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Sarabia F, Chammaa S, García-Ruiz C. Solid Phase Synthesis of Globomycin and SF-1902 A5. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2132-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1025145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Samy Chammaa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Ruiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071, Malaga, Spain
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Proteomic analysis of and immune responses to Ehrlichia chaffeensis lipoproteins. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3405-14. [PMID: 18490460 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00056-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular gram-negative bacterium and is the etiologic agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). Although E. chaffeensis induces the generation of several cytokines and chemokines by leukocytes, E. chaffeensis lacks lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Bioinfomatic analysis of the E. chaffeensis genome, however, predicted genes encoding 15 lipoproteins and 3 posttranslational lipoprotein-processing enzymes. The present study showed that by use of multidimensional liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry, all predicted lipoproteins as well as lipoprotein-processing enzymes were expressed by E. chaffeensis cultured in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. Consistent with this observation, a signal peptidase II inhibitor, globomycin, was found to inhibit E. chaffeensis infection and lipoprotein processing in HL-60 cell culture. To study in vivo E. chaffeensis lipoprotein expression and host immune responses to E. chaffeensis lipoproteins, 13 E. chaffeensis lipoprotein genes were cloned into a mammalian expression vector. When the DNA constructs were inoculated into naïve dogs, or when dogs were infected with E. chaffeensis, the animals developed delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions at cutaneous sites of the DNA construct deposition and serum antibodies to these lipoproteins. This is the first demonstration of lipoprotein expression and elicitation of immune responses by a member of the order Rickettsiales. Multiple lipoproteins expressed by E. chaffeensis in vitro and in vivo may play key roles in pathogenesis and immune responses in HME.
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Dramsi S, Magnet S, Davison S, Arthur M. Covalent attachment of proteins to peptidoglycan. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:307-20. [PMID: 18266854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surface proteins are key players in host-symbiont or host-pathogen interactions. How these proteins are targeted and displayed at the cell surface are challenging issues of both fundamental and clinical relevance. While surface proteins of Gram-negative bacteria are assembled in the outer membrane, Gram-positive bacteria predominantly utilize their thick cell wall as a platform to anchor their surface proteins. This surface display involves both covalent and noncovalent interactions with either the peptidoglycan or secondary wall polymers such as teichoic acid or lipoteichoic acid. This review focuses on the role of enzymes that covalently link surface proteins to the peptidoglycan, the well-known sortases in Gram-positive bacteria, and the recently characterized l,d-transpeptidases in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaynoor Dramsi
- Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-positif, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Baumgärtner M, Kärst U, Gerstel B, Loessner M, Wehland J, Jänsch L. Inactivation of Lgt allows systematic characterization of lipoproteins from Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 2006; 189:313-24. [PMID: 17041050 PMCID: PMC1797373 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00976-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein anchoring in bacteria is mediated by the prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt), which catalyzes the transfer of a diacylglyceryl moiety to the prospective N-terminal cysteine of the mature lipoprotein. Deletion of the lgt gene in the gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (i) impairs intracellular growth of the bacterium in different eukaryotic cell lines and (ii) leads to increased release of lipoproteins into the culture supernatant. Comparative extracellular proteome analyses of the EGDe wild-type strain and the Delta lgt mutant provided systematic insight into the relative expression of lipoproteins. Twenty-six of the 68 predicted lipoproteins were specifically released into the extracellular proteome of the Delta lgt strain, and this proved that deletion of lgt is an excellent approach for experimental verification of listerial lipoproteins. Consequently, we generated Delta lgt Delta prfA double mutants to detect lipoproteins belonging to the main virulence regulon that is controlled by PrfA. Overall, we identified three lipoproteins whose extracellular levels are regulated and one lipoprotein that is posttranslationally modified depending on PrfA. It is noteworthy that in contrast to previous studies of Escherichia coli, we unambiguously demonstrated that lipidation by Lgt is not a prerequisite for activity of the lipoprotein-specific signal peptidase II (Lsp) in Listeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Baumgärtner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Biochemical analyses of components comprising the protein translocation machinery of Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5172(06)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Zhang W, Inouye M, Wu H. Neither lipid modification nor processing of prolipoprotein is essential for the formation of murein-bound lipoprotein in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Chapter 3 Molecular characterization of Sec proteins comprising the protein secretory machinery of Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Abstract
