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Tabucchi A, Leoncini R, Pagani R, Pizzichini M, Terzuoli L, Vannoni D, Porcelli B, Marinello E, Dispensa E. Some Aspects of Purine Nucleotide Metabolism in Lymphocytes of B-CLL. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 77:112-7. [PMID: 2048222 DOI: 10.1177/030089169107700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied the behavior of some enzymes involved in purine nucleotide metabolism in human peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia subjects. Determinations were made with radiochemical methods associated with high performance liquid chromatography. Results indicated a marked increase in de novo purine synthesis enzymes, particularly those of the « inosinic branch point ». The latter were absent in normal lymphocytes, whereas they were well evident in leukemic lymphocytes, with the exception of AMP-S synthetase. Whereas the enzymes of the « salvage pathway » were spared in comparison to other proteins, those of the « catabolic pathway » significantly decreased. The authors discuss the possibility that such enzymes may be used as tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabucchi
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Siena Italy
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2
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A pathway map of glutamate metabolism. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 10:69-75. [PMID: 26635200 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate metabolism plays a vital role in biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. It is also associated with a number of different stress responses. Deficiency of enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism is associated with various disorders including gyrate atrophy, hyperammonemia, hemolytic anemia, γ-hydoxybutyric aciduria and 5-oxoprolinuria. Here, we present a pathway map of glutamate metabolism representing metabolic intermediates in the pathway, 107 regulator molecules, 9 interactors and 3 types of post-translational modifications. This pathway map provides detailed information about enzyme regulation, protein-enzyme interactions, post-translational modifications of enzymes and disorders due to enzyme deficiency. The information included in the map was based on published experimental evidence reported from mammalian systems.
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Batool S, Nawaz MS, Kamal MA. In silico analysis of the amido phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition by PY873, PY899 and a derivative of isophthalic acid. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1355-63. [PMID: 23483322 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Selectively decreasing the availability of precursors for the de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a valid approach towards seeking a cure for leukaemia. Nucleotides and deoxynucleotides are required by living cells for syntheses of RNA, DNA, and cofactors such as NADP(+), FAD(+), coenzyme A and ATP. Nucleotides contain purine and pyrimidine bases, which can be synthesized through salvage pathway as well. Amido phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), also known as glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (GPAT), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPAT (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase) gene. APRT catalyzes the first committed step of the de novo pathway using its substrate, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP). As APRT is inhibited by many folate analogues, therefore, in this study we focused on the inhibitory effects of three folate analogues on APRT activity. This is extension of our previous wet lab work to analyze and dissect molecular interaction and inhibition mechanism using molecular modeling and docking tools in the current study. Comparative molecular docking studies were carried out for three diamino folate derivatives employing a model of the human enzyme that was built using the 3D structure of Bacillus subtilis APRT (PDB ID; 1GPH) as the template. Binding orientation of interactome indicates that all compounds having nominal cluster RMSD in same active site's deep narrow polar fissure. On the basis of comparative conformational analysis, electrostatic interaction, binding free energy and binding orientation of interactome, we support the possibility that these molecules could behave as APRT inhibitors and therefore may block purine de novo biosynthesis. Consequently, we suggest that PY899 is the most active biological compound that would be a more potent inhibitor for APRT inhibition than PY873 and DIA, which also confirms previous wet lab report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Batool
- Functional Informatics Laboratory National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wyngaarden JB, Holmes EW. Molecular nature of enzyme regulation in purine biosynthesis. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:43-64. [PMID: 204465 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720301.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Kelley WN, Wyngaarden JB. Enzymology of gout. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 41:1-33. [PMID: 4608588 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122860.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Becker MA, Raivio KO, Seegmiller JE. Synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in mammalian cells. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 49:281-306. [PMID: 95664 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122945.