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Miles EW. The tryptophan synthase α2β2 complex: a model for substrate channeling, allosteric communication, and pyridoxal phosphate catalysis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10084-10091. [PMID: 23426371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x113.463331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
I reflect on my research on pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzymes over fifty-five years and on how I combined research with marriage and family. My Ph.D. research with Esmond E. Snell established one aspect of PLP enzyme mechanism. My postdoctoral work first with Hans L. Kornberg and then with Alton Meister characterized the structure and function of another PLP enzyme, l-aspartate β-decarboxylase. My independent research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) since 1966 has focused on the bacterial tryptophan synthase α2β2 complex. The β subunit catalyzes a number of PLP-dependent reactions. We have characterized these reactions and the allosteric effects of the α subunit. We also used chemical modification to probe enzyme structure and function. Our crystallization of the tryptophan synthase α2β2 complex from Salmonella typhimurium led to the determination of the three-dimensional structure with Craig Hyde and David Davies at NIH in 1988. This landmark structure was the first structure of a multienzyme complex and the first structure revealing an intramolecular tunnel. The structure has provided a basis for exploring mechanisms of catalysis, channeling, and allosteric communication in the tryptophan synthase α2β2 complex. The structure serves as a model for many other multiprotein complexes that are important for biological processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Wilson Miles
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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Abstract
This chapter describes in detail the genes and proteins of Escherichia coli involved in the biosynthesis and transport of the three aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. It provides a historical perspective on the elaboration of the various reactions of the common pathway converting erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate to chorismate and those of the three terminal pathways converting chorismate to phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The regulation of key reactions by feedback inhibition, attenuation, repression, and activation are also discussed. Two regulatory proteins, TrpR (108 amino acids) and TyrR (513 amino acids), play a major role in transcriptional regulation. The TrpR protein functions only as a dimer which, in the presence of tryptophan, represses the expression of trp operon plus four other genes (the TrpR regulon). The TyrR protein, which can function both as a dimer and as a hexamer, regulates the expression of nine genes constituting the TyrR regulon. TyrR can bind each of the three aromatic amino acids and ATP and under their influence can act as a repressor or activator of gene expression. The various domains of this protein involved in binding the aromatic amino acids and ATP, recognizing DNA binding sites, interacting with the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase, and changing from a monomer to a dimer or a hexamer are all described. There is also an analysis of the various strategies which allow TyrR in conjunction with particular amino acids to differentially affect the expression of individual genes of the TyrR regulon.
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Miles EW. Structural basis for catalysis by tryptophan synthase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 64:93-172. [PMID: 2053470 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123102.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E W Miles
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Miles EW. Tryptophan synthase: structure, function, and subunit interaction. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 49:127-86. [PMID: 400853 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122945.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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LANE AN, KIRSCHNER K. The Quarternary Structure of Tryptophan Synthase from Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Tryptophan synthase is a classic enzyme that channels a metabolic intermediate, indole. The crystal structure of the tryptophan synthase alpha2beta2 complex from Salmonella typhimurium revealed for the first time the architecture of a multienzyme complex and the presence of an intramolecular tunnel. This remarkable hydrophobic tunnel provides a likely passageway for indole from the active site of the alpha subunit, where it is produced, to the active site of the beta subunit, where it reacts with L-serine to form L-tryptophan in a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reaction. Rapid kinetic studies of the wild type enzyme and of channel-impaired mutant enzymes provide strong evidence for the proposed channeling mechanism. Structures of a series of enzyme-substrate intermediates at the alpha and beta active sites are elucidating enzyme mechanisms and dynamics. These structural results are providing a fascinating picture of loops opening and closing, of domain movements, and of conformational changes in the indole tunnel. Solution studies provide further evidence for ligand-induced conformational changes that send signals between the alpha and beta subunits. The combined results show that the switching of the enzyme between open and closed conformations couples the catalytic reactions at the alpha and beta active sites and prevents the escape of indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Miles
- Section on Enzyme Structure and Function, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland 20892-0830, USA.
