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Brennan-Laun SE, Ezelle HJ, Li XL, Hassel BA. RNase-L control of cellular mRNAs: roles in biologic functions and mechanisms of substrate targeting. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:275-88. [PMID: 24697205 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RNase-L is a mediator of type 1 interferon-induced antiviral activity that has diverse and critical cellular roles, including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and the control of the innate immune response. Although RNase-L was originally shown to mediate the endonucleolytic cleavage of both viral and ribosomal RNAs in response to infection, more recent evidence indicates that RNase-L also functions in the regulation of cellular mRNAs as an important mechanism by which it exerts its diverse biological functions. Despite this growing body of work, many questions remain regarding the roles of mRNAs as RNase-L substrates. This review will survey known and putative mRNA substrates of RNase-L, propose mechanisms by which it may selectively cleave these transcripts, and postulate future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Brennan-Laun
- 1 Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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2
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Abstract
The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this conflict. In this review, I have discussed the potential anti-virus activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a well characterized effector of the cellular homeostatic response to an overloading of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein-folding capacity. IRE1, an ER-membrane-resident ribonuclease (RNase), upon activation catalyses regulated cleavage of select protein-coding and non-coding host RNAs, using an RNase domain which is homologous to that of the known anti-viral effector RNaseL. The latter operates as part of the Oligoadenylate synthetase OAS/RNaseL system of anti-viral defense mechanism. Protein-coding RNA substrates are differentially treated by the IRE1 RNase to either augment, through cytoplasmic splicing of an intron in the Xbp1 transcript, or suppress gene expression. This referred suppression of gene expression is mediated through degradative cleavage of a select cohort of cellular RNA transcripts, initiating the regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) pathway. The review first discusses the anti-viral mechanism of the OAS/RNaseL system and evasion tactics employed by different viruses. This is followed by a review of the RIDD pathway and its potential effect on the stability of viral RNAs. I conclude with a comparison of the enzymatic activity of the two RNases followed by deliberations on the physiological consequences of their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Gurgaon, India
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3
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Gupta A, Rath PC. Expression of mRNA and protein-protein interaction of the antiviral endoribonuclease RNase L in mouse spleen. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:307-18. [PMID: 24780566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible, 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A)-dependent endoribonuclease, RNase L is a unique antiviral RNA-degrading enzyme involved in RNA-metabolism, translational regulation, stress-response besides its anticancer/tumor-suppressor and antibacterial functions. RNase L represents complex cellular RNA-regulations in mammalian cells but diverse functions of RNase L are not completely explained by its 2-5A-regulated endoribonuclease activity. We hypothesized that RNase L has housekeeping function(s) through interaction with cellular proteins. We investigated RNase L mRNA expression in mouse tissues by RT-PCR and its protein-protein interaction in spleen by GST-pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays followed by proteomic analysis. RNase L mRNA is constitutively and differentially expressed in nine different mouse tissues, its level is maximum in immunological tissues (spleen, thymus and lungs), moderate in reproductive tissues (testis and prostate) and low in metabolic tissues (kidney, brain, liver and heart). Cellular proteins from mouse spleen [fibronectin precursor, β-actin, troponin I, myosin heavy chain 9 (non-muscle), growth-arrest specific protein 11, clathrin light chain B, a putative uncharacterized protein (Ricken cDNA 8030451F13) isoform (CRA_d) and alanyl tRNA synthetase] were identified as cellular RNase L-interacting proteins. Thus our results suggest for more general cellular functions of RNase L through protein-protein interactions in the spleen for immune response in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pramod C Rath
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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4
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Abstract
The efficient turnover of messenger RNA represents an important mechanism that allows the cell to control gene expression. Until recently, the mechanism of mRNA decay was mainly attributed to exonucleases, comprising enzymes that degrade RNAs from the ends of the molecules. This article summarizes the endoribonucleases, comprising enzymes that cleave RNA molecules internally, which were identified in more recent years in eukaryotic mRNA metabolism. Endoribonucleases have received little attention in the past, based on the difficulty in their identification and a lack of understanding of their physiological significance. This review aims to compare the similarities and differences among this group of enzymes, as well as their known cellular functions. Despite the many differences in protein structure, and thus difficulties in identifying them based on amino acid sequence, most endoribonucleases possess essential cellular functions and have been shown to play an important role in mRNA turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ming Li
- Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
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5
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Bisbal C, Silverman RH. Diverse functions of RNase L and implications in pathology. Biochimie 2007; 89:789-98. [PMID: 17400356 PMCID: PMC2706398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is the effector of the 2-5A system, a major enzymatic pathway involved in the molecular mechanism of interferons (IFNs). RNase L is a very unusual nuclease with a complex mechanism of regulation. It is a latent enzyme, expressed in nearly every mammalian cell type. Its activation requires its binding to a small oligonucleotide, 2-5A. 2-5A is a series of unique 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates with 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. By regulating viral and cellular RNA expression, RNase L plays an important role in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN and contributes to innate immunity and cell metabolism. The 2-5A/RNase L pathway is implicated in mediating apoptosis in response to viral infections and to several types of external stimuli. Several recent studies have suggested that RNase L could have a role in cancer biology and evidence of a tumor suppressor function of RNase L has emerged from studies on the genetics of hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bisbal
- IGH UPR CNRS 1142. 141 rue de la Cardonille. 34396. Montpellier France. E-mail address: , Phone: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 73, Fax: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 01
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB40, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195 USA, E-mail address: , Phone: (1) 216 445 9650, Fax: (1) 216 445 6269
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6
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Chandrasekaran K, Mehrabian Z, Li XL, Hassel B. RNase-L regulates the stability of mitochondrial DNA-encoded mRNAs in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:18-23. [PMID: 15522195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated decrease in the levels of mitochondrial DNA-encoded mRNA (mt-mRNA) occurs in neuronal cells exposed either to the excitatory amino acid, glutamate or to the sodium ionophore, monensin, suggesting a role of mitochondrial RNase(s) on the stability of mt-mRNAs. Here we report that in mouse embryo fibroblasts that are devoid of the interferon-regulated RNase, RNase-L, the monensin-induced decrease in the half-life of mt-mRNA was reduced. In monensin (250 nM)-treated RNase-L(+/+) cells the average half-life of mt-mRNA, determined after termination of transcription with actinomycin D, was found to be 3h, whereas in monensin-treated RNase-L(-/-) cells the half-life of mt-mRNA was >6h. In contrast, the stability of nuclear DNA-encoded beta-actin mRNA was unaffected. Induction of RNase-L expression in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts further decreased the monensin-induced reduction in mt-mRNA half-life to 1.5h. The results indicate that the RNase-L-dependent decrease in mtDNA-encoded mRNA transcript levels occurs through a decrease in the half-life of mt-mRNA, and that RNase-L may play a role in the stability of mt-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Chandrasekaran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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7
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Zimmerman C, Klein KC, Kiser PK, Singh AR, Firestein BL, Riba SC, Lingappa JR. Identification of a host protein essential for assembly of immature HIV-1 capsids. Nature 2002; 415:88-92. [PMID: 11780123 DOI: 10.1038/415088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To form an immature HIV-1 capsid, 1,500 HIV-1 Gag (p55) polypeptides must assemble properly along the host cell plasma membrane. Insect cells and many higher eukaryotic cell types support efficient capsid assembly, but yeast and murine cells do not, indicating that host machinery is required for immature HIV-1 capsid formation. Additionally, in a cell-free system that reconstitutes HIV-1 capsid formation, post-translational assembly events require ATP and a subcellular fraction, suggesting a requirement for a cellular ATP-binding protein. Here we identify such a protein (HP68), described previously as an RNase L inhibitor, and demonstrate that it associates post-translationally with HIV-1 Gag in a cell-free system and human T cells infected with HIV-1. Using a dominant negative mutant of HP68 in mammalian cells and depletion-reconstitution experiments in the cell-free system, we demonstrate that HP68 is essential for post-translational events in immature HIV-1 capsid assembly. Furthermore, in cells the HP68-Gag complex is associated with HIV-1 Vif, which is involved in virion morphogenesis and infectivity. These findings support a critical role for HP68 in post-translational events of HIV-1 assembly and reveal a previously unappreciated dimension of host-viral interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Zimmerman