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Kamal MA, Christopherson RI. Accumulation of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells treated with antifolates. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:545-51. [PMID: 14687931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amido phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) catalyzes the first step of the de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) into 5-phosphoribosylamine (PRA). APRT is a valid target for development of inhibitors as anticancer drugs. We have developed a thin layer chromatographic assay for PRPP extracted from cells. Using coupling enzymes, PRPP with excess [2-14C]orotate (OA) is quantitatively converted to [2-14C]OMP and then [2-14C]UMP with hydrolysis of the PPi. The reaction products are isolated on poly(ethyleneimine)-cellulose (PEI-C) chromatograms. Human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells growing in culture have been exposed to a number of antifolates and their effects upon cellular levels of PRPP determined. The steady-state level of PRPP measured in CCRF-CEM cells was 102+/-11 microM. Following addition of an antifolate to a culture, accumulation of PRPP in cells indicates the degree of inhibition of APRT. In human CCRF-CEM leukaemia cells, lometrexol (LTX), 2,4-diamino-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinazoline (PY899), methotrexate (MTX), N(alpha)(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine (PT523), piritrexim (PTX), metoprine, 2,4-diamino-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-methylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine (PY873) and multitargeted antifolate, N-[4-[2-(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (MTA) directly or indirectly induce inhibition of APRT indicated by time-courses for accumulation of PRPP to maximum values of 3-12-fold. These data indicate that LTX induces the most potent inhibition of APRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kamal
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Zimmermann AG, Gu JJ, Laliberté J, Mitchell BS. Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase: regulation of expression and role in cellular proliferation and T lymphocyte activation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 61:181-209. [PMID: 9752721 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide synthesis is essential for the maintenance of normal cell growth and function, as well as for cellular transformation and immune responses. The expression of two genes encoding human inosine-5'-monophosphate dehyrogenase (IMPDH) type I and type II results in the translation of catalytically indistinguishable enzymes that control the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. Cellular IMPDH activity is increased more than 10-fold in activated peripheral blood T lymphocytes and is attributable to the increased expression of both the type I and type II enzymes. In contrast, abrogation of cellular IMPDH activity by selective inhibitors prevents T lymphocyte activation and establishes a requirement for elevated IMPDH activity in T lymphocytic responses. In order to assess the molecular mechanisms governing the expression of the IMPDH type I and type II genes in resting and activated peripheral blood T lymphocytes, we have cloned the human IMPDH type I and type II genes and characterized their genomic organization and their respective 5'-flanking regions. Both genes contain 14 highly conserved exons that vary in size from 49 to 207 base pairs. However, the intron structures are completely divergent, resulting in disparities in gene length (18 kilobases for type I and 5.8 kilobases for type II). In addition, the 5'-regulatory sequences are highly divergent; expression of the IMPDH type I gene is controlled by three distinct promoters in a tissue specific manner while the type II gene is regulated by a single promoter and closely flanked in the 5' region by a gene of unknown function. The conservation of the IMPDH type I and type II coding sequence in the presence of highly divergent 5'-regulatory sequences points to a multifactorial control of enzyme expression and suggests that tissue-specific and/or developmentally specific regulation of expression may be important. Delineation of these regulatory mechanisms will aid in the elucidation of the signaling events that ultimately lead to the synthesis of guanine nucleotides required for cellular entry into S phase and the initiation of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Zoref-Shani E, Lavie R, Bromberg Y, Beery E, Sidi Y, Sperling O, Nordenberg J. Effects of differentiation-inducing agents on purine nucleotide metabolism in an ovarian cancer cell line. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120:717-22. [PMID: 7798296 DOI: 10.1007/bf01194269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the differentiation-inducing agents sodium butyrate (NaOBt), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and mycophenolic acid (MA), on purine nucleotide metabolism, was studied in an ovarian carcinoma cell line (GZL-8). Exposure to these agents inhibited cell proliferation, but did not affect cell viability. Three hours following exposure, NaOBt and DMSO moderately decelerated purine synthesis de novo, but MA accelerated it three-fold, this being associated with a two-fold increase in the excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine into the incubation medium. NaOBt and DMSO did not affect the cellular nucleotide content, but MA caused a 73% decrease in GTP content and about a 50% increase in the cellular content of UTP. The following alterations in cellular enzyme activity were observed 72 h following exposure: NaOBt decreased the activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and increased the activity of IMP and of AMP 5'-nucleotidases, DMSO increased the activity of IMP 5'-nucleotidase, and MA increased the activity of the two nucleotidases. The results suggest that, in the carcinoma cell line studied, the differentiation process induced by NaOBt and DMSO may be associated with a general shift in the direction of purine metabolism from anabolism to catabolism, whereas that induced by MA is associated with a specific decrease in the production of GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zoref-Shani