Signal peptidases, the endoproteases that remove the amino-terminal signal sequence from many secretory proteins, have been isolated from various sources. Seven signal peptidases have been purified, two from E. coli, two from mammalian sources, and three from mitochondrial matrix. The mitochondrial enzymes are soluble and function as a heterogeneous dimer. The mammalian enzymes are isolated as a complex and share a common glycosylated subunit. The bacterial enzymes are isolated as monomers and show no sequence homology with each other or the mammalian enzymes. The membrane-bound enzymes seem to require a substrate containing a consensus sequence following the -3, -1 rule of von Heijne at the cleavage site; however, processing of the substrate is strongly influenced by the hydrophobic region of the signal peptide. The enzymes appear to recognize an unknown three-dimensional motif rather than a specific amino acid sequence around the cleavage site. The matrix mitochondrial enzymes are metallo-endopeptidases; however, the other signal peptidases may belong to a unique class of proteases as they are resistant to chelators and most protease inhibitors. There are no data concerning the substrate binding site of these enzymes. In vivo, the signal peptide is rapidly degraded. Three different enzymes in Escherichia coli that can degrade a signal peptide in vitro have been identified. The intact signal peptide is not accumulated in mutants lacking these enzymes, which suggests that these peptidases individually are not responsible for the degradation of an intact signal peptide in vivo. It is speculated that signal peptidases and signal peptide hydrolases are integral components of the secretory pathway and that inhibition of the terminal steps can block translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Dev
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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9
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Chen L, Tai PC. Effects of inhibitors of membrane signal peptide peptidase on protein translocation into membrane vesicles. Arch Microbiol 1989; 153:90-4. [PMID: 2692535 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the removal of signal peptides after cleavage of precursor molecules by the signal peptidase I was examined in an in vitro translocation system with Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. The translocation of periplasmic alkaline phosphatase precursors was significantly inhibited by the protease inhibitors antipain, elastatinal and leupeptin. Antipain and leupeptin enhanced the translocation of precursors of outer membrane protein OmpA, but inhibited the processing. However, antipain did not inhibit the processing of precursors mediated by signal peptidase I in the soluble form. Moreover, the inhibition by antipain was not due to the disruption of membrane integrity, but occurred during the process of protein translocation. Since these small peptide inhibitors are known to inhibit membrane protease IV, a signal peptide peptidase, these results suggest that the hydrolysis of signal peptides is an important step in the recycles of the overall translocation process, and that the prevention of degradation of signal peptides feedback inhibits the preceding steps in the translocation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Fine Structure, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, MA 02114
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Rapoport TA. Protein translocation across and integration into membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 20:73-137. [PMID: 3007024 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review concentrates mainly on the translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria. It will start with a short historical review and will pinpoint the crucial questions in the field. Special emphasis will be given to the present knowledge on the molecular details of the first steps, i.e., on the function of the signal recognition particle and its receptor. The knowledge on the signal peptidase and the ribosome receptor(s) will also be summarized. The various models for the translocation of proteins across and the integration of proteins into membranes will be critically discussed. In particular, the function of signal, stop-transfer, and insertion sequences will be dealt with and molecular differences discussed. The cotranslational mode of membrane transfer will be compared with the post-translational transport found for mitochondria and chloroplasts. This review will conclude with open questions and an outlook.
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Duffaud GD, Lehnhardt SK, March PE, Inouye M. Chapter 2 Structure and Function of the Signal Peptide. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Dev IK, Ray PH. Rapid assay and purification of a unique signal peptidase that processes the prolipoprotein from Escherichia coli B. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Ichihara S, Beppu N, Mizushima S. Protease IV, a cytoplasmic membrane protein of Escherichia coli, has signal peptide peptidase activity. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Yu F, Furukawa H, Nakamura K, Mizushima S. Mechanism of localization of major outer membrane lipoprotein in Escherichia coli. Studies with the OmpF-lipoprotein hybrid protein. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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Inukai M, Ghrayeb J, Nakamura K, Inouye M. Apolipoprotein, an intermediate in the processing of the major lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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McEwen J, Sambucetti L, Silverman PM. Synthesis of outer membrane proteins in cpxA cpxB mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1983; 154:375-82. [PMID: 6339479 PMCID: PMC217469 DOI: 10.1128/jb.154.1.375-382.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major proteins, the murein lipoprotein and the OmpF matrix porin, are deficient in the outer membrane of cpxA cpxB mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. We present evidence that the cpx mutations prevent or retard the translocation of these proteins to the outer membrane. The mutations had no effect on the rate of lipoprotein synthesis. Mutant cells labeled for 5 min with radioactive arginine accumulated as much lipoprotein as otherwise isogenic cpxA+ cpxB+ cells. This lipoprotein accumulated as such; no material synthesized in mutant cells and reactive with antilipoprotein antibodies had the electrophoretic mobility of prolipoprotein. Hence, the initial stages of prolipoprotein insertion into the inner membrane leading to its cleavage to lipoprotein appeared normal. However, after a long labeling interval, mutant cells were deficient in free lipoprotein and lacked lipoprotein covalently bound to peptidoglycan, suggesting that little if any of the lipoprotein synthesized in mutant cells reaches the outer membrane. Immunoreactive OmpF protein could also be detected in extracts of mutant cells labeled for 5 min, but the amount that accumulated was severalfold less in mutant cells than in cpxA+ cpxB+ cells. Analysis of beta-galactosidase synthesis from ompF-lacZ fusion genes showed this difference to be the result of a reduced rate of ompF transcription in mutant cells. Even so, little or none of the ompF protein synthesized in mutant cells was incorporated into the outer membrane.
