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Hu X, Liu W, Yan Y, Deng H, Cai Y. Tropinone reductase: A comprehensive review on its role as the key enzyme in tropane alkaloids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127377. [PMID: 37839598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TAs, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine, were used to treat neuromuscular disorders ranging from nerve agent poisoning to Parkinson's disease. Tropinone reductase I (TR-I; EC 1.1.1.206) catalyzed the conversion of tropinone into tropine in the biosynthesis of TAs, directing the metabolic flow towards hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Tropinone reductase II (TR-II; EC 1.1.1.236) was responsible for the conversion of tropinone into pseudotropine, diverting the metabolic flux towards calystegine A3. The regulation of metabolite flow through both branches of the TAs pathway seemed to be influenced by the enzymatic activity of both enzymes and their accessibility to the precursor tropinone. The significant interest in the utilization of metabolic engineering for the efficient production of TAs has highlighted the importance of TRs as crucial enzymes that govern both the direction of metabolic flow and the yield of products. This review discussed recent advances for the TRs sources, properties, protein structure and biocatalytic mechanisms, and a detailed overview of its crucial role in the metabolism and synthesis of TAs was summarized. Furthermore, we conducted a detailed investigation into the evolutionary origins of these two TRs. A prospective analysis of potential challenges and applications of TRs was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yi Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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2
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Jin S, Chen X, Yang J, Ding J. Lactate dehydrogenase D is a general dehydrogenase for D-2-hydroxyacids and is associated with D-lactic acidosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6638. [PMID: 37863926 PMCID: PMC10589216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD) catalyzes the oxidation of D-lactate to pyruvate. LDHD mutations identified in patients with D-lactic acidosis lead to deficient LDHD activity. Here, we perform a systematic biochemical study of mouse LDHD (mLDHD) and determine the crystal structures of mLDHD in FAD-bound form and in complexes with FAD, Mn2+ and a series of substrates or products. We demonstrate that mLDHD is an Mn2+-dependent general dehydrogenase which exhibits catalytic activity for D-lactate and other D-2-hydroxyacids containing hydrophobic moieties, but no activity for their L-isomers or D-2-hydroxyacids containing hydrophilic moieties. The substrate-binding site contains a positively charged pocket to bind the common glycolate moiety and a hydrophobic pocket with some elasticity to bind the varied hydrophobic moieties of substrates. The structural and biochemical data together reveal the molecular basis for the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of LDHD, and the functional roles of mutations in the pathogenesis of D-lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xingchen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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3
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Karavaeva V, Sousa FL. Modular structure of complex II: An evolutionary perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148916. [PMID: 36084748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenases (SDHs) and fumarate reductases (FRDs) catalyse the interconversion of succinate and fumarate, a reaction highly conserved in all domains of life. The current classification of SDH/FRDs is based on the structure of the membrane anchor subunits and their cofactors. It is, however, unknown whether this classification would hold in the context of evolution. In this work, a large-scale comparative genomic analysis of complex II addresses the questions of its taxonomic distribution and phylogeny. Our findings report that for types C, D, and F, structural classification and phylogeny go hand in hand, while for types A, B and E the situation is more complex, highlighting the possibility for their classification into subgroups. Based on these findings, we proposed a revised version of the evolutionary scenario for these enzymes in which a primordial soluble module, corresponding to the cytoplasmatic subunits, would give rise to the current diversity via several independent membrane anchor attachment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val Karavaeva
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Filipa L Sousa
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria.
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4
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Liu M, Huo M, Liu C, Guo L, Ding Y, Ma Q, Qi Q, Xian M, Zhao G. Lysine acetylation of Escherichia coli lactate dehydrogenase regulates enzyme activity and lactate synthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:966062. [PMID: 36051589 PMCID: PMC9424733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.966062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an evolutionarily conserved posttranslational modification, protein lysine acetylation plays important roles in many physiological and metabolic processes. However, there are few reports about the applications of lysine acetylation in metabolic regulations. Lactate is a main byproduct in microbial fermentation, and itself also an important bulk chemical with considerable commercial values in many fields. Lactate dehydrogenase (LdhA) is the key enzyme catalyzing lactate synthesis from pyruvate. Here, we reported that Escherichia coli LdhA can be acetylated and the acetylated lysine sites were identified by mass spectrometry. The effects and regulatory mechanisms of acetylated sites on LdhA activity were characterized. Finally, lysine acetylation was successfully used to regulate the lactate synthesis. LdhA (K9R) mutant overexpressed strain improved the lactate titer and glucose conversion efficiency by 1.74 folds than that of wild-type LdhA overexpressed strain. LdhA (K154Q-K248Q) mutant can inhibit lactate accumulation and improve 3HP production. Our study established a paradigm for lysine acetylation in lactate synthesis regulation and suggested that lysine acetylation may be a promising strategy to improve the target production and conversion efficiency in microbial synthesis. The application of lysine acetylation in regulating lactate synthesis also provides a reference for the treatment of lactate-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meitong Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changshui Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Likun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yamei Ding
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Ma
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Mo Xian, ; Guang Zhao,
| | - Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Mo Xian, ; Guang Zhao,
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5
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Cornish-Bowden A, Cárdenas ML. The essence of life revisited: how theories can shed light on it. Theory Biosci 2022; 141:105-123. [PMID: 33956294 PMCID: PMC8101340 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-021-00342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disagreement over whether life is inevitable when the conditions can support life remains unresolved, but calculations show that self-organization can arise naturally from purely random effects. Closure to efficient causation, or the need for all specific catalysts used by an organism to be produced internally, implies that a true model of an organism cannot exist, though this does not exclude the possibility that some characteristics can be simulated. Such simulations indicate that there is a limit to how small a self-organizing system can be: much smaller than a bacterial cell, but around the size of a typical virus particle. All current theories of life incorporate, at least implicitly, the idea of catalysis, but they largely ignore the need for metabolic regulation.
