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Marotta CA, Majocha RE, Coughlin JF, Manz HJ, Davies P, Ventosa-Michelman M, Chou WG, Zain SB, Sajdel-Sulkowska EM. Transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms during normal aging of the mammalian brain and in Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1986; 70:303-20. [PMID: 2437620 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Duncan R, Humphreys T. Most sea urchin maternal mRNA sequences in every abundance class appear in both polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated molecules. Dev Biol 1981; 88:201-10. [PMID: 6118306 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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4
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Bantle JA, Courchesne CL, Couch M. Complexity and complexity overlap in mouse liver polyadenylated and nonadenylated messenger RNA fractions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 95:1710-21. [PMID: 7417341 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(80)80096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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5
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Siegal GP, Hodgson CP, Elder PK, Stoddard LS, Getz MJ. Polyadenylate-deficient analogues of poly(A)-containing mRNA sequences in cultured AKR mouse embryo cells. J Cell Physiol 1980; 103:417-28. [PMID: 7400224 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Five to six percent (by mass) of AKR-2B mouse embryo cell polysomal RNA consists of messenger RNA sequences which may exist in polyadenylated form. In the steady state, however, only 30--40% of these molecules are retained by extensive passage over oligo(dT)-cellulose, the remainder being present in the form of poly(A)-deficient analogues. Within experimental limits, these poly(A)-deficient analogues contain representatives of all poly(A)-containing mRNA sequences in these cells. An analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of cDNA probes enriched for either abundant or rare poly(A)-containing mRNA sequences suggests that the frequency distributions of poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-deficient analogues are dissimilar, and that a relationship exists between the intracellular frequency of a given mRNA sequence and the number of poly(A)-deficient analogues of that sequence. High frequency sequences appear to be enriched in the poly(A)-containing fraction, while low frequency sequences are predominately associated with the poly(A)-deficient fraction, thus, poly(A) may play a role in the regulation of mRNA frequency in the cytoplasm.
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Chui DH, Patterson M, Bayley ST. Unequal alpha and beta globin mRNA in reticulocytes of normal and mutant f/f fetal mice. Br J Haematol 1980; 44:431-9. [PMID: 7378308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb05913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated from adult as well as normal and mutant f/f fetal mouse reticulocytes by poly-U affinity chromatography. mRNA from normal adult reticulocytes directed equal synthesis of alpha and beta globin chains in wheat germ cell free translational system. mRNA from either normal or mutant f/f fetal reticulocytes directed 40% more alpha globin synthesis than beta globin synthesis. These observations are suggestive that there is significantly more alpha mRNA than beta mRNA in normal and mutant f/f fetal mouse reticulocytes.
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Abstract
The complexity of nonadenylated mRNA [poly(A)-mRNA] has been determined by hybridization with single-copy DNA (scDNA) and cDNA. Our results show that poly(A)- and poly(A)+ mRNA are essentially nonoverlapping (nonhomologous) sequence populations of similar complexity. The sum of the complexities of poly(A)+ mRNA and poly(A)- mRNA is equal to that of total polysomal RNA or total mRNA, or the equivalent of approximately 1.7 x 10(5) different sequences 1.5 kb in length. Poly(A)- mRNA, isolated from polysomal RNA by benzoylated cellulose chromatography, hybridized with 3.6% of the scDNA, corresponding to a complexity of 7.8 x 10(4) different 1.5 kb sequences. The equivalent of only one adenosine tract of approximately 20 nucleotides per 100 poly(A)- mRNA molecules 1.5 kb in size was observed by hybridization with poly(U). cDNA was transcribed from poly(A)- mRNA using random oligonucleotides as primers. Only 1-2% of the single-copy fraction of this cDNA was hybridized using poly(A)+ mRNA as a driver. These results show that poly(A)- mRNA shares few sequences with poly(A)+ mRNA and thus constitutes a separate, complex class of messenger RNA. These measurements preclude the presence of a complex class of bimorphic mRNAs [that is, species present in both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- forms] in brain polysomes.
