1
|
Whitaker GH, Ernst DC, Downs DM. Absence of MMF1 disrupts heme biosynthesis by targeting Hem1pin Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2021; 38:615-624. [PMID: 34559917 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The RidA subfamily of the Rid (YjgF/YER057c/UK114) superfamily of proteins is broadly distributed and found in all domains of life. RidA proteins are enamine/imine deaminases. In the organisms that have been investigated, lack of RidA results in accumulation of the reactive enamine species 2-aminoacrylate (2AA) and/or its derivative imine 2-iminopropanoate (2IP). The accumulated enamine/imine species can damage specific pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent target enzymes. The metabolic imbalance resulting from the damaged enzymes is organism specific and based on metabolic network configuration. Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes two RidA homologs, one localized to the cytosol and one to the mitochondria. The mitochondrial RidA homolog, Mmf1p, prevents enamine/imine stress and is important for normal growth and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Here, we show that Mmf1p is necessary for optimal heme biosynthesis. Biochemical and/or genetic data herein support a model in which accumulation of 2AA and or 2IP, in the absence of Mmf1p, inactivates Hem1p, a mitochondrially located PLP-dependent enzyme required for heme biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana M Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Irons JL, Hodge-Hanson K, Downs DM. RidA Proteins Protect against Metabolic Damage by Reactive Intermediates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00024-20. [PMID: 32669283 PMCID: PMC7373157 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rid (YjgF/YER057c/UK114) protein superfamily was first defined by sequence homology with available protein sequences from bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (L. Parsons, N. Bonander, E. Eisenstein, M. Gilson, et al., Biochemistry 42:80-89, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1021/bi020541w). The archetypal subfamily, RidA (reactive intermediate deaminase A), is found in all domains of life, with the vast majority of free-living organisms carrying at least one RidA homolog. In over 2 decades, close to 100 reports have implicated Rid family members in cellular processes in prokaryotes, yeast, plants, and mammals. Functional roles have been proposed for Rid enzymes in amino acid biosynthesis, plant root development and nutrient acquisition, cellular respiration, and carcinogenesis. Despite the wealth of literature and over a dozen high-resolution structures of different RidA enzymes, their biochemical function remained elusive for decades. The function of the RidA protein was elucidated in a bacterial model system despite (i) a minimal phenotype of ridA mutants, (ii) the enzyme catalyzing a reaction believed to occur spontaneously, and (iii) confusing literature on the pleiotropic effects of RidA homologs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Subsequent work provided the physiological framework to support the RidA paradigm in Salmonella enterica by linking the phenotypes of mutants lacking ridA to the accumulation of the reactive metabolite 2-aminoacrylate (2AA), which damaged metabolic enzymes. Conservation of enamine/imine deaminase activity of RidA enzymes from all domains raises the likelihood that, despite the diverse phenotypes, the consequences when RidA is absent are due to accumulated 2AA (or a similar reactive enamine) and the diversity of metabolic phenotypes can be attributed to differences in metabolic network architecture. The discovery of the RidA paradigm in S. enterica laid a foundation for assessing the role of Rid enzymes in diverse organisms and contributed fundamental lessons on metabolic network evolution and diversity in microbes. This review describes the studies that defined the conserved function of RidA, the paradigm of enamine stress in S. enterica, and emerging studies that explore how this paradigm differs in other organisms. We focus primarily on the RidA subfamily, while remarking on our current understanding of the other Rid subfamilies. Finally, we describe the current status of the field and pose questions that will drive future studies on this widely conserved protein family to provide fundamental new metabolic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Irons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Diana M Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ernst DC, Downs DM. Mmf1p Couples Amino Acid Metabolism to Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mBio 2018; 9:e00084-18. [PMID: 29487232 PMCID: PMC5829821 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00084-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of metabolic deficiencies and human diseases arise from the disruption of mitochondrial enzymes and/or loss of mitochondrial DNA. Mounting evidence shows that eukaryotes have conserved enzymes that prevent the accumulation of reactive metabolites that cause stress inside the mitochondrion. 2-Aminoacrylate is a reactive enamine generated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent α,β-eliminases as an obligatory intermediate in the breakdown of serine. In prokaryotes, members of the broadly conserved RidA family (PF14588) prevent metabolic stress by deaminating 2-aminoacrylate to pyruvate. Here, we demonstrate that unmanaged 2-aminoacrylate accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria causes transient metabolic stress and the irreversible loss of mitochondrial DNA. The RidA family protein Mmf1p deaminates 2-aminoacrylate, preempting metabolic stress and loss of the mitochondrial genome. Disruption of the mitochondrial pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent serine dehydratases (Ilv1p and Cha1p) prevents 2-aminoacrylate formation, avoiding stress in the absence of Mmf1p. Furthermore, chelation of iron in the growth medium improves maintenance of the mitochondrial genome in yeast challenged with 2-aminoacrylate, suggesting that 2-aminoacrylate-dependent loss of mitochondrial DNA is influenced by disruption of iron homeostasis. Taken together, the data indicate that Mmf1p indirectly contributes to mitochondrial DNA maintenance by preventing 2-aminoacrylate stress derived from mitochondrial