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Linkens H, Bartholmes P, Kaufmann M. The role of the hinge region of the beta 2-subunit in beta-replacement specificity of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Analysis of proteolytically modified beta species cleaved by endoproteinase Glu-C. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Origin of the mutual activation of the alpha and beta 2 subunits in the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase. Effect of alanine or glycine substitutions at proline residues in the alpha subunit. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hill PJ, Swift S, Stewart GS. PCR based gene engineering of the Vibrio harveyi lux operon and the Escherichia coli trp operon provides for biochemically functional native and fused gene products. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 226:41-8. [PMID: 2034229 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to clone the luxA and luxB genes from Vibrio harveyi, and the trp poL (promoter operator leader) region and the trpB and trpA genes from Escherichia coli. PCR-derived luxA/B and trpB/A genes were shown to express bacterial luciferase and tryptophan synthase respectively, when introduced into E. coli on a plasmid cloning vehicle. The trp poL was used successfully to control the expression of lac alpha, luxAB, trpB and trpA. PCR was also used to construct a functional luxAB translational fusion protein. Primers for this were designed to facilitate precise gene fusion and to provide a silent mutation within an EcoRI site in the luxB gene. Production of functional genes was verified in vitro and in vivo using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of transcription-translation products and crude cell extracts, and by monitoring enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hill
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, University of Nottingham School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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Miles EW, Bauerle R, Ahmed SA. Tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Methods Enzymol 1987; 142:398-414. [PMID: 3298982 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(87)42051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ibel K, May RP, Kirschner K, Lane AN, Szadkowski H, Dauvergne MT, Zulauf M. The domain structure of tryptophan synthase. A neutron scattering study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 151:505-14. [PMID: 2992969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli is a complex of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. Small-angle neutron scattering involving deuterium-labelled isomers revealed the quaternary structure of the enzyme at the level of the beta 2 subunit and the two structural domains P1 and P2 which constitute the alpha subunits. Within the alpha 2 beta 2 complex, the two alpha subunits are completely separated. They are situated on opposite sides of the beta 2 subunit. The most probable distance between the two alpha protomers is 10.5 +/- 1 nm; the nearest distance is 5.8 +/- 0.5 nm, and the largest distance is 13.5 +/- 0.5 nm. The two domains of the same alpha subunit are intimately juxtaposed. The distances between two like or unlike domains belonging to opposite alpha subunits are roughly equal. All domains exhibit about equal distances to the beta 2 subunit which is situated in the centre of the complex. Thus the cleft between P1 and P2, which probably contains the active site of the alpha subunit, makes intimate contact with the beta 2 subunit. Neutron scattering allows us to determine the shape of the beta 2 subunit within the complex. Comparison with the free dimer suggests a conformational change, upon assembly, from an elongated into a more compact form.
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Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic data of the tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex from Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Balk H, Frank A, Bartholmes P, Jaenicke R. Equilibrium and kinetic measurements of the binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to hybrid tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 121:105-12. [PMID: 7035165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Balk H, Merkl I, Bartholmes P. Circular dichroism studies on the interaction of tryptophan synthase with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Biochemistry 1981; 20:6391-5. [PMID: 7030390 DOI: 10.1021/bi00525a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the beta 2 subunit of tryptophan synthase and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is characterized by induced circular dichroism (CD) in the near-UV (260-285 nm) and in the visible region (320-480 nm, extrinsic Cotton effect). Because of its high mean residue ellipticity ([theta] = 56 deg cm2 dmol-1 for the isolated holo-beta 2 subunit and 102 deg cm2 dmol-1 for the alpha 2-holo-beta 2 complex, respectively) the latter has been used to define different conformational states of the beta 2 dimer via CD titrations. Fitting the obtained binding parameters to the known data from equilibrium dialysis leads to the result that the low-affinity state of the isolated beta 2 subunit shows a 3 times greater rotational strength than the holoenzyme in the high-affinity state. The generation of the final CD amplitude is characterized by a rate constant intermediate between the values for the formation of the internal aldimine and for the regain of enzymatic activity. Interaction of the alpha 2-apo-beta 2 bienzyme complex with the cofactor leads to a hyperbolic binding curve which is apparently free of contributions caused by unspecific PLP binding outside the active center. The determined dissociation constant of 9 x 10(-7) M is in good agreement with the value of 1 x 10(-6) M as obtained by equilibrium dialysis. Binding kinetics reveal a very slow process with a rate constant of 2.6 x 10(-4) s-1, significantly smaller than that for the regain of catalytic activity during reconstitution of the enzyme.