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Chen Y, Wang H, Chen X, Ma H, Zheng J, Cao L. Serum D-lactate, a novel serological biomarker, is promising for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:292. [PMID: 35346149 PMCID: PMC8962196 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many markers are used for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), serological screening and diagnosis for PJI are still challenging. We evaluated the performance of serum D-lactate and compared it with ESR, coagulation-related biomarkers and synovial D-lactate for the diagnosis of PJI. Methods Consecutive patients with preoperative blood and intraoperative joint aspiration of a prosthetic hip or knee joint before revision arthroplasty were prospectively included. The diagnosis of PJI was based on the criteria of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society, and the diagnostic values of markers were estimated based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves by maximizing sensitivity and specificity using optimal cutoff values. Results Of 52 patients, 26 (50%) were diagnosed with PJI, and 26 (50%) were diagnosed with aseptic failure. ROC curves showed that serum D-lactate, fibrinogen (FIB) and ESR had equal areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.80, followed by D-dimer and fibrin degradation product, which had AUCs of 0.67 and 0.69, respectively. Serum D-lactate had the highest sensitivity of 88.46% at the optimal threshold of 1.14 mmol/L, followed by FIB and ESR, with sensitivities of 80.77% and 73.08%, respectively, while there were no significant differences in specificity (73.08%, 73.08% and 76.92%, respectively). Conclusion Serum D-lactate showed similar performance to FIB and ESR for diagnosis of PJI. The advantages of serum D-lactate are pathogen-specific, highly sensitive, minimally invasive and rapidly available making serum D-lactate useful as a point-of-care screening test for PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Li Yu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huhu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Li Yu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiyao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Li Yu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hairong Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Li Yu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingjie Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Li Yu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137 South Li Yu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
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7
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Manosalva C, Quiroga J, Hidalgo AI, Alarcón P, Anseoleaga N, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Role of Lactate in Inflammatory Processes: Friend or Foe. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808799. [PMID: 35095895 PMCID: PMC8795514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During an inflammatory process, shift in the cellular metabolism associated with an increase in extracellular acidification are well-known features. This pH drop in the inflamed tissue is largely attributed to the presence of lactate by an increase in glycolysis. In recent years, evidence has accumulated describing the role of lactate in inflammatory processes; however, there are differences as to whether lactate can currently be considered a pro- or anti-inflammatory mediator. Herein, we review these recent advances on the pleiotropic effects of lactate on the inflammatory process. Taken together, the evidence suggests that lactate could exert differential effects depending on the metabolic status, cell type in which the effects of lactate are studied, and the pathological process analyzed. Additionally, various targets, including post-translational modifications, G-protein coupled receptor and transcription factor activation such as NF-κB and HIF-1, allow lactate to modulate signaling pathways that control the expression of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and several enzymes associated with immune response and metabolism. Altogether, this would explain its varied effects on inflammatory processes beyond its well-known role as a waste product of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Manosalva
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra I Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicolás Anseoleaga
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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8
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Kumsab J, Tobe R, Kurihara T, Hirose Y, Omori T, Mihara H. Characterization of a novel class of glyoxylate reductase belonging to the β-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family in Acetobacter aceti. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2303-2310. [PMID: 32729375 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1797470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes related to β-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases/3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenases are ubiquitous, but most of them have not been characterized. An uncharacterized protein with moderate sequence similarities to Gluconobacter oxydans succinic semialdehyde reductase and plant glyoxylate reductases/succinic semialdehyde reductases was found in the genome of Acetobacter aceti JCM20276. The corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene product was purified and identified as a glyoxylate reductase that exclusively catalyzed the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate. The strict substrate specificity of this enzyme to glyoxylate, the diverged sequence motifs for its binding sites with cofactors and substrates, and its phylogenetic relationship to homologous enzymes suggested that this enzyme represents a novel class of enzymes in the β-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. This study may provide an important clue to clarify the metabolism of glyoxylate in bacteria. Abbreviations: GR: glyoxylate reductase; GRHPR: glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase; HIBADH: 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase; SSA: succinic semialdehyde; SSAR: succinic semialdehyde reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakkaphan Kumsab
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Ryuta Tobe
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Taketo Omori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Mihara
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu, Japan
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9
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Xie J, Cheng C, Jie Y, Ma H, Feng J, Su Y, Deng Y, Xu H, Guo Z. Expression of lactate dehydrogenase is induced during hypoxia via HIF-1 in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108563. [PMID: 31276813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a key enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism in most organisms. In the present study, we determined the structure and function of LDH sequence in Scylla paramamosain (SpLDH) by gene cloning, expression and RNA interference techniques in order to explore the genetic characteristics of LDH and its relationship with HIF-1 during hypoxia. The full-length cDNA was 1453 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 996 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 332 amino acids. Homology analysis showed that the SpLDH gene is highly similar to arthropods. The SpLDH transcript increased after hypoxia in all tested tissues. The silencing of HIF-1 blocked the increase in LDH mRNA and activity, which were induced by hypoxia in gill and muscle tissues. Our results indicated that SpLDH expression was regulated transcriptionally by HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201206, PR China
| | - Changhong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Yukun Jie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201206, PR China
| | - Hongling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Youlu Su
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Yiqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Haidong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, PR China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201206, PR China.
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de Bari L, Atlante A, Armeni T, Kalapos MP. Synthesis and metabolism of methylglyoxal, S-D-lactoylglutathione and D-lactate in cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Exploring the crossroad of eternal youth and premature aging. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 53:100915. [PMID: 31173890 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are emerging as metabolic diseases in which aberrant/dysregulated glucose metabolism and bioenergetics occur, and play a key role in disease progression. Interestingly, an enhancement of glucose uptake, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway occurs in both cancer cells and amyloid-β-resistant neurons in the early phase of AD. However, this metabolic shift has its adverse effects. One of them is the increase in methylglyoxal production, a physiological cytotoxic by-product of glucose catabolism. Methylglyoxal is mainly detoxified via cytosolic glyoxalase route comprising glyoxalase 1 and glyoxalase 2 with the production of S-D-lactoylglutathione and D-lactate as intermediate and end-product, respectively. Due to the existence of mitochondrial carriers and intramitochondrial glyoxalase 2 and D-lactate dehydrogenase, the transport and metabolism of both S-D-lactoylglutathione and D-lactate in mitochondria can contribute to methylglyoxal elimination, cellular antioxidant power and energy production. In this review, it is supposed that the different ability of cancer cells and AD neurons to metabolize methylglyoxal, S-D-lactoylglutathione and D-lactate scores cell fate, therefore being at the very crossroad of the "eternal youth" of cancer and the "premature death" of AD neurons. Understanding of these processes would help to elaborate novel metabolism-based therapies for cancer and AD treatment.