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Inukai M, Inouye M. Association of the prolipoprotein accumulated in the presence of globomycin with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 130:27-32. [PMID: 6186492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prolipoprotein, a secretory precursor of the outer membrane lipoprotein of Escherichia coli, is known to be accumulated in the cell envelope when cells are grown in the presence of a cyclic antibiotic, globomycin. The prolipoprotein was localized in the cytoplasmic membrane when it was separated from the outer membrane by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation. However, when the envelope fraction was treated with sodium sarcosinate, the prolipoprotein was found almost exclusively in the sarcosinate-insoluble outer membrane fraction. The prolipoprotein separated in the cytoplasmic membrane by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation was soluble in sarcosinate and could not form a complex with the outer membrane once solubilized in sarcosinate. Labeling of the two lysine residues at positions 2 and 5 of the prolipoprotein with [3H]dinitrophenylfluorobenzene was enhanced 26-fold when the cells were disrupted by sonication. On the other hand, a tryptic fragment of the ompA protein, which is known to exist in the periplasmic space, increased its susceptibility to [3H]dinitrophenylfluorobenzene only 5.3-times upon disruption of the cell structure. These results indicate that the prolipoprotein accumulated in the presence of globomycin is translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane and interacts with the outer membrane. At the same time, it is attached to the cytoplasmic membrane with its amino-terminal signal peptide in such a way that the amino-terminal portion of the signal peptide containing two lysine residues is left inside the cytoplasm.
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Wu HC, Tokunaga M, Tokunaga H, Hayashi S, Giam CZ. Posttranslational modification and processing of membrane lipoproteins in bacteria. J Cell Biochem 1983; 22:161-71. [PMID: 6365935 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240220305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Suominen I, Mäntsälä P. Translocation of proteins across membranes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 15:591-601. [PMID: 6345232 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(83)90181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hussain M, Ozawa Y, Ichihara S, Mizushima S. Signal peptide digestion in Escherichia coli. Effect of protease inhibitors on hydrolysis of the cleaved signal peptide of the major outer-membrane lipoprotein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 129:233-9. [PMID: 6761118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb07044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Upon incubation of the envelope fraction of Escherichia coli a precursor of the major outer membrane lipoprotein that accumulates in the cytoplasmic membrane of the globomycin-treated cell is processed to the mature form [Hussain, M., Ichihara, S., and Mizushima, S. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 3707-3712; (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5177-5182]. When this precursor-containing envelope fraction was incubated in the presence of protease inhibitors such as antipain, leupeptin, chymostatin and elastatinal, a new peptide appeared on a polyacrylamide gel at the position where the signal peptide was expected to appear. This was proved to be the signal peptide of the lipoprotein from the following facts: (a) its appearance is in proportion to the appearance of the lipoprotein and disappearance of the precursor; (b) when the cleavage of the signal peptide from the precursor was inhibited by globomycin, the peptide did not appear on the gel; and (c) the results of labeling of the peptide with [3H]leucine, [35S]methionine and [3H]arginine were consistent with the amino acid composition of the signal peptide. The signal peptide thus accumulated in the envelope fraction was hydrolyzed by an enzyme named 'signal peptide peptidase' when the envelope fraction was washed to remove the inhibitors. The hydrolysis was inhibited by re-addition of these inhibitors. The signal peptide peptidase hydrolyzed the signal peptide only after its cleavage from the lipoprotein precursor.
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Hussain M, Ichihara S, Mizushima S. Mechanism of signal peptide cleavage in the biosynthesis of the major lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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