amino acid metabolism.IMPORTANCE Deleterious reactive metabolites are produced as a consequence of many intracellular biochemical transformations. Importantly, reactive metabolites that appear short-lived in vitro have the potential to persist within intracellular environments, leading to pervasive cell damage and diminished fitness. To overcome metabolite damage, organisms utilize enzymatic reactive-metabolite defense systems to rid the cell of deleterious metabolites. In this report, we describe the importance of the RidA/YER057c/UK114 enamine/imine deaminase family in preventing 2-aminoacrylate stress in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking the enamine/imine deaminase Mmf1p was shown to experience pleiotropic growth defects and fails to maintain its mitochondrial genome. Our results provide the first line of evidence that uncontrolled 2-aminoacrylate stress derived from mitochondrial serine metabolism can negatively impact mitochondrial DNA maintenance in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Ernst
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Diana M Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flynn JM, Downs DM. In the absence of RidA, endogenous 2-aminoacrylate inactivates alanine racemases by modifying the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:3603-9. [PMID: 23749972 PMCID: PMC3754577 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00463-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the RidA (YjgF/YER057c/UK114) protein family are broadly conserved across the domains of life. In vitro, these proteins deaminate 3- or 4-carbon enamines that are generated as mechanistic intermediates of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent serine/threonine dehydratases. The three-carbon enamine 2-aminoacrylate can inactivate some enzymes by forming a covalent adduct via a mechanism that has been well characterized in vitro. The biochemical activity of RidA suggested that the phenotypes of ridA mutant strains were caused by the accumulation of reactive enamine metabolites. The data herein show that in ridA mutant strains of Salmonella enterica, a stable 2-aminoacrylate (2-AA)/PLP adduct forms on the biosynthetic alanine racemase, Alr, indicating the presence of 2-aminoacrylate in vivo. This study confirms the deleterious effect of 2-aminoacrylate generated by metabolic enzymes and emphasizes the need for RidA to quench this reactive metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Flynn
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flynn JM, Christopherson MR, Downs DM. Decreased coenzyme A levels in ridA mutant strains of Salmonella enterica result from inactivated serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:751-9. [PMID: 23815688 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The RidA/Yer057/UK114 family of proteins is well represented across the domains of life and recent work has defined both an in vitro activity and an in vivo role for RidA. RidA proteins have enamine deaminase activity, and in their absence the reactive 2-aminoacrylate (2-AA) accumulates and inactivates at least some pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzymes in Salmonella enterica. The conservation of RidA suggested that 2-AA was a ubiquitous cellular stressor that was generated in central metabolism. Phenotypically, strains of S. enterica that lack RidA accumulated significantly more pyruvate in the growth medium than wild-type strains. Here we dissected this ridA mutant phenotype and showed it was an indirect consequence of damage to serine hydroxymethyltransferase (GlyA; E.C. 2.1.2.1). The results here identified a fourth PLP enzyme as a target of enamine stress in Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Flynn
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lambrecht JA, Schmitz GE, Downs DM. RidA proteins prevent metabolic damage inflicted by PLP-dependent dehydratases in all domains of life. mBio 2013; 4:e00033-13. [PMID: 23386433 PMCID: PMC3565831 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00033-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is a coenzyme synthesized by all forms of life. Relevant to the work reported here is the mechanism of the PLP-dependent threonine/serine dehydratases, which generate reactive enamine/imine intermediates that are converted to keto acids by members of the RidA family of enzymes. The RidA protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 is the founding member of this broadly conserved family of proteins (formerly known as YjgF/YER057c/UK114). RidA proteins were recently shown to be enamine deaminases. Here we demonstrate the damaging potential of enamines in the absence of RidA proteins. Notably, S. enterica strains lacking RidA have decreased activity of the PLP-dependent transaminase B enzyme IlvE, an enzyme involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. We reconstituted the threonine/serine dehydratase (IlvA)-dependent inhibition of IlvE in vitro, show that the in vitro system reflects the mechanism of RidA function in vivo, and show that IlvE inhibition is prevented by RidA proteins from all domains of life. We conclude that 2-aminoacrylate (2AA) inhibition represents a new type of metabolic damage, and this finding provides an important physiological context for the role of the ubiquitous RidA family of enamine deaminases in preventing damage by 2AA. IMPORTANCE External stresses that disrupt metabolic components can perturb cellular functions and affect growth. A similar consequence is expected if endogenously generated metabolites are reactive and persist in the cellular environment. Here we show that the metabolic intermediate 2-aminoacrylate (2AA) causes significant cellular damage if allowed to accumulate aberrantly. Furthermore, we show that the widely conserved protein RidA prevents this accumulation by facilitating conversion of 2AA to a stable metabolite. This work demonstrates that the reactive metabolite 2AA, previously considered innocuous in the cell due to a short half-life in aqueous solution, can survive in the cellular environment long enough to cause damage. This work provides insights into the roles and persistence of reactive metabolites in vivo and shows that the RidA family of proteins is able to prevent damage caused by a reactive intermediate that is created as a consequence of PLP-dependent chemistry.