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11
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Lee HS, Park J, Yoo YJ, Yeon YJ. Engineering D-Lactate Dehydrogenase from Pediococcus acidilactici for Improved Activity on 2-Hydroxy Acids with Bulky C 3 Functional Group. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:1141-1155. [PMID: 31190286 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Engineering D-lactic acid dehydrogenases for higher activity on various 2-oxo acids is important for the synthesis of 2-hydroxy acids that can be utilized in a wide range of industrial fields including the production of biopolymers, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic compounds. Although there are many D-lactate dehydrogenases (D-LDH) available from a diverse range of sources, there is a lack of biocatalysts with high activities for 2-oxo acids with large functional group at C3. In this study, the D-LDH from Pediococcus acidilactici was rationally designed and further engineered by controlling the intermolecular interactions between substrates and the surrounding residues via analysis of the active site structure of D-LDH. As a result, Y51L mutant with the catalytic efficiency on phenylpyruvate of 2200 s-1 mM-1 and Y51F mutant on 2-oxobutryate and 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate of 37.2 and 23.2 s-1 mM-1 were found, which were 138-, 8.5-, and 26-fold increases than the wild type on the substrates, respectively. Structural analysis revealed that the distance and the nature of the interactions between the side chain of residue 51 and the substrate C3 substituent group significantly affected the kinetic parameters. Bioconversion of phenyllactate as a practical example of production of the 2-hydroxy acids was investigated, and the Y51F mutant presented the highest productivity in in vitro conversion of D-PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe-Suk Lee
- Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Je Yoo
- Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Joo Yeon
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7, Jukheon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Lee HS, Park J, Yoo YJ, Yeon YJ. A novel d-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase with high substrate preference for phenylpyruvate originating from lactic acid bacteria: Structural analysis on the substrate specificity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 125:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Identification of human D lactate dehydrogenase deficiency. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1477. [PMID: 30931947 PMCID: PMC6443703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and biochemical categorization of humans with detrimental variants can provide valuable information on gene function. We illustrate this with the identification of two different homozygous variants resulting in enzymatic loss-of-function in LDHD, encoding lactate dehydrogenase D, in two unrelated patients with elevated D-lactate urinary excretion and plasma concentrations. We establish the role of LDHD by demonstrating that LDHD loss-of-function in zebrafish results in increased concentrations of D-lactate. D-lactate levels are rescued by wildtype LDHD but not by patients’ variant LDHD, confirming these variants’ loss-of-function effect. This work provides the first in vivo evidence that LDHD is responsible for human D-lactate metabolism. This broadens the differential diagnosis of D-lactic acidosis, an increasingly recognized complication of short bowel syndrome with unpredictable onset and severity. With the expanding incidence of intestinal resection for disease or obesity, the elucidation of this metabolic pathway may have relevance for those patients with D-lactic acidosis. D-lactic acidosis typically occurs in the context of short bowel syndrome; excess D-lactate is produced by intestinal bacteria. Here, the authors identify two point mutations in the human lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD) gene that cause enzymatic loss of function and are associated with elevated plasma D-lactate.
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Furukawa N, Miyanaga A, Nakajima M, Taguchi H. Structural Basis of Sequential Allosteric Transitions in Tetrameric d-Lactate Dehydrogenases from Three Gram-Negative Bacteria. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5388-5406. [PMID: 30149697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
d-Lactate dehydrogenases (d-LDHs) from Fusobacterium nucleatum (FnLDH) and Escherichia coli (EcLDH) exhibit positive cooperativity in substrate binding, and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme (PaLDH) shows negatively cooperative substrate binding. The apo and ternary complex structures of FnLDH and PaLDH have been determined together with the apo-EcLDH structure. The three enzymes consistently form homotetrameric structures with three symmetric axes, the P-, Q-, and R-axes, unlike Lactobacillus d-LDHs, P-axis-related dimeric enzymes, although apo-FnLDH and EcLDH form asymmetric and distorted quaternary structures. The tetrameric structure allows apo-FnLDH and EcLDH to form wide intersubunit contact surfaces between the opened catalytic domains of the two Q-axis-related subunits in coordination with their asymmetric and distorted quaternary structures. These contact surfaces comprise intersubunit hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions and likely prevent the domain closure motion during initial substrate binding. In contrast, apo-PaLDH possesses a highly symmetrical quaternary structure and partially closed catalytic domains that are favorable for initial substrate binding and forms virtually no intersubunit contact surface between the catalytic domains, which present their negatively charged surfaces to each other at the subunit interface. Complex FnLDH and PaLDH possess highly symmetrical quaternary structures with closed forms of the catalytic domains, which are separate from each other at the subunit interface. Structure-based mutations successfully converted the three enzymes to their dimeric forms, which exhibited no significant cooperativity in substrate binding. These observations indicate that the three enzymes undergo typical sequential allosteric transitions to exhibit their distinctive allosteric functions through the tetrameric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Furukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki , Noda , Chiba 278-8510 , Japan.,Department of Applied Life Sciences , Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , 265-1 Higashijima , Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603 , Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki , Noda , Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
| | - Hayao Taguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki , Noda , Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
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Wang YH, Bai YJ, Fan TP, Zheng XH, Cai YJ. Reducing 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to d-3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid via a coenzyme nonspecific d-lactate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus reuteri. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1739-1748. [PMID: 30129993 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this work was to find an efficient enzyme to synthesize d-3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid (d-DSS). METHODS AND RESULTS Nineteen lactic acid bacteria strains were screened for production of d-DSS using 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (DPA) as a substrate. Lactobacillus reuteri JN516 exhibited the highest d-DSS yield. A nonspecific coenzyme, d-lactate dehydrogenase (d-LDH82319), from L. reuteri JN516 with high DPA reducing activity was identified. This enzyme reduced DPA to form d-DSS with excellent optical purity (enantioselectivity >99%). Its molecular weight was 35 kDa based on SDS-PAGE migration. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ), turnover number (kcat ), and catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) of d-LDH82319 for DPA were 0·09 mmol l-1 , 2·17 s-1 and 24·07 (mmol l-1 )-1 s-1 , respectively, with NADH as the coenzyme. The (Km ), (kcat ) and (kcat /Km ) of d-LDH82319 for DPA were 0·10 mmol l-1 , 0·13 s-1 and 1·30 (mmol l-1 )-1 s-1 , respectively, with NADPH as the coenzyme. The optimum temperature and pH of d-LDH82319 were 25°C and pH 8 respectively. Additionally, d-LDH82319 had a broad substrate range for alpha-keto acids, among which the activity of reducing pyruvate was the strongest; therefore, it belongs to the group of d-lactate dehydrogenases. d-LDH82319 and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) were coexpressed to produce d-DSS from DPA. CONCLUSIONS d-LDH82319 from L. reuteri JN516 with high DPA reducing activity has the characteristics of a nonspecific coenzyme. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY d-LDH82319 is the first reported coenzyme nonspecific d-lactate dehydrogenase with DPA-reducing activity. The coexpression system provided an effective method to produce d-DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Y J Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - T-P Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - X H Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y J Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Kim KH, Jia X, Jia B, Jeon CO. Identification and Characterization of l-Malate Dehydrogenases and the l-Lactate-Biosynthetic Pathway in Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8086-8093. [PMID: 29998731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One putative l-lactate dehydrogenase gene (l- ldh) and three putative d- ldh genes from Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293 were overexpressed, and their enzymatic properties were investigated. Only one gene showed d-LDH activity, catalyzing pyruvate and d-lactate interconversion, whereas the other genes displayed l- and d-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity, catalyzing oxaloacetate and l- and d-malate interconversion, suggesting that strain ATCC 8293 may not harbor an l- ldh gene. Putative phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)- and malolactic enzyme (MLE)-encoding genes were identified from strain ATCC 8293, and sequence analysis showed that they could exhibit PEPC and MLE activities, respectively. l-Lactate production and transcriptional expression of the mle gene in this strain were highly increased in the presence of l-malate. We propose that in strain ATCC 8293, which lacks an l- ldh gene, l-lactate is produced through sequential enzymatic conversions from phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, then l-malate, and finally l-lactate by PEPC, l-MDH, and MLE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science , Chung-Ang University , 84, HeukSeok-Ro , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaomeng Jia
- Department of Life Science , Chung-Ang University , 84, HeukSeok-Ro , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Baolei Jia
- Department of Life Science , Chung-Ang University , 84, HeukSeok-Ro , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science , Chung-Ang University , 84, HeukSeok-Ro , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
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Ufarté L, Potocki-Veronese G, Cecchini D, Tauzin AS, Rizzo A, Morgavi DP, Cathala B, Moreau C, Cleret M, Robe P, Klopp C, Laville E. Highly Promiscuous Oxidases Discovered in the Bovine Rumen Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:861. [PMID: 29780372 PMCID: PMC5945886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine rumen hosts a diverse microbiota, which is highly specialized in the degradation of lignocellulose. Ruminal bacteria, in particular, are well equipped to deconstruct plant cell wall polysaccharides. Nevertheless, their potential role in the breakdown of the lignin network has never been investigated. In this study, we used functional metagenomics to identify bacterial redox enzymes acting on polyaromatic compounds. A new methodology was developed to explore the potential of uncultured microbes to degrade lignin derivatives, namely kraft lignin and lignosulfonate. From a fosmid library covering 0.7 Gb of metagenomic DNA, three hit clones were identified, producing enzymes able to oxidize a wide variety of polyaromatic compounds without the need for the addition of copper, manganese, or mediators. These promiscuous redox enzymes could thus be of potential interest both in plant biomass refining and dye remediation. The enzymes were derived from uncultured Clostridia, and belong to complex gene clusters involving proteins of different functional types, including hemicellulases, which likely work in synergy to produce substrate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ufarté
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabrielle Potocki-Veronese
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Davide Cecchini
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra S Tauzin
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Angeline Rizzo
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bernard Cathala
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Moreau
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Megane Cleret
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme Bio-informatique Toulouse Genopole, UBIA INRA, BP 52627, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Song KJ, Yu XN, Lv T, Chen YL, Diao YC, Liu SL, Wang YK, Yao Q. Expression and prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase-A and -D subunits in human uterine myoma and uterine sarcoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0268. [PMID: 29620641 PMCID: PMC5902263 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-A and LDH-D in patients with uterine myoma, cellular leiomyoma (CLM), and uterine sarcoma and to evaluate their prognostic significance. METHODS Protein expression levels of LDH-A and LDH-D were determined in tissue samples from 86 patients (26 uterine myoma, 10 CLM, 50 uterine sarcoma) by immunohistochemistry and their associations with clinicopathologic parameters and outcomes were analyzed in patients with uterine sarcoma. RESULTS The positivity rates for LDH-A and LDH-D were significantly higher in patients with uterine sarcoma compared with those with uterine myoma or CLM (P < .05). Patients with uterine sarcoma were classified as having uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS), malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma, and malignant mixed Mullerian tumor, with 5-year overall survival rates of 59%, 71%, and 29%, respectively (P < .05). Univariate analysis showed that patients younger than 50 years and with stage I-II had better clinical prognoses. LDH-A-positive LMS patients had a poorer prognosis than LDH-A-negative patients (P = .03). The median survival time of LDH-A-positive patients was 35 months. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that LDH-D was expressed in patients with uterine sarcoma. Furthermore, the overexpressions of LDH-A and LDH-D in uterine sarcoma patients may contribute to further understanding of the mechanism of LDH in tumor metabolism in uterine sarcoma. Positive expression of LDH-A in patients with LMS may act as a potential prognostic biomarker in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-juan Song
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-ni Yu
- Department of Gynecology, the Ninth People's Hospital of Qingdao,shinan District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Teng Lv
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-long Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-chao Diao
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Su-li Liu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-kui Wang
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutai Mountain Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
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19
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Andreeßen C, Wolf N, Cramer B, Humpf HU, Steinbüchel A. In vitro biosynthesis of 3-mercaptolactate by lactate dehydrogenases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 108:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Ito S, Takeya M, Osanai T. Substrate Specificity and Allosteric Regulation of a D-Lactate Dehydrogenase from a Unicellular Cyanobacterium are Altered by an Amino Acid Substitution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15052. [PMID: 29118438 PMCID: PMC5678113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate/lactic acid is an important chemical compound for the manufacturing of bioplastics. The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 can produce lactate from carbon dioxide and possesses d-lactate dehydrogenase (Ddh). Here, we performed a biochemical analysis of the Ddh from this cyanobacterium (SyDdh) using recombinant proteins. SyDdh was classified into a cyanobacterial clade similar to those from Gram-negative bacteria, although it was distinct from them. SyDdh can use both pyruvate and oxaloacetate as a substrate and is activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and repressed by divalent cations. An amino acid substitution based on multiple sequence alignment data revealed that the glutamine at position 14 and serine at position 234 are important for the allosteric regulation by Mg2+ and substrate specificity of SyDdh, respectively. These results reveal the characteristic biochemical properties of Ddh in a unicellular cyanobacterium, which are different from those of other bacterial Ddhs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Ito
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeya
