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Calcium flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion contributes to poliovirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol 2010; 84:12226-35. [PMID: 20861253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that poliovirus (PV) infection induces an increase in cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration in neuroblastoma IMR5 cells, at least partly through Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen via the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP(3)R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels. This leads to Ca(2+) accumulation in mitochondria through the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). This increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration in PV-infected cells leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Duijsings D, Wessels E, van Emst-de Vries SE, Melchers WJG, Willems PHGM, van Kuppeveld FJM. Reduction of phospholipase D activity during coxsackievirus infection. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:3027-3030. [PMID: 17947526 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During enterovirus infection, host cell membranes are rigorously rearranged and modified. One ubiquitously expressed lipid-modifying enzyme that might contribute to these alterations is phospholipase D (PLD). Here, we investigated PLD activity in coxsackievirus-infected cells. We show that PLD activity is not required for efficient coxsackievirus RNA replication. Instead, PLD activity rapidly decreased upon infection and upon ectopic expression of the viral 3A protein, which inhibits the PLD activator ADP-ribosylation factor 1. However, similar decreases were observed during infection with coxsackieviruses carrying defective mutant 3A proteins. Possible causes for the reduction of PLD activity and the biological consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Duijsings
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Wessels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjenet E van Emst-de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H G M Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Carthy CM, Granville DJ, Watson KA, Anderson DR, Wilson JE, Yang D, Hunt DW, McManus BM. Caspase activation and specific cleavage of substrates after coxsackievirus B3-induced cytopathic effect in HeLa cells. J Virol 1998; 72:7669-75. [PMID: 9696873 PMCID: PMC110038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7669-7675.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, induces cytopathic changes in cell culture systems and directly injures multiple susceptible organs and tissues in vivo, including the myocardium, early after infection. Biochemical analysis of the cell death pathway in CVB3-infected HeLa cells demonstrated that the 32-kDa proform of caspase 3 is cleaved subsequent to the degenerative morphological changes seen in infected HeLa cells. Caspase activation assays confirm that the cleaved caspase 3 is proteolytically active. The caspase 3 substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a DNA repair enzyme, and DNA fragmentation factor, a cytoplasmic inhibitor of an endonuclease responsible for DNA fragmentation, were degraded at 9 h following infection, yielding their characteristic cleavage fragments. Inhibition of caspase activation by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (ZVAD.fmk) did not inhibit the virus-induced cytopathic effect, while inhibition of caspase activation by ZVAD.fmk in control apoptotic cells induced by treatment with the porphyrin photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A and visible light inhibited the apoptotic phenotype. Caspase activation and cleavage of substrates may not be responsible for the characteristic cytopathic effect produced by picornavirus infection yet may be related to late-stage alterations of cellular homeostatic processes and structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Carthy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia-St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Newton K, Meyer JC, Bellamy AR, Taylor JA. Rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 alters plasma membrane permeability in mammalian cells. J Virol 1997; 71:9458-65. [PMID: 9371607 PMCID: PMC230251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.12.9458-9465.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum-localized transmembrane glycoprotein NSP4 of rotavirus is a key protein involved in rotavirus cytopathology. We have used a dual-recombinant vaccinia virus system to express NSP4 in monkey kidney epithelial cells at a level comparable to that observed during rotavirus infection. Expression of NSP4 results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, which can be demonstrated by release of both 51Cr and lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. The cytotoxic behavior of NSP4 is dose dependent, and morphological analysis reveals gross changes to cell ultrastructure, indicative of cell death. Thus, intracellular expression of a single rotavirus protein which localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane has profound effects on the stability of the plasma membrane and cell viability. Analysis of NSP4 deletion mutants indicates that a membrane-proximal region located within the cytoplasmic domain may mediate cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Newton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Huber M, Selinka HC, Kandolf R. Tyrosine phosphorylation events during coxsackievirus B3 replication. J Virol 1997; 71:595-600. [PMID: 8985388 PMCID: PMC191089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.595-600.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study cellular and viral determinants of pathogenicity, interactions between coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication and cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation were investigated. During CVB3 infection of HeLa cells, distinct proteins become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, as detected by the use of antiphosphotyrosine Western blotting. Two proteins of 48 and 200 kDa showed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation 4 to 5 h postinfection (p.i.), although virus-induced inhibition of cellular protein synthesis had already occurred 3 to 4 h p.i. Subcellular fractionation experiments revealed distinct localization of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins of 48 and 200 kDa in the cytosol and membrane fractions of infected cells, respectively. In addition, in Vero cells infected with CVB3, echovirus (EV)11, or EV12, increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a 200-kDa protein was detected 6 h p.i. Herbimycin A, a specific inhibitor of Src-like protein tyrosine kinases, was shown to inhibit virus-induced tyrosine phosphorylations and to reduce the production of progeny virions. In contrast, in cells treated with the inhibitors staurosporine and calphostin C, the synthesis of progeny virions was not affected. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that the tyrosine-phosphorylated 200-kDa protein in CVB3-infected cells is of cellular origin. In summary, these investigations have begun to unravel the effect of CVB3 as well as EV11 and EV12 replication on cellular tyrosine phosphorylation and support the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation events for effective virus replication. Such cellular phosphorylation events triggered in the course of enterovirus infection may enhance virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huber
