. officinalis. Studies on the mechanism of the action of this inhibitor revealed its effect is to use the result of a direct interaction with elongation factor EF-2, and the blocking of the binding reaction of EF-2 with ribosomes.
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12
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Cross-linking study on localization of the binding site for elongation factor 1 alpha on rat liver ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Uchiumi T, Kikuchi M, Terao K, Iwasaki K, Ogata K. Cross-linking of elongation factor 2 to rat-liver ribosomal proteins by 2-iminothiolane. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 156:37-48. [PMID: 3956508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complexes containing rat liver 80S ribosomes treated with puromycin and high concentrations of KCl, elongation factor 2 (EF-2) from pig liver, and guanosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate were prepared. Neighboring proteins in the complexes were cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent 2-iminothiolane. Proteins were extracted and then separated into 22 fractions by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose of which seven fractions were used for further analyses. Each protein fraction was subjected to diagonal polyacrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Nine cross-linked protein pairs between EF-2 and ribosomal proteins were shifted from the line formed with monomeric proteins. The spots of ribosomal proteins cross-linked to EF-2 were cut out from the gel plate and labelled with 125I. The labelled protein was extracted from the gel and identified by three kinds of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. The following proteins of both large and small subunits were identified: L9, L12, L23, LA33 (acidic protein of Mr 33000), P2, S6 and S23/S24, and L3 and L4 in lower yields. The results are discussed in relation to the topographies of ribosomal proteins in large and small subunits. Furthermore we found new neighboring protein pairs in large subunits, LA33-L11 and LA33-L12.
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Takamatsu K, Uchida T, Okada Y. Specific purification of elongation factor 2 and isolation of its antibody. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 134:1015-21. [PMID: 3511904 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elongation factor 2 (EF-2) was purified from rat liver extracts by affinity chromatography using fragment A of diphtheria toxin as the ligand. Purified EF-2 has a molecular weight of 96,000 and isoelectric point of 6.6-6.8. The sequence of the nineteen N-terminal amino acid is Val-Asn-Phe-Thr-Val-Asp-Gln-Ile-Arg-Ala Ile-Met-Asp-Lys-Lys-Ala-Asn and the C-terminal amino acid is leucine. Purified rat EF-2 modified with ADP-ribose was injected into rabbits to prepare antibodies against EF-2. The anti-EF-2 antibodies can immunoprecipitate with EF-2 from various eukaryotic cells.
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15
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Nilsson L, Nygård O. Localization of the sites of ADP-ribosylation and GTP binding in the eukaryotic elongation factor EF-2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 148:299-304. [PMID: 3987690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tryptic cleavage of EF-2, molecular mass 93 kDa, produced an 82-kDa polypeptide and a 10-kDa fragment, which was further degraded. By a slower reaction the 82-kDa polypeptide was gradually split into a 48-kDa and a 34-kDa fragment. Similarly, treatment with chymotrypsin resulted in the formation of an 82-kDa polypeptide and a small fragment. In contrast to the tryptic 82-kDa polypeptide the corresponding chymotryptic cleavage product was relatively resistant to further attack. The degradation of the 82-kDa polypeptide with either trypsin or chymotrypsin was facilitated by the presence of guanosine nucleotides, indicating a conformational shift in native EF-2 upon nucleotide binding. No effect was observed in the presence of ATP, indicating that the effect was specific for guanosine nucleotides. After affinity labelling of native EF-2 with oxidized [3H]GTP and subsequent trypsin treatment the radioactivity was recovered in the 48-kDa polypeptide showing that the GTP-binding site was located within this part of the factor. Correspondingly, tryptic degradation of EF-2 labelled with [14C]NAD+ in the presence of diphtheria toxin showed that the site of ADP-ribosylation was within the 34-kDa polypeptide. By cleavage with the tryptophan-specific reagent N-chlorosuccinimide the site of ADP-ribosylation could be located at a distance of 40-60 kDa from the GTP-binding site and about 4-11 kDa from the nearest terminus.
