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Coperchini F, Greco A, Teliti M, Denegri M, Croce L, Calì B, Gallo M, Arpa G, Chytiris S, Magri F, Rotondi M. In vitro study of the UV-filter homosalate effects on rat and human thyroid cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 363:125063. [PMID: 39366447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Homosalate is a UV-B filter, commonly used in sunscreens and personal-care products. Homosalate was shown to exert estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects in animal models, while few data are available on the effects of Homosalate on thyroid cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate if Homosalate exposure could exert adverse effect on thyroid cells in vitro. FRTL-5 and NHT were treated with increasing concentration of Homosalate for 24-48-72 h. Cell viability was assessed by WST-1. Cell proliferation was evaluated by cristal violet. Micronucleus staining was performed to assess genotoxicity. mRNA levels of thyroid-related genes (TSHR, TPO, TG, NIS, and PAX8) were evaluated by RT-PCR. Changes in ROS production by FRTL-5 and NHT were assessed with H2DCFDA. Homosalate significantly reduced cell viability after 72 h in FRTL-5 starting from the concentration 250 μM, while in NHT, Homosalate exposure significantly reduced cell viability after 48 and 72 h only at highest concentration (2000 μM). Cell proliferation was not modified by Homosalate at any concentration and time-point. Homosalate significantly up-regulated mRNA expression levels of TPO and Tg genes in FRTL-5, while a significant increase only in Tg mRNA expression was observed in NHT. No changes in ROS production was found in both cell types. The present study suggest that the effects of Homosalate exposure may differ according to the type of cell tested. The in vitro exposure of thyroid cells to Homosalate produces: i) cytotoxicity at high concentrations or after long time of incubation, ii) genotoxicity only in rat thyroid cells at the highest concentration, iii) upregulation of Tg mRNA in both thyroid cell types and of TPO mRNA in rat thyroid cells, iv) no changes in cell proliferation or oxidative stress. Further studies on the effects of Homosalate on thyroid cells should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alessia Greco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Marsida Teliti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Denegri
- Unit of Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Benedetto Calì
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Department of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Arpa
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, ICS Maugeri-IRCCS SpA SB, Pavia, Italy
| | - Spyridon Chytiris
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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De Toni L, Di Nisio A, Rocca MS, Pedrucci F, Garolla A, Dall’Acqua S, Guidolin D, Ferlin A, Foresta C. Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Legacy and New Generation Perfluoralkyl Substances (PFAS) on Thyroid Cells In Vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:915096. [PMID: 35813651 PMCID: PMC9259843 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are environment-persitent emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals raising health concerns worldwide. Exposure to PFAS has been associated with the imbalance of thyroid hormones. However, available studies addressing the cell mechanism underlying thyroid disrupting feature of legacy PFAS, such as perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoro-octane-sulfonic acid (PFOS), and the new generation substitutes, such as C6O4, are still lacking. In this study the potential disrupting effect of PFOA, PFOS, and C6O4 on a murine thyroid cell model was assessed. METHODS A rat FRTL-5 cell line was used as the normal thyroid follicular cell model. Cell iodide-uptake, induced by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), was used to assess the functional impact of PFAS exposure on cell function. Tetrazolium salt-based cell viability assay and merocyanine 540-based cell staining were used to address the possible involvement of cell toxicity and membrane biophysical properties on altered cell function. The possible direct interaction of PFAS with TSH-receptor (TSH-R) was investigated by computer-based molecular docking and analysis of molecular dynamics. Evaluation of intracellular cAMP levels and gene expression analysis were used to validate the direct impairment of TSH-R-mediated downstream events upon PFAS exposure. RESULTS Different from PFOS or C6O4, exposure to PFOA at a concentration ≥ 10 ng/mL was associated with significant impairment of the iodide uptake upon TSH stimulation (respectively: basal 100.0 ± 19.0%, CTRL + TSH 188.9 ± 7.8%, PFOA 10 ng/mL + TSH 120.4 ± 20.9%, p= 0.030 vs CTRL + TSH; PFOA 100 ng/mL + TSH 115,6 ± 12,3% p= 0.017 vs CTRL + TSH). No impairment of cell viability or membrane stability was observed. Computational analysis showed a possible direct differential interaction of C6O4, PFOA, and PFOS on a same binding site of the extracellular domain of TSH-R. Finally, exposure to PFOA was associated with a significant reduction of downstream intracellular cAMP levels and both sodium-iodide transporter and thyroperoxidase gene expression upon TSH-R stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that legacy and new generation PFAS can differentially influence TSH dependent signaling pathways through the direct interaction with TSH-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Santa Rocca