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Brandhorst BP, Verma DP, Fromson D. Polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated messenger RNA fractions from sea urchin embryos code for the same abundant proteins. Dev Biol 1979; 71:128-41. [PMID: 467784 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Karpetsky TP, Boguski MS, Levy CC. Structures, properties, and possible biologic functions of polyadenylic acid. Subcell Biochem 1979; 6:1-116. [PMID: 377581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7945-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Salmon JE, Nudel U, Schiliro G, Natta CL, Bank A. Quantitation of human globin chain synthesis by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1978; 91:146-57. [PMID: 9762093 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for the separation and quantitation of human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globins utilizing cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The relative rates of synthesis of globin chains in reticulocytes in peripheral blood is determined by: (i) incubating intact cells with [35S]methionine; (ii) preparing globin from the hemolysates; (iii) performing electrophoresis of the globin on cellulose acetate strips; and (iv) autoradiography or direct determination of the radioactivity incorporated into each globin chain. The method is simple and rapid, requires only small amounts of hemolysate (30 micrograms of globin), and provides excellent resolution and reproducible quantitation of alpha-, beta A-, beta S-, and gamma-globin chains for up to 24 peripheral blood samples at one time. Measurements by this method in patients with thalassemia variants and sickle-cell disorders correlate well with analysis of the same samples by carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography. This methodology may permit more widespread analysis of globin synthesis in the thalassemia syndromes and may also be useful in the analysis of globins synthesized from human globin mRNA in cell-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Salmon
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Mears JG, Ramirez F, Leibowitz D, Bank A. Organization of human delta--and beta-globin genes in cellular DNA and the presence of intragenic inserts. Cell 1978; 15:15-23. [PMID: 699038 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed human cellular DNA for its delta--and beta-globin gene sequence content by separation of restriction enzyme fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis; transfer of the DNA fragments to nitrocellulose filters; hybridization of filters with 32P--beta-globin cDNA; and analysis by autoradiography. A short cDNA has been used to identify specifically the 3' end of the genes and to orient the fragments. A comparison of the globin gene fragments generated by normal and Lepore DNA has been used to distinguish fragments representing DNA sequences between the delta and beta genes and those containing sequences flanking either 5' to the delta gene or 3' to the beta gene. The results indicate that unique restriction fragments are presented in normal DNA and absent in Lepore DNA, and allow preliminary ordering of these fragments on a restriction enzyme map. In addition, the Lepore, delta--and beta-globin genes have been found to contain at least one inserted nucleotide sequence of about 1000 bases which is not represented in mature globin mRNA.
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Miller L. Relative amounts of newly synthesized poly(A)+ and poly(A)- messenger RNA during development of Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 1978; 64:118-29. [PMID: 658590 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Bank A, Ramirez F. The molecular biology of the thalassemia syndromes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 5:343-67. [PMID: 363354 DOI: 10.3109/10409237809177146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Nienhuis AW, Benz EJ. Regulation of hemoglobin synthesis during the development of the red cell. (Second of three parts). N Engl J Med 1977; 297:1371-81. [PMID: 337136 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197712222972504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ruderman JV, Pardue ML. Cell-free translation analysis of messenger RNA in echinoderm and amphibian early development. Dev Biol 1977; 60:48-68. [PMID: 902930 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Phillips JA, Snyder PG, Kazazian HH. Ratios of alpha-to beta-globin mRNA and regulation of globin synthesis in reticulocytes. Nature 1977; 269:442-5. [PMID: 909594 DOI: 10.1038/269442a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Knöchel W, Grundmann U. Nuclear steady-state RNA from chicken immature red blood cells. Distribution of globin-coding and poly (A) sequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 476:47-56. [PMID: 557995 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear steady-state RNA and polysomal RNA of chicken immature red blood cells were isolated and separated on formamide sucrose gradients. For comparison the distribution of 9 S globin mRNA was investigated by gradient centrifugation of 125I-labelled mRNA. The material was either pooled into two fractions (less than 20 S; greater than 20 S) and translated in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system or each gradient fraction was analyzed by hybridization with [3H]-poly (U) or [3H]-labelled DNA complementary to purified 9 S globin mRNA (globin cDNA). In neither case could evidence be obtained for the existence of a high molecular weight RNA as a probable globin mRNA precursor. Further analysis was performed by electrophoresis of RNA on exponential polyacrylamide gels in formamide and subsequent hybridization with cDNA. The results are consistent with those of gradient centrifugation and demonstrate that the distribution of globin-coding sequences in nuclear steady state RNA corresponds to that of cytoplasmic 9 S globin mRNA.
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19
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Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic purification of human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Gedamu L, Iatrou K, Dixon GH. Isolation and characterization of trout testis protamine mRNAs lacking poly (A). Cell 1977; 10:443-51. [PMID: 557371 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(A)+ protamine mRNA was isolated from trout testis cells in a very pure form, and artificial poly(A)- protamine mRNA molecules were derived from it by enzymatic deadenylation with RNAase H from calf thymus after hybridization with oligo(dT). The deadenylated protamine mRNA was found to be active in a wheat germ cell-free system and yielded a labeled product which co-migrated with authentic protamine. These deadenylated mRNA molecules were subsequently used as markers on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to identify and allow the purification of the poly(A)- protamine components known to exist in vivo in the total cellular poly(A)- RNA. RNA species of molecular weights similar to the enzymatically deadenylated subcomponents of protamine mRNA were observed in the natural poly(A)-RNA population of the testis cells. These naturally occurring poly(A)- protamine mRNAs were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis and further characterized by 3H-poly(U) hybridization assay, by hybridization to complementary DNA made against highly purified poly(A)+ protamine mRNA, and by their ability to direct protamine synthesis in a cell-free system.