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Nygård O, Nilsson L. Reduced ribosomal binding of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 following ADP-ribosylation. Difference in binding selectivity between polyribosomes and reconstituted monoribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 824:152-62. [PMID: 3970930 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(85)90092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) following NAD+ - and diphtheria-toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation was studied (i) in translation experiments using the reticulocyte lysate system and (ii) in ribosomal binding experiments using either reconstituted empty rat liver ribosomes or programmed reticulocyte polysomes. Treatment of the lysates with toxin and NAD+ at a NAD+/ribosome ratio of 4 resulted in a 90% inhibition of the amino acid incorporation rate. The inhibition was overcome by the addition of native EF-2. At this level of inhibition more than 90% of the EF-2 present in the lysates was ADP-ribosylated and the total ribosome association of EF-2 was reduced by approx. 50%. All of the remaining unmodified factor molecules were associated with the ribosomes, whereas only about 3% of the ribosylated factor was ribosome-associated. The nucleotide requirement for the binding of EF-2 to empty reconstituted rat liver ribosomes and programmed reticulocyte polysomes was studied together with the stability of the resulting EF-2 X ribosome complexes using purified 125I-labelled rat liver EF-2. With both types of ribosomes, the complex formation was strictly nucleotide-dependent. Stable, high-affinity complexes were formed in the presence of the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-methylene)triphosphate (GuoPP[CH2]P). In contrast to the reconstituted ribosomes, GTP stimulated the formation of high-affinity complexes in the presence of polysomes, albeit at a lower efficiency than GuoPP[CH2]P. The formation of high-affinity complexes was restricted to polysomes in the pretranslocation phase of the elongation cycle. Low-affinity post-translocation complexes, demonstrable after fixation, were formed in the presence of GTP, GuoPP[CH2]P and GDP. In polysomes, these complexes involved a different population of particles than did the high-affinity complexes. In the binding experiments using reconstituted or programmed ribosomes, the pretranslocation binding of EF-2 observed in the presence of GuoPP[CH2]P was reduced by approx. 50% after ADP-ribosylation, whereas the post-translocation binding in the presence of GDP was unaltered. The data indicate that the inhibition of translocation caused by diphtheria toxin and NAD+ is mediated through a reduced affinity of the ADP-ribosylated EF-2 for binding to ribosomes in the pretranslocation state.
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Spirin AS. Ribosomal translocation: facts and models. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1985; 32:75-114. [PMID: 3911279 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Nilsson L, Nygård O. Affinity labelling of the eukaryotic elongation factor EF-2 with the guanosine nucleotide analogue 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoylguanosine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 782:49-54. [PMID: 6722159 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(84)90105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During the translocation of the nascent peptide chain from the ribosomal aminoacyl-site to the peptidyl-site, GTP is hydrolyzed by a mechanism dependent on both ribosomes and the elongation factor EF-2. For insight into the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis, we studied the ability of the GTP analogue 5'-p- fluorosulfonylbenzoylguanosine ( FSO2BzGuo ) to act as an affinity label of the guanine-specific site. Pre-incubation of EF-2 with FSO2BzGuo at increasing concentrations progressively inactivated the EF-2 and ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. Up to 0.5 mM FSO2BzGuo , the inactivation of the GTPase activity was stoichiometrically correlated with the covalent binding of [3H] FSO2BzGuo . Thus, one molecule of covalently bound FSO2BzGuo completely inactivated the GTPase activity of EF-2. Ribosomes or 60-S ribosomal subunits pre-incubated with FSO2BzGuo were not inactivated, consistent with the idea that the GTP hydrolysis involved in the ribosomal translocation takes place on EF-2.
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Nygård O, Nilsson L. Nucleotide-mediated interactions of eukaryotic elongation factor EF-2 with ribosomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 140:93-6. [PMID: 6705799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor EF-2 isolated from rat liver microsomal salt-wash showed two types of nucleotide-dependent interactions with reconstituted empty 80S ribosomes when analyzed by gradient centrifugation. Stable EF-2 X ribosome complexes were only formed with GTP analogues with reduced or no ability to serve as substrates for the EF-2 and ribosome-dependent GTPase. GTP-stimulated complex formation was only demonstrable after glutaraldehyde fixation, unless a GTP-regenerating system was included throughout the gradient centrifugation. GDP and to a lesser extent GMP and guanosine also stimulated the less stable type of complex formation as demonstrable after fixation. Under the same conditions some complex formation was also observed with ATP and its analogue adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-methylene]triphosphate, although with less efficiency than with the corresponding guanosine nucleotides. The results in combination with available data indicate that EF-2 has two binding states with different affinities on the 80S ribosome: a high-affinity pre-translocation state specific for EF-2 X GTP and a low-affinity post-translocation state, in which EF-2 X GDP is bound to the ribosome in a less stable and specific complex.