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Pedrucci
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Garolla
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carlo Foresta,
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Albi E, Curcio F, Spelat R, Lazzarini R, Loreti E, Ferri I, Ambesi-Impiombato FS. The thyroid lobes: the different twins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 518:16-22. [PMID: 22178560 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Although differences in size of the right and left thyroid lobes are well defined, differences in morphology, follicles structure, cAMP production, thyrotropin receptor, and protein involved in cell signalling have not previously been reported. This study provides morpho-functional data of right and left thyroid lobes by biochemical, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis. We demonstrate that, in comparison with the left lobe, the right lobe has a higher activation index, is more sensitive to thyrotropin treatment, is rich in thyrotropin receptor and caveolin 1 involved in thyroid hormone synthesis as well as in epithelial thyroid cell homeostasis, is characterised by a high content of molecules involved in cell signalling such as stat3, raf1, sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin-synthase whose activity ratio is necessary for epithelial cell activity and finally has more areas calcitonin-dependent. The relation between structure/function of right lobe and its susceptibility to the higher risk of pathological modifications with respect the left lobe is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Physiopathology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Albi E, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Peverini M, Damaskopoulou E, Fontanini E, Lazzarini R, Curcio F, Perrella G. Thyrotropin receptor and membrane interactions in FRTL-5 thyroid cell strain in microgravity. ASTROBIOLOGY 2011; 11:57-64. [PMID: 21294645 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the possible alteration of thyrotropin (TSH) receptors in microgravity, which could explain the absence of thyroid cell proliferation in the space environment. Several forms of the TSH receptor are localized on the plasma membrane associated with caveolae and lipid rafts. The TSH regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane and the presence of its receptors in microdomains that are rich in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. TSH also stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and cell proliferation. Reported here are the results of an experiment in which the FRTL-5 thyroid cell line was exposed to microgravity during the Texus-44 mission (launched February 7, 2008, from Kiruna, Sweden). When the parabolic flight brought the sounding rocket to an altitude of 264 km, the culture media were injected with or without TSH in the different samples, and weightlessness prevailed on board for 6 minutes and 19 seconds. Control experiments were performed, in parallel, in an onboard 1g centrifuge and on the ground in Kiruna laboratory. Cell morphology and function were analyzed. Results show that in microgravity conditions the cells do not respond to TSH treatment and present an irregular shape with condensed chromatin, a modification of the cell membrane with shedding of the TSH receptor in the culture medium, and an increase of sphingomyelin-synthase and Bax proteins. It is possible that real microgravity induces a rearrangement of specific sections of the cell membrane, which act as platforms for molecular receptors, thus influencing thyroid cell function in astronauts during space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
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Cui D, Morris ME. The drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyrate is a substrate for sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (SMCT) 1 (SLC5A8): characterization of SMCT-mediated uptake and inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1404-10. [PMID: 19389857 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, is a substrate of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SMCT1; SLC5A8) is expressed in kidney, thyroid gland, neurons, and intestinal tract and exhibits substrate specificity similar to that of the proton-dependent MCT (SLC16A) family. The role of SMCT1 in GHB disposition has not been determined. In this study we characterized the driving force, transport kinetics, and inhibitors of GHB uptake, as well as expression of SMCT and MCT isoforms, in rat thyroid follicular (FRTL-5) cells. GHB, as well as the monocarboxylates butyrate and d-lactate, exhibited sodium-dependent uptake at pH 7.4, which could be described with a simple Michaelis-Menten equation plus a diffusional component [K(m) 0.68 +/- 0.30 mM, V(max) 3.50 +/- 1.58 nmol . mg(-1) . min(-1), and diffusional clearance (P) 0.25 +/- 0.08 microl . mg(-1) . min(-1)]. In the absence of sodium, GHB uptake was significantly increased at lower pH, suggesting proton-gradient dependent transport. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western analyses demonstrated the expression of SMCT1, MCT1, and MCT2 in FRTL-5 cells, supporting the activity results. Sodium-dependent GHB uptake in FRTL-5 cells was inhibited by MCT substrates (d-lactate, l-lactate, pyruvate, and butyrate), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen), and probenecid. IC(50) values for l-lactate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and probenecid were 101, 31.6, 64.4, and 380 muM, respectively. All four inhibitors also significantly inhibited GHB uptake in rat MCT1 gene-transfected MDA/MB231 cells, suggesting they are not specific for SMCT1. Luteolin and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnimate represent specific proton-dependent MCT inhibitors. Our findings indicate that GHB is a substrate for both sodium- and proton-dependent MCTs and identified specific inhibitors of MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
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Hu WY, Jones PD, DeCoen W, King L, Fraker P, Newsted J, Giesy JP. Alterations in cell membrane properties caused by perfluorinated compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135:77-88. [PMID: 12781843 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent detection of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in wildlife from even remote locations has spurred interest in the environmental occurrence and effects of these chemicals. While the global distribution of PFCs is increasingly understood, there is still little information available on their effects on wildlife. The amphiphillic nature of PFCs suggests that their effects could be primarily on cell membranes. In this study we measured the effects of PFCs on membrane fluidity and mitochondrial membrane potential using flow cytometry and effects on membrane permeability using cell bioassay procedures (H4IIE, MCF-7, PLHC-1). Of the PFCs tested, only perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) increased the permeability of cell membranes to the hydrophobic ligands used. Three PFCs were tested in the membrane fluidity assay: PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHS), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS). PFOS increased membrane fluidity in fish leukocytes in a dose-dependent fashion, while PFHS and PFBS had no effect in the concentration range tested. The lowest effective concentrations for the membrane fluidity effects of PFOS were 5-15 mg/l. Effects on mitochondrial membrane potential occurred in the same concentration range as effects on membrane fluidity. This suggests that PFOS effects membrane properties at concentrations below those associated with other adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen yue Hu
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Botitsi E, Mavri-Vavayanni M, Siafaka-Kapadai A. Metabolic fate of platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and lyso-PAF (1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in FRTL5 cells. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Gesmundo N, Calonghi N, Sartor G, Farruggia G, Miotti S, Canevari S, Colnaghi MI, Masotti L. Effect of hydrostatic pressure and cholesterol depletion on the expression of a tumor-associated antigen. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 217:337-43. [PMID: 8223571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular events related to the expression of three tumor-associated epitopes, Ca-MOv17, Ca-MOv18 and Ca-MOv19 have been addressed. The epitopes are carried by a 38-kDa glycoprotein (gp38), recently cloned and identified as a human folate-binding protein. They were found to be coexpressed on the surface of the ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCA432, while they are not coordinately expressed on other adenocarcinoma cell lines (IGROV1, HT-29). This lack of coexpression was investigated from a molecular point of view. We studied three carcinoma cell lines, characterized by a different reactivity with the three relevant monoclonal antibodies MOv17, MOv18 and MOv19. The epitope expression was examined after modifying the membrane properties by using hydrostatic pressure and/or the variation of cholesterol content. Measurement of the expression after cell labelling by mAbs was performed by indirect immunofluorescence, using both fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. At variance with HT-29 cells, treatment of ovarian carcinoma IGROV1 cells with hydrostatic pressure failed to exert any effect. On IGROV1, instead, cholesterol depletion affected the expression Ca-MOv17, increasing, in the indirect immunofluorescence tests, the proportion of positive cells from 0 to 66 +/- 9%. Moreover, restoring the cholesterol content of the plasma membrane did not reverse the induced epitope expression. In parallel, immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that, on IGROV1 surface, gp38 was recognized by all three mAbs. The data presented suggest that in IGROV1 cells the selective lacking of the epitope expression is related to the physical state of the plasma membrane. An explanation is provided by the model of membrane microdomains in which epitope expression may be influenced by the cholesterol level of different plasma membrane regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gesmundo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica G. Moruzzi, Università di Bologna, Italy