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Iatrou K, Dixon GH. The distribution of poly(A)+ and poly(A)- protamine messenger RNA sequences in the developing trout testis. Cell 1977; 10:433-41. [PMID: 844102 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protamine messenger RNA was isolated in a very pure form from trout testes and used as a template for the synthesis of labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) of high specifiv activity. The cDNA was found to be a full-length transcript of protamine messenger RNA and was used as a probe for hybridization reactions with RNA preparations isolated from three subcellular compartments of differentiating trout testis cells. The RNA populations from the nuclei, polysomes, and postribosomal supernatant of these cells were fractionated into poly(A)-containing [poly(A)+] and poly(A)-free [poly(A)-] RNA to determine the distribution of these two forms of protamine mRNA in these cell compartments. At the early protamine stage of testis development, polysomal and postribosomal supernatant fractions contain almost equal quantities of poly(A)+ protamine mRNA, but poly(A)- protamine mRNA was found almost entirely in the polysomes.
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Richter D, Isono K. The mechanism of protein synthesis-initiation, elongation and termination in translation of genetic messeges. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1977; 76:83-125. [PMID: 334484 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66653-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Knochel W, Lange D, Hendrick D. Molecular weights, poly(A)--content, and partial separation of chick globin mRNAs. Mol Biol Rep 1976; 3:143-50. [PMID: 1012277 DOI: 10.1007/bf00423228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(A)-containing 9S RNA from chick reticulocytes was electrophoresed on formamide-polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weight was determined to be 211 000 +/- 10 000 daltons. The RNA was separated into three different fractions with respect to molecular weight. These RNAs were translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. The lower molecular weight RNA directed up to 95% alpha-chain synthesis, compared to 60% for the higher molecular weight RNA. This was accompanied by a relative increase for beta-chain synthesis with increasing molecular weight. It could also be shown by hybridization with labelled poly(U) that the average poly(A) length decreased from about 83 nucleotides for fraction I to 36 nucleotides for fraction III. Our results suggest that fractionation of avian 9 S globin mRNA by electrophoresis on formamide-polyacrylamide gels is dependent upon two parameters, namely differences in the lengths of the non-poly(A)-containing portion of the alpha and beta mRNAs and differences in the poly(A) lengths.
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Ramirez F, O'Donnell JV, Marks PA, Bank A, Musumeci S, Schilirò G, Pizzarelli G, Russo G, Luppis B, Gambino R. Abnormal or absent beta mRNA in betao Ferrara and gene deletion in delta beta thalassaemia. Nature 1976; 263:471-5. [PMID: 985635 DOI: 10.1038/263471a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In patients with betao thalassaemia from Ferrara, beta globin mRNA sequences are either absent or structurally abnormal while in betao thalassaemia in Catania, beta globin mRNA sequences are present. In deltabeta thalassaemia there is a deletion of beta-like globin genes, while in betao Catania DNA, no beta globin gene deletion is detectable.
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Gedamu L, Dixon GH. Purification and properties of biologically active rainbow trout testis protamine mRNA. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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27
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Cell-free transcription of mammalian chromatin. Quantitative measurement of newly synthesized globin messenger RNA sequences. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Knöchel W, Heyer I. The separation of 9 S RNA from avian immature red blood cells into f2c-histone mRNA and globin mRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 395:501-8. [PMID: 1148248 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
9 S RNA from avian immature red blood cells was isolated from polysome-released ribonucleoprotein particles by sucrose-gradient techniques. Translation of this RNA in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free system and product analysis revealed that globin mRNA was contaminated by f2c-histone mRNA. When 9 S RNA was applied to oligo(dT)-cellulose columns a partial separation could be achieved. Poly (A)-containing globin mRNA did not contain f2c-histon mRNA, whereas the RNA which was not absorbed to oligo(dT)-cellulose contained all the f2c-histone mRNA besides substantial amounts of globin mRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Birds
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/analysis
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Erythrocytes/analysis
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Globins/biosynthesis
- Histones/biosynthesis
- Leucine/metabolism
- Lysine/metabolism
- Polyribosomes/analysis
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/blood
- RNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
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