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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Chen L, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Characterization of a d-Lactate Dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus fermentum JN248 with High Phenylpyruvate Reductive Activity. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2269-2275. [PMID: 28881036 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA) is a novel antimicrobial compound. A novel NADH-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenase (d-LDH), named as LF-d-LDH0653, with high phenylpyruvate (PPA) reducing activity was isolated from Lactobacillus fermentum JN248. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ), turnover number (kcat ), and catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) for NADH were 1.20 mmol/L, 67.39 s-1 , and 56.16 (mmol/L)-1 s-1 , respectively. The (Km ), (kcat ), and (kcat /Km ) for phenylpyruvate were 1.68 mmol/L, 122.66 s-1 , and 73.01 (mmol/L)-1 s-1 , respectively. This enzyme can catalyze phenylpyruvate and the product presented excellent optical purity (enantioselectivity >99%). The results suggest that LF-d-LDH0653 is a promising biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of optically pure d-PLA. PRACTICAL APPLICATION A novel d-LDH with phenylpyruvate reducing activity has been isolated and identified. It could be used as a reference for improving the production of optically pure d-PLA. d-PLA has a potential for application as antimicrobial an agent in dairy industry and baking industry, pharmaceutical agent in medicine and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Rd., Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Univ., Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Univ., Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China.,Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1T, U.K
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Univ., Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan Univ., 1800 Lihu Rd., Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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The ternary complex structure of d-mandelate dehydrogenase with NADH and anilino(oxo)acetate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:665-670. [PMID: 28327357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium NAD-dependent d-mandelate dehydrogenase (d-ManDH) belongs to a ketopantoate reductase (KPR)-related d-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family, and exhibits broad substrate specificity toward bulky hydrophobic 2-ketoacids, preferring C3-branched substrates. The ternary complex structure of d-ManDH with NADH and anilino(oxo)acetate (AOA) revealed that the substrate binding induces a shear motion of the N-terminal domain along the C-terminal domain, following the hinge motion induced by the NADH binding, and allows the bound NADH molecule to form favorable interactions with a 2-ketoacid substrate. d-ManDH possesses a sufficiently wide pocket that accommodates the C3 branched side chains of substrates like KPR, but unlike the pocket of KPR, the pocket of d-ManDH comprises an entirely hydrophobic surface and an expanded space, in which the AOA benzene is accommodated. The expanded space mostly comprises a mobile loop structure, which likely modulates the shape and size of the space depending on the substrate.
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Xu GC, Zhang LL, Ni Y. Enzymatic preparation of D-phenyllactic acid at high space-time yield with a novel phenylpyruvate reductase identified from Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967. J Biotechnol 2015; 222:29-37. [PMID: 26712480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An NADH-dependent phenylpyruvate reductase (LaPPR) was identified through screening the shotgun library of Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967. It belongs to D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) subfamily of 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase superfamily. LaPPR was stable at pH 6.5 and 30 °C, with a half-life of 152 h. LaPPR has a substrate preference towards aromatic to aliphatic keto acids, and various keto acids could be reduced into D-hydroxy acids with excellent enantioselectivity (>99%). By construction the coexpression system with glucose dehydrogenase, as much as 100 g L(-1) phenylpyruvic acid was asymmetrically reduced into D-phenyllactic acid with 91.3% isolation yield and 243 g L(-1) d(-1) productivity. The results suggest that LaPPR is a promising biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of optically pure D-phenyllactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ye Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Novel 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reductase involved in synthesis of the Japanese sake flavor, ethyl leucate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3137-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Pyruvate and acetyl-CoA form the backbone of central metabolism. The nonoxidative cleavage of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and formate by the glycyl radical enzyme pyruvate formate lyase is one of the signature reactions of mixed-acid fermentation in enterobacteria. Under these conditions, formic acid accounts for up to one-third of the carbon derived from glucose. The further metabolism of acetyl-CoA to acetate via acetyl-phosphate catalyzed by phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase is an exemplar of substrate-level phosphorylation. Acetyl-CoA can also be used as an acceptor of the reducing equivalents generated during glycolysis, whereby ethanol is formed by the polymeric acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE) enzyme. The metabolism of acetyl-CoA via either the acetate or the ethanol branches is governed by the cellular demand for ATP and the necessity to reoxidize NADH. Consequently, in the absence of an electron acceptor mutants lacking either branch of acetyl-CoA metabolism fail to cleave pyruvate, despite the presence of PFL, and instead reduce it to D-lactate by the D-lactate dehydrogenase. The conversion of PFL to the active, radical-bearing species is controlled by a radical-SAM enzyme, PFL-activase. All of these reactions are regulated in response to the prevalent cellular NADH:NAD+ ratio. In contrast to Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, some genera of enterobacteria, e.g., Klebsiella and Enterobacter, produce the more neutral product 2,3-butanediol and considerable amounts of CO2 as fermentation products. In these bacteria, two molecules of pyruvate are converted to α-acetolactate (AL) by α-acetolactate synthase (ALS). AL is then decarboxylated and subsequently reduced to the product 2,3-butandiol.
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Johnson CW, Beckham GT. Aromatic catabolic pathway selection for optimal production of pyruvate and lactate from lignin. Metab Eng 2015; 28:240-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Furukawa N, Miyanaga A, Togawa M, Nakajima M, Taguchi H. Diverse allosteric and catalytic functions of tetrameric d-lactate dehydrogenases from three Gram-negative bacteria. AMB Express 2014; 4:76. [PMID: 25401076 PMCID: PMC4230899 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenases (d-LDHs) reduce pyruvate into d-lactate with oxidation of NADH into NAD+. Although non-allosteric d-LDHs from Lactobacilli have been extensively studied, the catalytic properties of allosteric d-LDHs from Gram-negative bacteria except for Escherichia coli remain unknown. We characterized the catalytic properties of d-LDHs from three Gram-negative bacteria, Fusobacterium nucleatum (FNLDH), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PALDH), and E. coli (ECLDH) to gain an insight into allosteric mechanism of d-LDHs. While PALDH and ECLDH exhibited narrow substrate specificities toward pyruvate like usual d-LDHs, FNLDH exhibited a broad substrate specificity toward hydrophobic 2-ketoacids such as 2-ketobutyrate and 2-ketovalerate, the former of which gave a 2-fold higher kcat/S0.5 value than pyruvate. Whereas the three enzymes consistently showed hyperbolic shaped pyruvate saturation curves below pH 6.5, FNLDH and ECLDH, and PALDH showed marked positive and negative cooperativity, respectively, in the pyruvate saturation curves above pH 7.5. Oxamate inhibited the catalytic reactions of FNLDH competitively with pyruvate, and the PALDH reaction in a mixed manner at pH 7.0, but markedly enhanced the reactions of the two enzymes at low concentration through canceling of the apparent homotropic cooperativity at pH 8.0, although it constantly inhibited the ECLDH reaction. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and certain divalent metal ions such as Mg2+ also markedly enhanced the reactions of FNLDH and PALDH, but none of them enhanced the reaction of ECLDH. Thus, our study demonstrates that bacterial d-LDHs have highly divergent allosteric and catalytic properties.