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Martensen PM, Søgaard TM, Gjermandsen IM, Buttenschøn HN, Rossing AB, Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Rosada C, Simonsen JL, Justesen J. The interferon alpha induced protein ISG12 is localized to the nuclear membrane. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5947-54. [PMID: 11722583 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interferons exert their biological function mainly through the activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG12 (originally designated p27) belongs to a family of small, interferon alpha inducible genes of unknown function. We have determined the 5' end sequence of ISG12 cDNA from the human cell lines HeLa and AMA by RACE. Comparing this sequence to ISG12 sequences in the expressed sequence tag (EST) database revealed the presence of two alternative splice variants of ISG12 in human cells exhibiting the same open reading frame. We have sequenced the promoter region of the ISG12 gene and found ISRE, IRF1/IRF2, and STAT elements correlating to the interferon alpha inducibility of the gene. Subsequently, we have expressed human ISG12, a 12-kDa hydrophobic protein in the baculovirus expression system and with a C-terminal FLAG-tag in the human cell line 293. Recombinant ISG12 sediments in the nuclear envelope in both cell types. Finally, we have been able to demonstrate the prevalence of the ISG12 gene product in the nuclear envelope of HeLa cells treated with interferon alpha by immunocytochemical analyses. ISG12 is the first interferon induced protein found localizing to the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Martensen
- Department of. Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Heise T, Guidotti LG, Chisari FV. Characterization of nuclear RNases that cleave hepatitis B virus RNA near the La protein binding site. J Virol 2001; 75:6874-83. [PMID: 11435567 PMCID: PMC114415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.15.6874-6883.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2001] [Accepted: 05/04/2001] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA is downregulated by inflammatory cytokines induced in the liver by adoptively transferred HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections of the livers of HBV transgenic mice. The disappearance of HBV RNA is tightly associated with the cytokine-induced proteolytic cleavage of a previously defined HBV RNA-binding protein known as La autoantigen. La binds to a predicted stem-loop structure at the 5' end of the posttranscriptional regulatory element of HBV RNA between nucleotides 1243 and 1333. In the present study, we searched for nuclear RNase activities that might be involved in HBV RNA decay. Nuclear extracts derived from control livers and CTL-injected and MCMV-infected livers were analyzed for the ability to cleave HBV RNA. Endonucleolytic activity that cleaved HBV RNA at positions 1269 to 1270 and 1271 to 1272, immediately 5' of the stem-loop bound by the La protein (positions 1272 to 1293), was detected. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the cytokine-dependent downregulation of HBV RNA following MCMV infection is temporally associated with the upregulation of the endonucleolytic activity herein described. Collectively, these results suggest a model in which the steady-state HBV RNA content is controlled by the stabilizing influence of La and the destabilizing influence of nuclear RNase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heise
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Robbins I, Mitta G, Vichier-Guerre S, Sobol R, Ubysz A, Rayner B, Lebleu B. Selective mRNA degradation by antisense oligonucleotide-2,5A chimeras: involvement of RNase H and RNase L. Biochimie 1998; 80:711-20. [PMID: 9865493 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ON) allow the specific control of gene expression and phosphorothioate derivatives are currently being evaluated for possible clinical applications. Numerous second generation ON analogues with improved pharmacological properties have been described. Most of them, however, do not recruit RNase H, which is known to increase ON potency by eliciting the specific degradation of the target RNA. Silverman, Torrence and colleagues have conjugated 2,5A to natural antisense ON and demonstrated the preferential cleavage of a target RNA in cell-free and intact cell experiments. We have established for the first time that RNase H-incompetent ON, viz. alpha-anomeric ON analogues, can be converted into sequence-specific nucleases upon conjugation to 2,5A. The use of alpha-ON- and beta-ON-2,5A chimeras has allowed us to delineate the part played by RNase H and RNase L in target RNA degradation and translation arrest. Finally, the present studies have revealed limitations which are encountered in the choice of a suitable target for such ON-2,5A chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Robbins
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5535, Université de Montpellier II, France
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Player MR, Torrence PF. The 2-5A system: modulation of viral and cellular processes through acceleration of RNA degradation. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 78:55-113. [PMID: 9623881 PMCID: PMC7157933 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2-5A system is an RNA degradation pathway that can be induced by the interferons (IFNs). Treatment of cells with IFN activates genes encoding several double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent synthetases. These enzymes generate 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-phosphodiester-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. The effects of 2-5A in cells are transient since 2-5A is unstable in cells due to the activities of phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. 2-5A activates the endoribonuclease 2-5A-dependent RNase L, causing degradation of single-stranded RNA with moderate specificity. The human 2-5A-dependent RNase is an 83.5 kDa polypeptide that has little, if any, RNase activity, unless 2-5A is present. 