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Kunjara S, Sochor M, Bennett M, Greenbaum AL, McLean P. Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in the rat mammary gland: changes in the lactation cycle and effects of diabetes. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE AND METABOLIC BIOLOGY 1992; 48:263-74. [PMID: 1476792 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(92)90073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Measurements have been made of the activities of the enzymes of the de novo and salvage pathways of pyrimidine synthesis (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (glutamine) (EC 6.3.5.5); dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.11); the overall activity of Complex II (orotate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transferase (EC 2.4.2.10) and orotidine 5-phosphate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23); uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.9)) in the mammary gland of rats at different stages of the lactation cycle and the effects of diabetes on the activity of these enzymes in lactation have been studied. From a consideration of the changes in enzyme activities and the changes in the tissue concentration of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, an activator of the de novo pathway and substrate for both the de novo and salvage routes, it is concluded that the de novo pathway is the major route of pyrimidine synthesis in mammary tissue. Diabetes decreases the activity of the enzymes of the de novo pathway; the effects are particularly marked for Complex II. The present results on pyrimidine synthesis are compared to the pattern for purine synthesis previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kunjara
- Department of Biochemistry, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, Great Britain
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11
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Becker MA, Kim M. Regulation of purine synthesis de novo in human fibroblasts by purine nucleotides and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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12
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Campbell JW, Vorhaben JE, Smith DD. Uricoteley:its nature and origin during the evolution of tetrapod vertebrates. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1987; 243:349-63. [PMID: 2890702 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402430302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic mechanism for detoxication of ammonia formed during amino acid gluconeogenesis in uricotelic vertebrates requires the intramitochondrial synthesis of glutamine by glutamine synthetase. This glutamine then serves as a precursor of uric acid in the cytosol. The evolutionary development of uricoteley thus required the localization of glutamine synthetase in liver mitochondria. The mechanism for the mitochondrial import of glutamine synthetase in uricotelic vertebrate liver is not yet known. Tortoises, extant relatives of the stem reptiles, possess both the ureotelic and uricotelic hepatic systems. It therefore seems likely that the genetic events allowing the mitochondrial localization of glutamine synthetase in liver occurred in the amniote amphibian ancestors of the stem reptiles. The selection of ureoteley by the theropsids and of uricoteley by the sauropsids were major events in the divergence and subsequent evolution of these two lines. Once established in the sauropsid line, uricoteley has persisted through to the higher reptiles, crocodilians, and birds. Uricoteley was in part responsible for the radiation of the archosaurs during the Triassic as a water-conserving mechanism in the adult, thereby allowing them to invade the arid environments of that period. Contrary to dogma, uricoteley was probably of minor significance in the development of the cleidoic egg. Neither mammalian nor avian embryonic liver tissues catabolize amino acids to any great extent, so it is inappropriate to attribute to them a kind of "waste" nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Campbell
- Department of Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
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Abstract
Gout is a clinical syndrome encompassing a group of metabolic diseases that are all characterized by abnormal uric acid metabolism. In its fullest form, gout is defined by: an increase in the serum urate concentration; characteristic, recurrent, acute arthritic attacks, with monosodium urate monohydrate crystals demonstrable in synovial fluid leukocytes; tophi, usually in and around joints of the extremities, composed of monosodium urate monohydrate deposits; renal disease, often accompanied by hypertension with glomerular, tubular, interstitial, and vascular involvement; and uric acid nephrolithiasis. Any combination of these manifestations may occur, although tophi and urate nephropathy rarely antedate gouty arthritis.