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20
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Chinali G, Sacchi A, Ferrini U. Determination of elongation factor 2 associated with native mammalian ribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 697:193-201. [PMID: 7104356 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(82)90077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Olsnes S, Abraham AK. Elongation-factor-2-induced sensitization of ribosomes to modeccin. Evidence for specific binding of elongation factor 2 to ribosomes in the absence of nucleotides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 93:447-52. [PMID: 421687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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23
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24
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25
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3. Polypeptide Chain Termination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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26
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Rechnagel RO, Glende EA. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an example of lethal cleavage. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY 1973; 2:263-97. [PMID: 4357489 DOI: 10.3109/10408447309082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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28
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Lee T, Tsai P, Heintz R. A novel reaction of reticulocyte peptide-chain elongation factor, EF2, with guanosine nucleotides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 156:463-8. [PMID: 4718780 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Competition between the Elongation Factors 1 and 2, and Phenylalanyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid for the Ribosomal Binding Sites in a Polypeptide-synthesizing System from Brain. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Borgese D, Blobel G, Sabatini DD. In vitro exchange of ribosomal subunits between free and membrane-bound ribosomes. J Mol Biol 1973; 74:415-38. [PMID: 4729519 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Moldave K. Mechanisms of mammalian protein synthesis. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1973; 1:361-76. [PMID: 4589686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0877-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Henriksen O, Smulson ME. Function and properties of aminoacyl transferase II. II. Subcellular distribution during asynchronous and synchronous growth. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 150:175-82. [PMID: 4337536 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Eckstein F, Kettler M, Parmeggiani A. Guanylylimidodiphosphate and its interaction with amino acid polymerization factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:1151-8. [PMID: 4944353 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Baliga BS, Munro HN. Specificity of mammalian transferase II binding to ribosomes. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 233:257-8. [PMID: 5288119 DOI: 10.1038/newbio233257a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Weissbach H, Redfield B, Brot N. Aminoacyl-tRNA-Tu-GTP interaction with ribosomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 145:676-84. [PMID: 4942109 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(71)80028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Montanaro L, Sperti S, Mattioli A. Interaction of ADP-ribosylated aminoacyl-transferase II with GTP and with ribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 238:493-7. [PMID: 4327727 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brot N, Spears C, Weissbach H. The interaction of transfer factor G, ribosomes, and guanosine nucleotides in the presence of fusidic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 143:286-96. [PMID: 4934881 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[35] Polypeptide chain elongation factors from rat liver. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)20037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Kuriki Y, Inoue N, Kaziro Y. Formation of a complex between GTP, G factor, and ribosomes as an intermediate of ribosome-dependent GTPase reaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 224:487-97. [PMID: 5498080 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Smulson ME, Rideau C, Raeburn S. Diphtheria toxin: requirement for active protein synthesis for inactivation of aminoacyl transferase II in the intact mammalian cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 224:268-71. [PMID: 5490260 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Association of Aminoacyl Transferase II with Ribosomes of Intact HeLa Cells during Amino Acid Deprivation. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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The Diphtheria Toxin-dependent Adenosine Diphosphate Ribosylation of Rat Liver Aminoacyl Transferase II. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Everse J, Gardner DA, Kaplan NO, Galasinski W, Moldave K. The Formation of a Ternary Complex between Diphtheria Toxin, Aminoacyltransferase II, and Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cell-free protein-synthetic systems from normal and interferon-treated chick cells were compared. No difference was found in the amino acid incorporation activities of such ribosome-cell sap systems or in their response to polyuridylic acid. Throughout a variety of experiments we failed to detect the formation of a discrete peak of virus-specific polysomes, when ribosome monomers and subunits (from interferon-treated or control cells) were incubated with labeled Sindbis or Semliki Forest virus ribonucleic acid (RNA). Some binding of viral RNA did occur, but the complexes formed were evident in sucrose gradients as a broad, rapidly sedimenting shoulder on the ribosome monomer peak. Interferon pretreatment of cells did not affect the formation of these complexes in vitro, nor did it alter their rate of breakdown on incubation under amino acid incorporation conditions. Experiments with inhibitors of protein synthesis showed that such "breakdown" was not dependent upon amino acid incorporation and was not an index of translation. In these respects, our results are in marked contrast to those of Marcus and Salb. These results, together with our failure to detect any significant change in the protein composition of ribosomes from interferon-treated cells, suggest that such treatment does not result in a modification of the ribosome per se. They do not, however, rule out the involvement of a factor(s) required for ribosomes and viral RNA to function in viral protein synthesis. Indeed, it remains likely that interferon acts through such a mechanism, although the precise level at which the inhibition occurs remains to be elucidated.
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Rao P, Moldave K. Interaction of polypeptide chain elongation factors with rat liver ribosomal subunits. J Mol Biol 1969; 46:447-57. [PMID: 5365958 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Galasinski W, Moldave K. Purification of Aminoacyltransferase II (Translocation Factor) from Rat Liver. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Siler J, Moldave K. Studies on the kinetics of peptidyl transfer RNA translocase from rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 195:138-44. [PMID: 4901829 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Parmeggiani A, Gottschalk EM. Properties of the crystalline amino acid polymerization factors from Escherichia coli: binding of G to ribosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 35:861-7. [PMID: 4893077 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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