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Tsai M, Schleicher E, Potts R, Skye G, Floss H. Stereochemistry and mechanism of reactions catalyzed by tryptophan synthetase and its beta2 subunit. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Identification of a pyruvoyl residue in S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Tryptophan synthase of Escherichia coli. Removal of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and separation of the alpha and beta2 subunits. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mosteller RD, Goldstein RV, Nishimoto KR. Interactions of tryptophan synthetase subunits in Escherichia coli containing mutationally altered beta2 subunits. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Floss HG, Schleicher E, Potts R. Stereochemistry of the formation of cysteine by O-acetylserine sulfhydrase. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shannon LM, Mills SE. Purification by immunoadsorbtion chromatography of the normal and a mutant form of the B2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 63:563-8. [PMID: 816654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Columns containing immobilized immunoglogulin G fractions from normal and immunized animals were used to purify the wild-type beta component of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase, formula alpha2 beta2, and a mutant form of the beta component. The procedure yielded proteins with no detectable contaminants as measured by analytical acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion against proteins subject to sodium dodecylsulfate acrylamide electrophoresis. After elution from the antibody column at pH 11 the normal beta component, by dialysis against pyridoxal phosphate at pH 7.5, could be restored to the enzymatically-active beta2 dimer with a specific activity of 1700 enzyme units/mg protein. This compares with reported values of 2500-3000 enzyme units/mg when the beta2 dimer is purified by conventional means.
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Kirschner K, Wiskocil RL, Foehn M, Rezeau L. The tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. An improved purification procedure for the alpha-subunit and binding studies with substrate analogues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 60:513-23. [PMID: 1107044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb21030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An improved method is described for the purification of the alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. The standard manganese chloride and acid-precipitation steps have been replaced by rapid and efficient chromatographic procedures. Indoleethanol phosphate, indoleprapanol phosphate and indolebutanol phosphate have been synthesized. They are not cleaved by tryptophan synthase and are strictly competitive inhibitors versus indoleglycerol phosphate. The inhibition constant decreases as the number of methylene groups in the side chain increases. This may reflect an improved accommodation of the indole and phosphate moienerated by binding indole, indoleglycerol phosphate and indolepropanol phosphate to the alpha-subunit are very similar. This reflects the transfer of the indole moiety to an hydrophobic environment within the active center. The binding of indolepropanol phosphate to the alpha2beta2-complex perturbs the spectrum of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate located in the beta2-subunit. This demonstrates direct or indirect interactions between the component active sites. Bind studies by spectrophotometric titration and equilibrium dialysis with indolepropanol [32P]phosphate show that there is only one binding site per equivalent of alpha-subunit. Complex formation with the beta2-subunit increases the affinity of the alpha-subunit for indolepropanol phosphate, It is a general consequence of protein-protein interaction in this system.
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Berger FG, Herrmann KM. Tryptophan synthetase alpha(5.7-S): novel molecular species formed within Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1975; 124:800-9. [PMID: 1102532 PMCID: PMC235970 DOI: 10.1128/jb.124.2.800-809.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel molecular species contributes about 5% of the total tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli derepressed for the trp operon enzymes. The new species is identified under conditions in which the dissociation of the two nonidentical subunits of the tryptophan synthetase complex is favored. The new species sediments at 5.7S, catalyzes the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate to indole, and has been designated alpha(5.7-S). Although alpha(5.7-S) is not observed in extracts of trpA or trpB mutant strains deficient in the ability to form tryptophan synthetase alpha or beta2 subunits, respectively, a mixture of the two extracts allows the formation of alpha(5.7-S). Similar results are obtained when a homogeneous alpha protein is mixed with an extract of a trpA mutant strain, suggesting that the interaction of alpha and beta2 proteins is obligatory for alpha(5.7-S) formation. One can obtain a beta2 protein preparation that when mixed with a pure alpha protein gives no alpha(5.7-S). Therefore, the interaction of alpha and beta2 proteins alone is not sufficient for the formation of alpha(5.7-S). When a mixture of alpha and beta2 proteins devoid of alpha(5.7-S) is added to extracts of trp deletion mutants, the novel species can be reconstituted in vitro only when deletions are used that carry at least the operator-proximal part of the trpB gene. Therefore, it is concluded that the alpha(5.7-S) species of tryptophan synthetase results from the interaction of the alpha protein, the beta2 protein, and a third component, beta', specified by the deoxyribonucleic acid defined by the end points of two trp deletion mutants.
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Miles EW. A new type of pyridoxal-P enzyme catalyzed reaction: the conversion of beta, gamma-unsaturated amino acids to saturated alpha-keto acids by tryptophan synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 66:94-102. [PMID: 1164442 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Miles EW. Effects of modification of the beta 2 subunit and of the alpha2beta2 complex of tryptophan synthase by alpha-cyanoglycine, a substrate analog. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 64:248-55. [PMID: 238507 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Adachi O, Kohn LD, Miles EW. Crystalline α2β2 Complexes of Tryptophan Synthetase of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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