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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Gross
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Building 149, Rm 3006, 13th St., Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Abstract
The trichostrongylid nematode Haemonchus contortus released a hyaluronic acid-degrading enzyme during in vitro development from the third (L3) to fourth (L4) larval stage. The enzyme did not degrade chondroitin sulfate A. Enzyme activity was optimal between pH 4.0 and 6.0, and the enzyme was inhibited by high concentrations of NaCl; the divalent cations Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ were not inhibitory. The hyaluronidase had a molecular mass estimated at 57 kDa by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and at 111 kDa by substrate sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (reducing and nonreducing conditions), suggesting the formation of a dimer during the electrophoretic separation conditions. The level of hyaluronidase released during in vitro development peaked between 24 and 48 hr in culture and then gradually decreased, with little or no activity present in the 168-hr culture fluid. The enzyme was not detected in culture fluid from 24-hr incubations of either the mid-L4 stage (obtained from sheep 7 days postinfection) or the adult stage (obtained from sheep 30-35 days postinfection). The temporal expression of the hyaluronidase suggested a role for this enzyme in the early stages of the L3-L4 developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rhoads
- Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, USDA, ARS, BARC, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Poh CH, Yuen R, Chung MC, Khoo HE. Purification and partial characterization of hyaluronidase from stonefish (Synanceja horrida) venom. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 101:159-63. [PMID: 1499262 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90172-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. A marine hyaluronidase was purified 261-fold from the stonefish (Synanceja horrida) crude venom using Sephacryl S-200 HR and heparin affinity-gel chromatography. 2. Stonefish hyaluronidase has a pI of 9.2, a mol. wt of 62,000 and it was purified to a very high spec. act. of 1.6 x 10(6) NFU/mg protein. 3. It was heat sensitive and was inhibited by Cu2+, Hg2+ and heparin. 4. Stonefish hyaluronidase did not contain any haemorrhagic or lethal activity. 5. The N-terminal sequence of stonefish hyaluronidase has been determined to be A-P-S-X-D-E-G-N-K-K-A-D-N-L-L-V-K-K-I-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Poh
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge
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Yoshizato K. Biochemistry and cell biology of amphibian metamorphosis with a special emphasis on the mechanism of removal of larval organs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1990; 119:97-149. [PMID: 2695486 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshizato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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Pukrittayakamee S, Warrell DA, Desakorn V, McMichael AJ, White NJ, Bunnag D. The hyaluronidase activities of some Southeast Asian snake venoms. Toxicon 1988; 26:629-37. [PMID: 3176052 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronidase activities of venoms of snakes indigenous to Southeast Asia were investigated. With the exception of the venom of the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus, the elapid venoms had either little or no hyaluronidase activities, whereas the viperid venoms possessed considerable activity. A component of Russell's viper venom with hyaluronidase activities had a mol. wt of approximately 14,000. Neither MP4, a monoclonal antibody raised against the purified Russell's viper venom hyaluronidase toxin, nor a monospecific polyclonal antivenom neutralized the hyaluronidase activities of this purified hyaluronidase component of crude Russell's viper venom. The Russell's viper venom hyaluronidase activities was labile on heating and storage. The significance of these observations to envenomation and antivenom production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tu AT, Hendon RR. Characterization of lizard venom hyaluronidase and evidence for its action as a spreading factor. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 76:377-83. [PMID: 6357622 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase was isolated from the lizard (Heloderma horridum horridum) crude venom. The chemical properties were characterized and compared to the same enzyme from other sources. The enzyme was found to be a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 63,000 daltons. It possesses an isoelectric point and pH optimum of 5.0, and was observed to be extremely temperature sensitive. The role of hyaluronidase as a spreading factor which serves to aid in the diffusion of toxins has been suspected for a long time; yet no experimental proof has been offered until now. It was shown that hyaluronidase promotes the spread of the hemorrhagic area in mice when injected with hemorrhagic toxin. Thus experimental evidence is supplied for the first time that the enzyme plays a role as a "spreading factor" in the toxic action of venom.
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Abstract
Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans have the common structural characteristics of linear polysaccharide chains consisting of a hexosamine alternating with another sugar. They play an important role in skin as part of the support matrix of connective tissue, and may be related to cell-cell, and cell-matrix interactions. In general the polysaccharide chains are covalently linked to protein and may contain varying amounts of sulfate resulting in a strong negative charge. Biosynthesis consists of the formation of the protein core followed by the sequential addition of sugars and sulfate to the nonreducing ends of growing chains. The synthetic process is highly organized with the final polysaccharide polymerization and sulfation taking place in the Golgi. Degradation of the proteoglycans is less well understood but probably involves endoglycosidases, exoglycosidases, and proteases which work in concert to degrade these substances.