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A New Family ofD-2-Hydroxyacid Dehydrogenases That ComprisesD-Mandelate Dehydrogenases and 2-Ketopantoate Reductases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Characterization ofD-Lactate Dehydrogenase ProducingD-3-Phenyllactic Acid fromPediococcus pentosaceus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:853-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Higher thermostability of l-lactate dehydrogenases is a key factor in decreasing the optical purity of d-lactic acid produced from Lactobacillus coryniformis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Highly stereoselective biosynthesis of (R)-α-hydroxy carboxylic acids through rationally re-designed mutation of D-lactate dehydrogenase. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3401. [PMID: 24292439 PMCID: PMC4070498 DOI: 10.1038/srep03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An NAD-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenase (d-nLDH) of Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATCC 11842 was rationally re-designed for asymmetric reduction of a homologous series of α-keto carboxylic acids such as phenylpyruvic acid (PPA), α-ketobutyric acid, α-ketovaleric acid, β-hydroxypyruvate. Compared with wild-type d-nLDH, the Y52L mutant d-nLDH showed elevated activities toward unnatural substrates especially with large substitutes at C-3. By the biocatalysis combined with a formate dehydrogenase for in situ generation of NADH, the corresponding (R)-α-hydroxy carboxylic acids could be produced at high yields and highly optical purities. Taking the production of chiral (R)-phenyllactic acid (PLA) from PPA for example, 50 mM PPA was completely reduced to (R)-PLA in 90 min with a high yield of 99.0% and a highly optical purity (>99.9% e.e.) by the coupling system. The results presented in this work suggest a promising alternative for the production of chiral α-hydroxy carboxylic acids.
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Recent advances in lactic acid production by microbial fermentation processes. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:877-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Miyanaga A, Fujisawa S, Furukawa N, Arai K, Nakajima M, Taguchi H. The crystal structure of d-mandelate dehydrogenase reveals its distinct substrate and coenzyme recognition mechanisms from those of 2-ketopantoate reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Influence of vaginal bacteria and D- and L-lactic acid isomers on vaginal extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer: implications for protection against upper genital tract infections. mBio 2013; 4:mBio.00460-13. [PMID: 23919998 PMCID: PMC3735189 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00460-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated levels of vaginal extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) in vaginal secretions in relation to the composition of vaginal bacterial communities and d- and l-lactic acid levels. The composition of vaginal bacterial communities in 46 women was determined by pyrosequencing the V1 to V3 region of 16S rRNA genes. Lactobacilli were dominant in 71.3% of the women, followed by Gardnerella (17.4%), Streptococcus (8.7%), and Enterococcus (2.2%). Of the lactobacillus-dominated communities, 51.5% were dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, 36.4% by Lactobacillus iners, and 6.1% each by Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus jensenii. Concentrations of l-lactic acid were slightly higher in lactobacillus-dominated vaginal samples, but most differences were not statistically significant. d-Lactic acid levels were higher in samples containing L. crispatus than in those with L. iners (P < 0.0001) or Gardnerella (P = 0.0002). The relative proportion of d-lactic acid in vaginal communities dominated by species of lactobacilli was in concordance with the proportions found in axenic cultures of the various species grown in vitro. Levels of l-lactic acid (P < 0.0001) and the ratio of l-lactic acid to d-lactic acid (P = 0.0060), but not concentrations of d-lactic acid, were also correlated with EMMPRIN concentrations. Moreover, vaginal concentrations of EMMPRIN and MMP-8 levels were highly correlated (P < 0.0001). Taken together, the data suggest the relative proportion of l- to d-lactic acid isomers in the vagina may influence the extent of local EMMPRIN production and subsequent induction of MMP-8. The expression of these proteins may help determine the ability of bacteria to transverse the cervix and initiate upper genital tract infections. A large proportion of preterm births (>50%) result from infections caused by bacteria originating in the vagina, which requires that they traverse the cervix. Factors that influence susceptibility to these infections are not well understood; however, there is evidence that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) is known to alter the integrity of the cervix. In this work, we show that concentrations of vaginal extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) are influenced by members of the vaginal microbial community and concentrations of d- or l-lactic acid isomers in vaginal secretions. Elevated levels of d-lactic acid and the ratio of d- to l-lactic acid influence EMMPRIN concentrations as well as MMP-8 levels. Thus, isomers of lactic acid may function as signaling molecules that alter host gene expression and influence risk of infection-related preterm birth.
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Recent research on 3-phenyllactic acid, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1155-63. [PMID: 22782253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Phenyllactic acid (PLA), which is an organic acid widely existing in honey and lactic acid bacteria fermented food, can be produced by many microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria. It was proved as an ideal antimicrobial compound with broad and effective antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. In addition, it could be used as feed additives to replace antibiotics in livestock feeds. This article presented a review of recent studies on the existing resource, antimicrobial activity, and measurement of PLA. In addition, microorganism strains and dehydrogenases producing PLA were reviewed in detail, the metabolic pathway and regulation of PLA synthesis in LAB strains were discussed, and high-level bioproduction of PLA by microorganism fermentation was also summarized.
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Relative catalytic efficiency of ldhL- and ldhD-encoded products is crucial for optical purity of lactic acid produced by lactobacillus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3480-3. [PMID: 22344644 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00058-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD-dependent l- and d-lactate dehydrogenases coexist in Lactobacillus genomes and may convert pyruvic acid into l-lactic acid and d-lactic acid, respectively. Our findings suggest that the relative catalytic efficiencies of ldhL- and ldhD-encoded products are crucial for the optical purity of lactic acid produced by Lactobacillus strains.