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Boss GR, Idriss SD, Willis RC, Seegmiller JE. Assay of glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase using [1-14C]phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. Anal Biochem 1983; 130:283-6. [PMID: 6191593 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14) catalyzes the transfer of the amide group of glutamine to 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose-1-pyrophosphate. It is the first enzyme committed to the synthesis of purines by the de novo pathway. Previous assays of enzyme activity have either measured the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate-dependent disappearance of radioactive glutamine or have linked this reaction to subsequent steps in the purine pathway. A new assay for activity of the enzyme by directly measuring the synthesis of the product of the reaction. 5-beta-phosphoribosyl-1-amine, using [1-14C]phosphoribosylpyrophosphate as substrate is described. Substrate and product are separated by thin-layer chromatography and identified by autoradiography. Glutamine or ammonia may be used as substrates; the apparent Km values of the human lymphoblast enzyme are 0.46 mM for glutamine and 0.71 mM for ammonia. GMP is a considerably more potent inhibitor of the human lymphoblast enzyme than is AMP; 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine inhibits only glutamine-dependent activity and has no effect on ammonia-dependent activity.
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McCairns E, Fahey D, Sauer D, Rowe PB. De novo purine synthesis in human lymphocytes. Partial co-purification of the enzymes and some properties of the pathway. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in peripheral blood lymphocytes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 15:115-23. [PMID: 6185367 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(83)90051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Torrelio BM, Paz MA, Gallop PM. Modulation of purine synthesis and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content in human fibroblasts at different population doublings. Mech Ageing Dev 1982; 19:147-58. [PMID: 6180262 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(82)90006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human diploid fibroblasts of embryonic origin which display the limited lifespan phenomenon, respond to purine base deprivation with a large accumulation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate when studied at early population doubling levels. This suggests that the purine salvage enzymes are the main consumers of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in such cells. There is a strong positive correlation between the rate of de novo purine synthesis and the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content, consistent with its role in the first and rate-limiting reaction of de novo purine synthesis. With increasing population doublings, the cells become less responsive to purine base deprivation; the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate does not increase significantly and a lower rate of de novo purine synthesis is observed. As the rate of cell replication decreases with serial passages, it becomes apparent that such cells appropriately adjust the concentration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, thereby controlling the rate of purine synthesis according to their needs for cellular growth.
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18
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Nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli purF and deduced amino acid sequence of glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Galilea J, Canela EI, Bozal J. The course analysis of guanine and hypoxanthine transformation to uric acid by bovine liver guanine aminihydrolase and xanthine oxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(81)80016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Salerno C, Giacomello A. Human hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The role of magnesium ion in a phosphoribosylpyrophosphate-utilizing enzyme. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Musick WD. Structural features of the phosphoribosyltransferases and their relationship to the human deficiency disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 11:1-34. [PMID: 7030616 DOI: 10.3109/10409238109108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Similarities in the physical and chemical properties of the phosphoribosyltransferase family of enzymes suggest that they may share common structural features as observed in other functionally related proteins. The unusually high incidence of structural gene mutations of these enzymes in man are associated with several metabolic diseases of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. It is proposed that these disorders are the consequence of structural mutations to an architectural domain common to all of the phosphoribosyltransferases.