2-5A binding to RNase L switches the enzyme from its off-state to its on-state. At least three 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates and a single 5'-phosphoryl group are required for maximal activation of the RNase. Even though the constitutive presence of 2-5A-dependent RNase is observed in nearly all mammalian cell types, cellular amounts of 2-5A-dependent mRNA and activity can increase after IFN treatment. One well-established role of the 2-5A system is as a host defense against some types of viruses. Since virus infection of cells results in the production and secretion of IFNs, and since dsRNA is both a frequent product of virus infection and an activator of 2-5A synthesis, the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus, which produces dsRNA during its life cycle, is greatly suppressed in IFN-treated cells as a direct result of RNA decay by the activated 2-5A-dependent RNase. This review covers the organic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular biology of 2-5A and its associated enzymes. Additional possible biological roles of the 2-5A system, such as in cell growth and differentiation, human immunodeficiency virus replication, heat shock, atherosclerotic plaque, pathogenesis of Type I diabetes, and apoptosis, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Player
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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12
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Marié I, Blanco J, Rebouillat D, Hovanessian AG. 69-kDa and 100-kDa isoforms of interferon-induced (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase exhibit differential catalytic parameters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 248:558-66. [PMID: 9346316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase represents a family of interferon-induced proteins which when activated by double-stranded (ds)RNA polymerizes ATP into 2'-5'-linked oligomers with the general formula pppA(2'p5'A)n, where n > 1, which for convenience are referred to as 2-5A. We studied here the influence of pH, dsRNA concentration and time on oligomeric composition of 2-5A synthesized by purified 69-kDa and 100-kDa isoforms of (2'-5')oligo(adenylate) synthetase. In optimal conditions for activity, the 69-kDa form synthesized higher oligomers of 2-5A molecules whereas the 100 kDa form synthesized preferentially dimeric molecules, which are known not to be functional for the activation of RNase L. This difference does not reflect a differential affinity of the enzymes for the preformed 2-5A dimer, which is found to be a very poor substrate for both enzymes. This latter strongly suggests that the mechanism of elongation is more likely processive. Moreover, we show that both isoforms have efficient nucleotidyl-transferase activity and provide evidence that, in optimized conditions, GTP can be used alone as substrate by these enzymes to generate pppG2'p5'G. Our results clearly demonstrate that the 69-kDa and 100-kDa forms of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase manifest various differential catalytic activities, and favor the hypothesis that these enzymes might have other functions in the cell besides those in the 2-5A system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marié
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Cellulaire (ERS CNRS 572) Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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13
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Bisbal C. RNase L: effector nuclease of an activatable RNA degradation system in mammals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 18:19-34. [PMID: 8994259 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60471-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bisbal
- IGMM CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
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14
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Bisbal C, Martinand C, Silhol M, Lebleu B, Salehzada T. Cloning and characterization of a RNAse L inhibitor. A new component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A pathway. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:13308-17. [PMID: 7539425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2-5A/RNase L system is considered as a central pathway of interferon (IFN) action and could possibly play a more general physiological role as for instance in the regulation of RNA stability in mammalian cells. We describe here the expression cloning and initial characterization of RLI (for RNase L inhibitor), a new type of endoribonuclease inhibitor. RLI cDNA codes for a 68-kDa polypeptide whose expression is not regulated by IFN. Its expression in reticulocyte extracts antagonizes the 2-5A binding ability and the nuclease activity of endogenous RNase L or the cloned 2DR polypeptide. The inhibition requires the association of RLI with the nuclease and is dependent on the ratio between the two proteins. Likewise RLI is coimmunoprecipitated with the RNase L complex by a nuclease-specific antibody. RLI does not lead to 2-5A degradation or to irreversible modification of RNase L. The overexpression of RLI in stably transfected HeLa cells inhibits the antiviral activity of IFN on encephalomyocarditis virus but not on vesicular stomatitis virus. RLI therefore appears as the first described and potentially important mediator of the 2-5A/RNase L pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bisbal
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire-UMR 9942, CNRS-Université de Montpellier I et II, France
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Wansink DG, van Driel R, de Jong L. Organization of (pre-)mRNA metabolism in the cell nucleus. Mol Biol Rep 1994; 20:45-55. [PMID: 7715609 DOI: 10.1007/bf00996353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D G Wansink
- E.C. Slater Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Salehzada T, Silhol M, Steff A, Lebleu B, Bisbal C. 2‘,5‘-Oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L is a dimer of regulatory and catalytic subunits. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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