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Santos SG, Diniz CG, Silva VL, Lima FL, Andrade HM, Chapeaurouge DA, Perales J, Serufo JC, Carvalho MAR, Farias LM. Differentially regulated proteins in Prevotella intermedia after oxidative stress analyzed by 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Anaerobe 2012; 18:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Characterization of d-lactate dehydrogenase from Pediococcus acidilactici that converts phenylpyruvic acid into phenyllactic acid. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:907-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Arai K, Ichikawa J, Nonaka S, Miyanaga A, Uchikoba H, Fushinobu S, Taguchi H. A molecular design that stabilizes active state in bacterial allosteric L-lactate dehydrogenases. J Biochem 2011; 150:579-91. [PMID: 21828088 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Lactate dehydrogenase (l-LDH) of Lactobacillus casei (LCLDH) is a typical bacterial allosteric l-LDH that requires fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) for its enzyme activity. A mutant LCLDH was designed to introduce an inter-subunit salt bridge network at the Q-axis subunit interface, mimicking Lactobacillus pentosus non-allosteric l-LDH (LPLDH). The mutant LCLDH exhibited high catalytic activity with hyperbolic pyruvate saturation curves independently of FBP, and virtually the equivalent K(m) and V(m) values at pH 5.0 to those of the fully activated wild-type enzyme with FBP, although the K(m) value was slightly improved with FBP or Mn(2+) at pH 7.0. The mutant enzyme exhibited a markedly higher apparent denaturating temperature (T(1/2)) than the wild-type enzyme in the presence of FBP, but showed an even lower T(1/2) without FBP, where it exhibited higher activation enthalpy of inactivation (ΔH(‡)). This result is consistent with the fact that the active state is more unstable than the inactive state in allosteric equilibrium of LCLDH. The LPLDH-like network appears to be conserved in many bacterial non-allosteric l-LDHs and dimeric l-malate dehydrogenases, and thus to be a key for the functional divergence of bacterial l-LDHs during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Arai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Novel fungal phenylpyruvate reductase belongs to d-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1669-76. [PMID: 21672638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We discovered the phenyllactate (PLA)-producing fungal strain Wickerhamia fluorescens TK1 and purified phenylpyruvate reductase (PPR) from fungal cell-free extracts. The PPR used both NADPH and NADH as cofactors with more preference for the former. The enzyme reaction as well as the fungal culture produced optically active d-PLA. The gene for the PPR (pprA) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. Purified preparations of both native and recombinant PPR used hydroxyphenylpyruvate, glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate as substrates but not pyruvate, oxaloacetate or benzoylformate. The predicted PPR protein had sequence similarity to proteins in the d-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the predicted PPR protein together with fungal predicted proteins constitutes a novel group of glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductases. The fungus efficiently converted phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate to d-PLA. These compounds up-regulated the transcription of pprA, suggesting that it plays a role in fungal phenylalanine metabolism.
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) incorporating 2-hydroxybutyrate by wild-type class I PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:509-17. [PMID: 21667085 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A previously established improved two-phase reaction system has been applied to analyze the substrate specificities and polymerization activities of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases. We first analyzed the substrate specificity of propionate coenzyme A (CoA) transferase and found that 2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB) was converted into its CoA derivative. Then, the synthesis of PHA incorporating 2HB was achieved by a wild-type class I PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. The PHA synthase stereoselectively polymerized (R)-2HB, and the maximal molar ratio of 2HB in the polymer was 9 mol%. The yields and the molecular weights of the products were decreased with the increase of the (R)-2HB concentration in the reaction mixture. The weight-average molecular weight of the polymer incorporating 9 mol% 2HB was 1.00 × 10(5), and a unimodal peak with polydispersity of 3.1 was observed in the GPC chart. Thermal properties of the polymer incorporating 9 mol% 2HB were analyzed by DSC and TG-DTA. T (g), T (m), and T (d) (10%) were observed at -1.1°C, 158.8°C, and 252.7°C, respectively. In general, major components of PHAs are 3-hydroxyalkanoates, and only engineered class II PHA synthases have been reported as enzymes having the ability to polymerize HA with the hydroxyl group at C2 position. Thus, this is the first report to demonstrate that wild-type class I PHA synthase was able to polymerize 2HB.
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Wang X, Zheng Z, Dou P, Qin J, Wang X, Ma C, Tang H, Xu P. Cloning, expression, purification, and activity assay of proteins related to D-lactic acid formation in Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:2117-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Moazeni F, Zhang G, Sun HJ. Imperfect asymmetry of life: earth microbial communities prefer D-lactate but can use L-lactate also. ASTROBIOLOGY 2010; 10:397-402. [PMID: 20528194 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetrical utilization of chiral compounds has been sought on Mars as evidence for biological activity. This method was recently validated in glucose. Earth organisms utilize D-glucose, not L-glucose, a perfect asymmetry. In this study, we tested the method in lactate and found utilization of both enantiomers. Soil-, sediment-, and lake-borne microbial communities prefer D-lactate but can consume L-lactate if given extra time to acclimate. This situation is termed imperfect asymmetry. Future life-detection mission investigators need to be aware of imperfect asymmetry so as not to miss relatively subtle signs of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faegheh Moazeni
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119, USA
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Arai K, Ishimitsu T, Fushinobu S, Uchikoba H, Matsuzawa H, Taguchi H. Active and inactive state structures of unliganded Lactobacillus casei allosteric L-lactate dehydrogenase. Proteins 2010; 78:681-94. [PMID: 19787773 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei L-lactate dehydrogenase (LCLDH) is activated through the homotropic and heterotropic activation effects of pyruvate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), respectively, and exhibits unusually high pH-dependence in the allosteric effects of these ligands. The active (R) and inactive (T) state structures of unliganded LCLDH were determined at 2.5 and 2.6 A resolution, respectively. In the catalytic site, the structural rearrangements are concerned mostly in switching of the orientation of Arg171 through the flexible intersubunit contact at the Q-axis subunit interface. The distorted orientation of Arg171 in the T state is stabilized by a unique intra-helix salt bridge between Arg171 and Glu178, which is in striking contrast to the multiple intersubunit salt bridges in Lactobacillus pentosus nonallosteric L-lactate dehydrogenase. In the backbone structure, major structural rearrangements of LCLDH are focused in two mobile regions of the catalytic domain. The two regions form an intersubunit linkage through contact at the P-axis subunit interface involving Arg185, replacement of which with Gln severely decreases the homotropic and hetertropic activation effects on the enzyme. These two regions form another intersubunit linkage in the Q-axis related dimer through the rigid NAD-binding domain, and thus constitute a pivotal frame of the intersubunit linkage for the allosteric motion, which is coupled with the concerted structural change of the four subunits in a tetramer, and of the binding sites for pyruvate and FBP. The unique intersubunit salt bridges, which are observed only in the R state structure, are likely involved in the pH-dependent allosteric equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Arai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Dagher SF, Ragout AL, Siñeriz F, Bruno-Bárcena JM. Cell immobilization for production of lactic acid biofilms do it naturally. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 71:113-48. [PMID: 20378053 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(10)71005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in natural cell immobilization or biofilms for lactic acid fermentation has developed considerably over the last few decades. Many studies report the benefits associated with biofilms as industrial methods for food production and for wastewater treatment, since the formation represents a protective means of microbial growth offering survival advantages to cells in toxic environments. The formation of biofilms is a natural process in which microbial cells adsorb to a support without chemicals or polymers that entrap the cells and is dependent on the reactor environment, microorganism, and characteristics of the support. These unique characteristics enable biofilms to cause chronic infections, disease, food spoilage, and devastating effects as in microbial corrosion. Their distinct resistance to toxicity, high biomass potential, and improved stability over cells in suspension make biofilms a good tool for improving the industrial economics of biological lactic acid production. Lactic acid bacteria and specific filamentous fungi are the main sources of biological lactic acid. Over the past two decades, studies have focused on improving the lactic acid volumetric productivity through reactor design development, new support materials, and improvements in microbial production strains. To illustrate the operational designs applied to the natural immobilization of lactic acid producing microorganisms, this chapter presents the results of a search for optimum parameters and how they are affected by the physical, chemical, and biological variables of the process. We will place particular emphasis upon the relationship between lactic acid productivity attained by various types of reactors, supports, media formulations, and lactic acid producing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne F Dagher
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Jin Q, Jung JY, Kim YJ, Eom HJ, Kim SY, Kim TJ, Han NS. Production of l-lactate in Leuconostoc citreum via heterologous expression of l-lactate dehydrogenase gene. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jia J, Mu W, Zhang T, Jiang B. Bioconversion of phenylpyruvate to phenyllactate: gene cloning, expression, and enzymatic characterization of D- and L1-lactate dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus plantarum SK002. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:242-51. [PMID: 19774350 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two DNA fragments containing the entire coding sequences of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; ldhL1 and ldhD), whose enzymes have high activity for bioconversion of phenylpyruvate (PPA) to phenyllactate (PLA), were amplified from Lactobacillus plantarum SK002 using PCR. Sequencing showed open reading frames of 963 bp (ldhL1) and 999 bp (ldhD) encoding putative proteins of 320 and 332 amino acid residues, respectively. The LDH genes were cloned into an expression vector pET-22b(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The purified recombinant L1-LDH and D-LDH had approximate (SDS-PAGE) molecular weights of 35 and 40 kDa, respectively. L1-LDH and D-LDH had PPA bioconversion specific activities of 71.06 and 215.84 U/mg with K (m) values of 3.96 and 5.4 mM, respectively. The rL1-LDH and rD-LDH showed maximum enzyme activity at 30 and 40 degrees C while both had optimum activity at pH 6.0. L1-LDH exhibited a higher pH and temperature stability than D-LDH. The results show that the his-tagged L. plantarum SK002 D- and L1-LDHs are efficient catalysts for bioconversion of PPA to PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Bi C, Zhang X, Rice JD, Ingram LO, Preston JF. Genetic engineering of Enterobacter asburiae strain JDR-1 for efficient d(−) lactic acid production from hemicellulose hydrolysate. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1551-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Qin J, Zhao B, Wang X, Wang L, Yu B, Ma Y, Ma C, Tang H, Sun J, Xu P. Non-sterilized fermentative production of polymer-grade L-lactic acid by a newly isolated thermophilic strain Bacillus sp. 2-6. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4359. [PMID: 19194504 PMCID: PMC2632756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demand for lactic acid has been increasing considerably because of its use as a monomer for the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA), which is a promising and environment-friendly alternative to plastics derived from petrochemicals. Optically pure l-lactic acid is essential for polymerization of PLA. The high fermentation cost of l-lactic acid is another limitation for PLA polymers to compete with conventional plastics. Methodology/Principal Findings A Bacillus sp. strain 2–6 for production of l-lactic acid was isolated at 55°C from soil samples. Its thermophilic characteristic made it a good lactic acid producer because optically pure l-lactic acid could be produced by this strain under open condition without sterilization. In 5-liter batch fermentation of Bacillus sp. 2–6, 118.0 g/liter of l-lactic acid with an optical purity of 99.4% was obtained from 121.3 g/liter of glucose. The yield was 97.3% and the average productivity was 4.37 g/liter/h. The maximum l-lactic acid concentration of 182.0 g/liter was obtained from 30-liter fed-batch fermentation with an average productivity of 3.03 g/liter/h and product optical purity of 99.4%. Conclusions/Significance With the newly isolated Bacillus sp. strain 2–6, high concentration of optically pure l-lactic acid could be produced efficiently in open fermentation without sterilization, which would lead to a new cost-effective method for polymer-grade l-lactic acid production from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Qin
- Tianjin Industrial Biotechnology R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Tianjin Industrial Biotechnology R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wang
- Tianjin Industrial Biotechnology R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Tianjin Industrial Biotechnology R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Tianjin Industrial Biotechnology R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- Tianjin Industrial Biotechnology R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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The D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase incorrectly annotated PanE is the sole reduction system for branched-chain 2-keto acids in Lactococcus lactis. J Bacteriol 2008; 191:873-81. [PMID: 19047348 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01114-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases of lactic acid bacteria, which catalyze the stereospecific reduction of branched-chain 2-keto acids to 2-hydroxyacids, are of interest in a variety of fields, including cheese flavor formation via amino acid catabolism. In this study, we used both targeted and random mutagenesis to identify the genes responsible for the reduction of 2-keto acids derived from amino acids in Lactococcus lactis. The gene panE, whose inactivation suppressed hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase activity, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant His-tagged fusion protein was purified and characterized. The gene annotated panE was the sole gene responsible for the reduction of the 2-keto acids derived from leucine, isoleucine, and valine, while ldh, encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase, was responsible for the reduction of the 2-keto acids derived from phenylalanine and methionine. The kinetic parameters of the His-tagged PanE showed the highest catalytic efficiencies with 2-ketoisocaproate, 2-ketomethylvalerate, 2-ketoisovalerate, and benzoylformate (V(max)/K(m) ratios of 6,640, 4,180, 3,300, and 2,050 U/mg/mM, respectively), with NADH as the exclusive coenzyme. For the reverse reaction, the enzyme accepted d-2-hydroxyacids but not l-2-hydroxyacids. Although PanE showed the highest degrees of identity to putative NADP-dependent 2-ketopantoate reductases (KPRs), it did not exhibit KPR activity. Sequence homology analysis revealed that, together with the d-mandelate dehydrogenase of Enterococcus faecium and probably other putative KPRs, PanE belongs to a new family of D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases which is unrelated to the well-described D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase family. Its probable physiological role is to regenerate the NAD(+) necessary to catabolize branched-chain amino acids, leading to the production of ATP and aroma compounds.
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