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Fushimi K, Verkman AS. Relationship between vasopressin-sensitive water transport and plasma membrane fluidity in kidney collecting tubule. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 260:C1-8. [PMID: 1987773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.1.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of plasma membrane fluidity in the regulation of kidney tubule water permeability has been uncertain. We have used new methods to image the fluorescence anisotropy of fluidity-sensitive fluorophores (Fushimi, Dix, and Verkman. Biophys. J. 57: 241-254, 1990) to quantitate membrane fluidity in cells of the vasopressin-sensitive cortical collecting tubule (CCT) and water-impermeable cortical thick ascending limb (CTAL). Isolated tubule segments from rabbit kidney were perfused in vitro, and apical or basolateral plasma membranes were stained with trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH). TMA-DPH anisotropy (r) was imaged quantitatively by an epifluorescence microscope equipped with rotatable polarizers; TMA-DPH nanosecond lifetime (tau) was measured by flash-lamp excitation and gated photomultiplier detection. In CCT, apical membrane r (0.254 +/- 0.003) was similar to basolateral r (0.252 +/- 0.005). Serosal vasopressin at a dose that increased water permeability greater than 10-fold (250 microU/ml) did not affect apical membrane r (delta r = 0.002 +/- 0.003; 7 tubules). A 0.002 change in r was less than that produced by a 2 degrees C temperature variation. In CTAL, apical membrane r was 0.249 +/- 0.002, similar to r from basolateral membrane of proximal tubule (0.24), but much less than that of proximal tubule apical membrane (0.29). These results establish methodology to quantitate fluidity in intact kidney tubule segments and provide the first measurements of plasma membrane fluidity in CTAL and CCT. Our results suggest that regulation of bulk membrane fluidity in CCT apical membrane is not a component of the hydrosmotic action of vasopressin and that low apical membrane fluidity is not responsible for the low water and NH3 permeabilities in CTAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fushimi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0532
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Cell cycle progression and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase are regulated by thyrotropin in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wolff J. Excess iodide inhibits the thyroid by multiple mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 261:211-44. [PMID: 2699970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2058-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wolff
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Eggo MC, Burrow GN. Integrated regulation of growth and of function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 261:327-39. [PMID: 2699972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2058-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Eggo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0613
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Kohn LD, Saji M, Akamizu T, Ikuyama S, Isozaki O, Kohn AD, Santisteban P, Chan JY, Bellur S, Rotella CM. Receptors of the thyroid: the thyrotropin receptor is only the first violinist of a symphony orchestra. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 261:151-209. [PMID: 2561506 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2058-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A basic reason for undertaking these studies was to further our knowledge of the structure and function of the TSH receptor as well as its interaction with other receptors on thyroid cells. The multiplicity of observations suggests the approach is bearing fruit, does not provide a simple answer, and can have pitfalls. We hope they may also contribute to understanding the structure and function of autoantigens in Graves' disease and glycoprotein hormone receptors in general. The authors are grateful to their collaborators in the National Dental Institute, particularly Drs. Bellur Prabhakar, Edward Oates, and Abner Notkins, in the National Cancer Institute, Drs. W. O. McBride and M. Lerman for their contributions to the cloning studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Kohn
- Section on Cell Regulation, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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