- Institute for Pathology, Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Aldabe R, Barco A, Carrasco L. Membrane permeabilization by poliovirus proteins 2B and 2BC. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:23134-7. [PMID: 8798506 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.38.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus infection leads to drastic alterations in membrane permeability late during infection. Transient expression of each nonstructural protein of poliovirus by means of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the T7 RNA polymerase indicates that proteins 2B and 2BC strongly enhance membrane permeability to hygromycin B in HeLa cells. Almost no effect on expression of proteins 2C, 3A, 3AB, and 3C was found. Deletions and point mutations in 2B and 2BC have identified sequences in 2B involved in membrane permeabilization. Regions located at both ends of 2B are necessary to bring about these permeability alterations. A deletion of 11 amino acids of 2BC at the junction between 2B and 2C, as well as long deletions in 2C encompassing the GTPase motifs of this protein, do not impair the capacity of 2BC to modify the permeability of the membrane. The release of compounds such as choline or uridine from preloaded cells is also augmented by 2B and 2BC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aldabe
- Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Animal viruses permeabilize cells at two well-defined moments during infection: (1) early, when the virus gains access to the cytoplasm, and (2) during the expression of the virus genome. The molecular mechanisms underlying both events are clearly different; early membrane permeability is induced by isolated virus particles, whereas late membrane leakiness is produced by newly synthesized virus protein(s) that possess activities resembling ionophores or membrane-active toxins. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms, by which animal viruses permeabilize cells, adds to our understanding of the steps involved in virus replication. Studies on early membrane permeabilization give clues about the processes underlying entry of animal viruses into cells; understanding gained on the modification by viral proteins of membrane permeability during virus replication indicates that membrane leakiness is required for efficient virus release from infected cells or virus budding, in the case of enveloped viruses. In addition, the activity of these membrane-active virus proteins may be related to virus interference with host cell metabolism and with the cytopathic effect that develops after virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Centro de Biologia Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Picornaviruses are among the best understood animal viruses in molecular terms. A number of important human and animal pathogens are members of the Picornaviridae family. The genome organization, the different steps of picornavirus growth and numerous compounds that have been reported as inhibitors of picornavirus functions are reviewed. The picornavirus particles and several agents that interact with them have been solved at atomic resolution, leading to computer-assisted drug design. Picornavirus inhibitors are useful in aiding a better understanding of picornavirus biology. In addition, some of them are promising therapeutic agents. Clinical efficacy of agents that bind to picornavirus particles has already been demonstrated.
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Key Words
- picornavirus
- poliovirus
- antiviral agents
- drug design
- virus particles
- viral proteases
- 2′-5′a, ppp(a2′p5′a)na
- bfa, brefel a
- bfla1, bafilomycin a1
- dsrna, double-stranded rna
- emc, encephalomyocarditis
- fmdv, foot-and-mouth disease virus
- g413, 2-amino-5-(2-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole
- hbb, 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- hpa-23, ammonium 5-tungsto-2-antimonate
- icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- ip3, inositol triphosphate
- m12325, 5-aminosulfonyl-2,4-dichorobenzoate
- 3-mq, 3-methyl quercetin
- ires, internal ribosome entry site
- l protein, leader protein
- rf, replicative form
- ri, rplicative intermediate
- rlp, ribosome landing pad
- sfv, semliki forest virus
- tofa, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid
- vpg, viral protein bound to the genome
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
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Holsey C, Nair CN. Poliovirus-induced intracellular alkalinization involves a proton ATPase and protein phosphorylation. J Cell Physiol 1993; 155:606-14. [PMID: 8388003 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041550318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that poliovirus infection induces alkalinization in HeLa cells and that an alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) promoted viral replication. Additional experiments were carried out to understand the underlying mechanism. Virus-infected or control monolayer cultures were incubated with nominally bicarbonate-free Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) buffered with N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-3-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and immediately following preincubations, changes in pHi were monitored via benzoic acid uptake around 2 h postinfection. The absence of pH increase in cells infected with ultraviolet light-inactivated virus (UV-virus) indicated that viral gene expression was required for this effect. On the other hand, lack of effect of 3 mM guanidine, an inhibitor of poliovirus-specific RNA but not protein synthesis, suggested that translation of input viral genome RNA is sufficient for the pH increase. Activation of Na+/H+ exchange, Cl(-)HCO3- exchange, or H(+)-ATPase was considered as possible mechanisms by which alkalinization occurs in virus-infected cells. Na+/H+ exchange was excluded because the pH effect occurred in a Na+/H+ exchange deficient HeLa cell mutant. Similarly, Cl-/HCO3- exchange was excluded because virus-specific alkalinization was evident in the presence of Cl- or bicarbonate deficient medium and was not associated with an increase in HCO3- uptake or a decrease in Cl- uptake. Lack of dependence on Na+, abrogation by 10 microM 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl), and resistance to 1 mM vandate suggested that this effect was due to the activation of a vacuolar-type (V) proton ATPase. Studies using protein kinase inhibitors indicated that activation of the ATPase in virus-infected cells probably involved protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holsey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2400
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Oliver K, Buller R, Hughes P, Putney J, Palumbo G. Inhibition of agonist-induced activation of phospholipase C following poxvirus infection. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Expression of poliovirus nonstructural proteins in Escherichia coli cells. Modification of membrane permeability induced by 2B and 3A. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Villani A, Cirino NM, Baldi E, Kester M, McFadden ER, Panuska JR. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human mononuclear phagocytes stimulates synthesis of platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Miele L, Cordella-Miele E, Facchiano A, Mukherjee AB. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 by uteroglobin and antiflammin peptides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 279:137-60. [PMID: 2151414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0651-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Miele
- Section on Developmental Genetics, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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