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Holmes EW. Kinetic, physical, and regulatory properties of amidophosphoribosyltransferase. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1981; 19:215-31. [PMID: 6175188 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(81)90017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Allsop J, Watts RW. Activities of amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC2.4.2.14) and the purine phosphoribosyltransferases (EC2.4.2.7 and 2.4.2.8), and the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content of rat central nervous system at different stages of development--their possible relationship to the neurological dysfunction in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. J Neurol Sci 1980; 46:221-32. [PMID: 6155447 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(80)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
(1) This communication reports the amidophosphoribosyltransferase (PRPP-At; EC2.4.2.14), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; EC2.4.2.7) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; EC2.4.2.8) activities and the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) content of rat brain at different stages of development. The results are not age-related in the foetal and neonatal animals and the data for whole brain homogenates are similar to the average results for the individual regions of the brain at the same stage of development. (2) The enzyme activities and PRPP content are similar in the different regions of the rat central nervous system. PRPP-At has the lowest activity of the 3 enzymes studied and this decreases gradually from birth until 8 weeks. HPRT is the most active of the three enzymes, its activity increases markedly between birth and the end of the third week of life. The time course of these changes shows only minor differences between the regions of the brain studied. The ratio of HPRT activity to PRPP-At activity increases from age 1 week in all parts of the rat brain. (3) The APRT activities in rat brain are intermediate between those of PRPP-At and HPRT and essentially steady except for a decrease in the cerebellum during the first 3 weeks of life. (4) The PRPP concentrations in rat brain decrease between birth and the end of the 3rd week of life. (5) The systemic tissues examined have PRPP-At, HPRT and APRT activities. The relationship between the activities of the different enzymes appears to be characteristic of the tissue concerned. (6) Correlating the observed time course of the changes in the ratio of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity to amidophosphoribosyltransferase activity in the rat with other workers' data on changes in the rate of DNA accretion in human brain during development indicates that the main increase in this ratio is after the major bursts of neuroblast and neuroglia proliferation. We suggest that the neurological dysfunction in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to lack of a purine derivative with a physiological or neuropharmacological function, rather than to an effect of the biochemical lesion on brain morphogenesis.
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25
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Messenger LJ, Zalkin H. Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase from Escherichia coli. Purification and properties. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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26
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Gordon RB, Thompson L, Johnson LA, Emmerson BT. Regulation of purine de novo synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts: the role of P-ribose-PP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 562:162-76. [PMID: 435498 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(79)90135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Procedures for assaying the rate of purine de novo synthesis in cultured fibroblast cells have been compared. These were (i) the incorporation of [(14)C]-glycine or [(14)C]formate in alpha-N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (an intermediate in the purine synthetic pathway) and (ii) the incorporation of [(14)C]-formate into newly synthesised cellular purines and purines excreted by the cell into the medium. Fibroblast cells, derived from patients with a deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT-) (EC 2.4.2.8) and increased rates of purine de novo synthesis, were compared with fibroblasts from healthy subjects (HPRT+). Fetal calf serum, which was used to supplement the assay and cell growth medium, was found to contain sufficient quantities of the purine base hypoxanthine to inhibit purine de novo synthesis in HPRT+ cells. This inhibition was the basis of differentiation between HPRT- and HPRT+ cells. In the absence of added purine base, both cell types had similar capacities for purine de novo synthesis. This result contrasts with the increased rates of purine de novo synthesis reported for a number of human HPRT- cells in culture but conforms recent studies made on human HPRT- lymphoblast cells. The intracellular concentration and utilisation of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (P-Rib-PP), a substrate and potential controlling factor for purine de novo synthesis, were determined in HPRT- and HPRT+ cells. The rate of utilisation of P-Rib-PP in the salvage of free purine bases was far greater than that in purine de novo synthesis. Although HPRT- cells had a 3-fold increase in P-Rib-PP content, the rate of P-Rib-PP generation was similar to HPRT+ cells. Thus, in fibroblasts, the concentration of P-Rib-PP appears to be critical in the control of de novo purine synthesis and its preferential utilisation in the HPRT reaction limits its availability for purine de novo synthesis. In vivo, HPRT+ cells, in contrast to HPRT- cells, may be operating purine de novo synthesis at a reduced rate because of their ability to reutilise hypoxanthine.