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiu J, Silverman RB. A new class of conformationally rigid analogues of 4-amino-5-halopentanoic acids, potent inactivators of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase. J Med Chem 2000; 43:706-20. [PMID: 10691696 DOI: 10.1021/jm9904755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found (Qiu, J.; Pingsterhaus, J. M.; Silverman, R. B. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 4725-4728) that conformationally rigid analogues of the GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inactivator vigabatrin were not inactivators of GABA-AT. To determine if this is a general phenomenon of GABA-AT inactivators, several mono- and di-halogen-substituted conformationally rigid analogues (7-15) of other GABA-AT inactivators, 4-amino-5-halopentanoic acids, were synthesized as potential inactivators of GABA-AT. Four of them, (+)-7, (-)-9, (+)-10, and (+)-15, were inactivators, although not as potent as the corresponding open-chain analogues. The maximal inactivation rate constants, k(inact), for the fluoro- and bromo-substituted analogues were comparable, indicating that cleavage of the C-X bond is not rate determining. Consistent with that observation is the finding that [3-(2)H]-10 exhibits a deuterium isotope effect on inactivation of 3.3, suggesting that C-H bond cleavage is the rate-determining step. The rate of inactivation of GABA-AT by the fluorinated analogue 7 is 1/15 that of inactivation by the corresponding open-chain analogue, 4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid (3a). Whereas inactivation by 3a releases only one fluoride ion, inactivation by 7 releases 148 fluoride ions, accounting for the less efficient inactivation rate. Inactivation leads to covalent attachment of 2 equiv of inactivator after gel filtration; upon urea denaturation, 1 equiv of radioactivity remains bound to the enzyme. This suggests that, unlike the open-chain anlogue, the conformationally rigid analogue becomes, at least partially, attached to an active-site residue. It appears that the conformational constraint has a larger effect on inactivators that inactivate by a Michael addition mechanism than by an enamine mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cooper AJ. Mechanisms of cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 72:199-238. [PMID: 9559054 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercapturic acids are conjugates of S-(N-acetyl)-L-cysteine formed during the detoxification of xenobiotics and during the metabolism of such endogenous agents as estrogens and leukotrienes. Many mercaturates are formed from the corresponding glutathione S-conjugates. This chapter focuses on (a) the discovery of the cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyases; (b) the involvement of pyridoxal-5-phosphate; (c) the influence of the electron-withdrawing properties of the group attached to the sulfur atom; and (d) the potential of cysteine S-conjugates as pro-drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abraham DG, Patel PP, Cooper AJ. Isolation from rat kidney of a cytosolic high molecular weight cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase with activity toward leukotriene E4. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:180-8. [PMID: 7814371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.1.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytosolic high M(r) cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase (apparent M(r) of approximately 330,000) has been partially purified from rat kidneys. The high M(r) lyase is also present in the mitochondria. The purified enzyme contains at least two proteins with apparent M(r) values of approximately 50,000 and approximately 70,000. Activity is stimulated by dithiothreitol, alpha-keto acids, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; aminooxyacetate is an inhibitor. The enzyme catalyzes a competing (half) transamination reaction between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor and cysteine-S-conjugate substrate; added alpha-keto acids promote conversion of active site pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The enzyme also catalyzes a full (but weak) transamination between L-phenylalanine and alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyrate. The purified enzyme is not recognized by polyclonal rabbit antibodies to cytosolic rat kidney glutamine transaminase K (another cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase of rat kidney) and has no obvious similarities to other pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-containing enzymes. In addition to catalyzing elimination reactions with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, the enzyme reacts with leukotriene E4 and 5'-S-cysteinyldopamine. Finally, the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes are activated by alpha-ketoglutarate. Thus, the possibility must be considered that, in kidneys of animals exposed to various cysteine conjugates, the high M(r) lyase contributes to the generation of pyruvate, ammonia, and reactive fragments in vivo. Many cysteine conjugates are nephrotoxic, and the high M(r) lyase(s) may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Meister
- Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y. 10021
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silverman RB, Invergo BJ. Mechanism of inactivation of gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase by 4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid. First example of an enamine mechanism for a gamma-amino acid with a partition ratio of 0. Biochemistry 1986; 25:6817-20. [PMID: 3801394 DOI: 10.1021/bi00370a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of inactivation of pig brain gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-T) by (S)-4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid (1, R = CH2CH2COOH, X = F) previously proposed [Silverman, R. B., & Levy, M. A. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1197-1203] is revised. apo-GABA-T is reconstituted with [4-3H]pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and inactivated with 1 (R = CH2CH2COOH, X = F). Treatment of inactivated enzyme with base followed by acid denaturation leads to the complete release of radioactivity as 6-[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-6-(phosphonoxymethyl)-4-pyridinyl]-4-oxo-5-+ ++hexenoic acid (4, R = CH2CH2COOH). Alkaline phosphatase treatment of this compound produces dephosphorylated 4 (R = CH2CH2COOH). These results support a mechanism that was suggested by Metzler and co-workers [Likos, J. J., Ueno, H., Feldhaus, R. W., & Metzler, D. E. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 4377-4386] for the inactivation of glutamate decarboxylase by serine O-sulfate (Scheme I, pathway b, R = COOH, X = OSO3-).
Collapse
|
13
|
Stevens JL. Isolation and characterization of a rat liver enzyme with both cysteine conjugate beta-lyase and kynureninase activity. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
14
|
Kishore GM. Mechanism-based inactivation of bacterial kynureninase by beta-substituted amino acids. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
15
|
|
16
|
Soper TS, Manning JM. Inactivation of pyridoxal phosphate enzymes by gabaculine. Correlation with enzymic exchange of beta-protons. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
17
|
3-Chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating) of Pseudomonas putida CR 1.1. Purification and characterization of a novel enzyme occurring in 3-chloro-D-alanine-resistant pseudomonads. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
18
|
Likos JJ, Ueno H, Feldhaus RW, Metzler DE. A novel reaction of the coenzyme of glutamate decarboxylase with L-serine O-sulfate. Biochemistry 1982; 21:4377-86. [PMID: 6812624 DOI: 10.1021/bi00261a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
19
|
Yamada H, Nagasawa T, Ohkishi H, Kawakami B, Tani Y. Synthesis of D-cysteine from 3-chloro-D-alanine and hydrogen sulfide by 3-chloro-D-alanine hydrogen chloride-lyase (deaminating) of Pseudomonas putida. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 100:1104-10. [PMID: 6791643 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Soper TS, Manning JM. beta-elimination of beta-halo substrates by D-amino acid transaminase associated with inactivation of the enzyme. Trapping of a key intermediate in the reaction. Biochemistry 1978; 17:3377-84. [PMID: 687590 DOI: 10.1021/bi00609a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
22
|
Golichowski A, Jenkins WT. Inactivation of pig heart alanine aminotransferase by beta-chloroalanine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 189:109-14. [PMID: 30393 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
23
|
Soper TS, Jones WM, Lerner B, Trop M, Manning JM. Inactivation of bacterial D-amino acid transaminase by beta-chloro-D-alanine. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
24
|
Relyea NM, Tate SS, Meister A. Labeling of the active site of L-aspartate beta-decarboxylase with beta-chloro-L-alanine. Methods Enzymol 1977; 46:427-32. [PMID: 909433 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(77)46050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
25
|
Kaczorowski G, Shaw L, F-entes M, Walsh C. Coupling of alanine racemase and D-alanine dehydrogenase to active transport of amino acids in Escherichia coli B membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|