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Sakamoto N, Nakajima T, Ikunaga K, Shidahara H, Okamoto H, Okuda K. Identification of hyaluronidase activity in rabbit dental pulp. J Dent Res 1981; 60:850-4. [PMID: 6937524 DOI: 10.1177/00220345810600041601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A hyaluronidase activity was demonstrated in rabbit dental pulp. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 3.8. The enzyme activity was enhanced by protamine and poly-L-lysine and was inhibited by iodoacetamide, ferric ion, and ferrous ion in decreasing order. The product of the enzyme reaction was identified as tetrasaccharide. From these results it was concluded that the enzyme exists in pulp tissue and is functioning for degradation of proteoglycans in situ.
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Sakamoto S, Sakamoto M, Goldhaber P, Glimcher MJ. Mouse bone collagenase. Purification of the enzyme by heparin-substitutes Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography and preparation of specific antibody to the enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 188:438-49. [PMID: 209752 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(78)80028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hackford AW, Gillies CG, Eastwood C, Goldblatt PJ. Thyroxine-induced gill resorption in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). J Morphol 1977; 153:479-503. [PMID: 903970 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051530311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Orkin RW, Jackson G, Toole BP. Hyaluronidase activity in cultured chick embryo skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 77:132-8. [PMID: 19016 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(77)80174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Derby A. The effect of prolactin and thyroxine on tail resorption in R. pipiens: in vivo and in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1975; 193:15-20. [PMID: 1079856 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401930103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroxine induces tail resorption in anurans both in vivo and in vitro. This event is accompanied by an increase in the activity of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphtase and B-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Prolactin treatment promotes tail growth and directly antagonizes the action of thyroxine on tail tissues. This is evident at the gross morphological level as well as at the biochemical level where prolactin inhibits the increase in activity on the hydrolytic enzymes that occurs during thyroid hormone induced resorption.
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Harper E, Toole BP. Collagenase and Hyaluronidase Stimulation by Dibutyryl Adenosine Cyclic 3′:5′-Monophosphate. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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YOSHIZATO KATSUTOSHI, YASUMASU IKUO. EFFECT OF PROLACTIN ON THE TADPOLE TAIL FIN. IV. EFFECT OF PROLACTIN ON THE METABOLIC FATE OF HYALURONIC ACID, COLLAGEN AND RNA WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CATABOLIC PROCESS. Dev Growth Differ 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1972.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Greenfield P, Derby A. Activity and localization of acid hydrolases in the dorsal tail fin of Rana pipiens during metamorphosis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1972; 179:129-41. [PMID: 4536692 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401790110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lipson MJ, Cerskus RA, Silbert JE. Glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme of Rana catesbeiana back skin during late stages of metamorphosis. Dev Biol 1971; 25:198-208. [PMID: 4254586 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(71)90027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hickey ED. Behaviour of DNA, protein and acid hydrolases in response to thyroxine in isolated tail tips ofXenopus-larvae. Dev Genes Evol 1971; 166:303-330. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00584821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1970] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lipson MJ, Silbert JE. Glycosaminoglycans of adult frog back skin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 158:344-50. [PMID: 4232354 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fullmer HM, Gibson WA, Lazarus G, Stam AC. Collagenolytic activity of the skin associated with neuromuscular diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 1966; 1:1007-9. [PMID: 4161102 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)90116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Manwell C. Metamorphosis and gene action--I. Electrophoresis of dehydrogenases, esterases, phosphatases, hemoglobins and other soluble proteins of tadpole and adult bullfrogs. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1966; 17:805-23. [PMID: 5943915 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(66)90123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Eisen AZ, Gross J. The role of epithelium and mesenchyme in the production of a collagenolytic enzyme and a hyaluronidase in the anuran tadpole. Dev Biol 1965; 12:408-18. [PMID: 4287092 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(65)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lipson MJ, Silbert JE. Acid mucopolysaccharides of tadpole tail fin and back skin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 101:279-84. [PMID: 4222029 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6534(65)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Usuku G, Gross J. Morphologic studies of connective tissue resorption in the tail fin of metamorphosing bullfrog tadpole. Dev Biol 1965; 11:352-70. [PMID: 5320392 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(65)90044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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