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Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH. Concentration, synthesis and utilization of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in lymphocytes of five mammalian species. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:885-8. [PMID: 229007 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(79)90118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Lipstein B, Boer P, Sperling O. Regulation of de novo purine synthesis in chick liver slices. Role of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate availability and of salvage purine nucleotide synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 521:45-54. [PMID: 214123 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The differences between the uricotelic chick and the ureotelic rat, in the regulation of purine synthesis de novo, were studied in intact liver tissue. Chick liver, in comparison with rat liver, was found to contain a high activity of purine synthesis de novo, a high content and availability of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PP-rib-P), comparable activity of PP-rib-P synthetase, and low activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). The results suggest that the intensive activity of the pathway of purine synthesis de novo in the chick liver is mediated by the high PP-rib-P concentration, which may be due at least in part to the relative partial deficiency of HGPRT.
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King G, Bounous C, Holmes E. Human placental amidophosphoribosyltransferase. Comparison of the kinetics of glutamine and ammonia utilization. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Becher H, Weber M, Löhr GW. Purine nucleotide synthesis in normal and leukemic blood cells. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1978; 56:275-83. [PMID: 642399 DOI: 10.1007/bf01489173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to obtain more precise information about the purine biosynthetic pathway in human blood cells. 5'phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) amidotransferase was found in cell-free extracts from all leukemic cells and normal lymphocytes and therefore these cells could synthesize the first intermediate of the purine-de-novo-synthesis. Normal leucocytes, erythrocytes and bone marrow cells lack this enzyme system and have an absolute requirement for externally supplied purines via salvage pathway. Leukemic blast cells show different enzyme activities independent of their cell count. Kinetic studies with the crude enzymes showed sigmoidal substrate velocity curves for PP-ribose-P, whereas glutamine shows hyperbolic kinetics. The leukemic cell enzymes from all four donor types (ALL, CLL, AML and CML) are rapidly saturated with low concentrations of PP-ribose-P and less inhibited by the physiological feedback inhibitor, adenosine 5'monophosphate. The crude enzymes of normal spleen lymphocytes and leukemic cells were further purified (10 to 15-fold) and substrate velocity curves for PP-ribose-P and glutamine show now hyperbolic kinetics and double reciprocal plots were linear with and apparent Km for PP-ribose-P of 0.14 mM and for glutamine 2.0 mM. In the presence of different concentrations of AMP, the PP-ribose-P substrate velocity plot changed from a hyperbolic to a sigmoidal curve; no difference in the degree of the inhibition between both partially purified enzymes (normal spleen lymphocytes and leukemic cells from all four donor types) could now be observed.
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Singer S, Holmes E. Human glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase. Hysteretic properties. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Brenton DP, Astrin KH, Cruikshank MK, Seegmiller JE. Measurement of free nucleotides in cultured human lymphoid cells using high pressure liquid chromatography. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1977; 17:231-47. [PMID: 869935 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(77)90029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Pompucci G, Micheli V, Marcolongo R. Pharmacologically induced erythrocyte PP-ribose-P variations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 76A:529-34. [PMID: 855727 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4223-6_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Allsop J, Watts RW. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14) activity in unstimulated and stimulated human lymphocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 76A:434-40. [PMID: 193376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4223-6_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Becher H, Gerok W. Properties of the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate-glutamine amidotransferase of the human leucemic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 76A:92-8. [PMID: 855737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4223-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Skaper SD, Willis RC, Seegmiller JE. Cholera toxin-peroxidase: changes in surface labeling of glioblastoma cells with increased time in tissue culture. Science 1976; 193:587-8. [PMID: 959817 DOI: 10.1126/science.959817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin coupled to peroxidase yielded a highly specific ultrastructural marker of plasma membrane monosialogangliosides. Studies with cultures of brain and brain tumors suggested that long-term culture of tissue in monolayers results in eventual loss of surface monosialogangliosides.
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Wyngaarden JB. Regulation of purine biosynthesis and turnover. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1976; 14:25-42. [PMID: 184697 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(76)90006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Seegmiller JE. Inherited deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in X-linked uric aciduria (the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and its variants). ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1976; 6:75-163. [PMID: 779428 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8264-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kelley WN, Holmes EW, Van der Weyden MB. Current concepts on the regulation of purine biosynthesis de novo in man. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1975; 18:673-80. [PMID: 1106431 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780180706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present discussion we have presented our views on how purine biosynthesis de novo is regulated in man. The rate of the initital step unique to purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis de novo is controlled by the intracellular concentration of PP-ribose-P and purine ribonucleotides. This critical interaction of PP-ribose-P and purine ribonucleotides may be explained by a change in the physical properties of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. The first branch point in the pathway, following this initial step involves the utilization of IMP. Based on an in vitro analysis of the enzymes participating directly in the two biosynthetic pathways for which IMP is a substrate, we propose that the intracellular level of GTP may be more critical than previously recognized.
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Marcolongo R, Pompucci G, Micheli V. Evidence for purine biosynthesis in human leukocytes. EXPERIENTIA 1975; 31:1137. [PMID: 1204721 DOI: 10.1007/bf02326754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocytes and lymphocytes have shown to be equipped with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransrease, the enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of the first intermediate of the purine pathway, thus providing evidence that these cells have the capacity for de novo purine biosynthesis.
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Weber G, Prajda N, Williams JC. Biochemical strategy of the cancer cell: malignant transformation-linked enzymatic imbalance. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1975; 13:3-23. [PMID: 174404 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(75)90005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Johnson MG, Rosenweig S, Switzer RL, Becker MA, Seegmiller JE. Evaluation of the role of 5-phosphoribosyl-alpha-1-pyrophosphate synthetase in congenital hyperuricemia and gout: a simple isotopic assay and an activity stain for the enzyme. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1974; 10:266-75. [PMID: 4366297 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(74)90030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bagnara AS, Brox LW, Henderson JF. Kinetics of amidophosphoribosyltransferase in intact tumor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 350:171-82. [PMID: 4366387 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Westby CA, Tsai WC. De novo purine synthesis in vegetative cells and myxospores of Myxococcus xanthus. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:1099-107. [PMID: 4360538 PMCID: PMC246589 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.3.1099-1107.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether vegetative cells and myxospores of Myxococcus xanthus were capable of classical de novo purine biosynthesis. To answer this question, vegetative and myxospore extracts of M. xanthus FBa were tested for their ability to synthesize the second de novo intermediate, 5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide, from beginning precursors either by way of phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate amido transferase (EC 2.4.2.14) or ribose-5-phosphate amino transferase. Both the amido and amino transferase routes occurred in both types of extracts, and both enzymes appear to be present at about the same level (per milligram of protein) in vegetative cells, myxospores, and in a bacterial prototype, Salmonella typhimurium. The dose response of the vegetative and myxospore forms of both enzymes towards adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) suggests that the allosteric structure of both enzymes is changed little by sporulation. Both enzymes were inhibited to varying degrees by a variety of purine nucleotides besides AMP, GMP, and 3':5' cyclic AMP.
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Sperling O, Wyngaarden JB, Starmer CF. The kinetics of intramolecular distribution of 15N in uric acid following administration of 15N-glycine: preferential labeling of N-(3+9) of uric acid in primary gout and a reappraisal of the "glutamine hypothesis". ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1974; 41:371-93. [PMID: 4832561 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1433-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Elion GB, Nelson DJ. Ribonucleotides of allopurinol and oxipurinol in rat tissues and their significance in purine metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1974; 41:639-52. [PMID: 4832590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1433-3_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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