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Exploration of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIPs) as an Adsorbent for the Enrichment of Trenbolone in Water. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of endocrine disruptors in surface waters can have negative implications on wildlife and humans both directly and indirectly. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was explored for its potential to enhance the UV-Vis determination of trenbolone in water using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The synthesized MIP was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using the MIP resulted in a preconcentration and enrichment factor of 14 and 8, respectively. Trenbolone binding on the MIP was shown to follow a Langmuir adsorption and had a maximum adsorption capacity of 27.5 mg g−1. Interference studies showed that the MIP selectivity was not compromised by interferences in the sample. The MIP could be recycled three times before significant loss in analyte recovery.
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2
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Denli M, Blandon JC, Guynot ME, Salado S, Pérez JF. Efficacy of activated diatomaceous clay in reducing the toxicity of zearalenone in rats and piglets. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:637-45. [PMID: 26020748 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an activated diatomaceous clay (ADC) in reducing the toxic effects of zearalenone (ZEA) in the diet of rats and piglets. In the rat experiment, 90 Sprague-Dawley female weanling rats with an initial BW of 45 ± 1.0 g were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments for 28 d in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (0 or 6 mg ZEA/kg feed and 0, 1, and 5 g ADC/kg feed). In the piglet experiment, 64 female piglets ([Large White × Landrace] × Pietrain with an initial BW of 14.9 ± 1.65 kg) were fed 1 of 8 experimental diets for 26 d in a CRD design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (0 or 0.8 mg ZEA/kg feed and 0, 1, 2, and 5 g ADC/kg feed). The ADFI, ADG, and G:F were determined at the end of each experiment. At the conclusion of studies, serum samples were collected and rats and piglets were euthanized to determine visceral organ weights. The diet contaminated with ZEA did not alter the growth of rats and the relative weight of liver and kidneys. However, ZEA increased ( < 0.05) the relative weight of uterus, ovaries, and spleen and decreased ( < 0.05) the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase compared to the control group. Supplementation of ADC in the rat diets counteracted ( < 0.05) the observed toxic effects of ZEA on the uterus and ovaries weight. The diet contaminated with ZEA (0.8 mg/kg feed) increased ( < 0.05) the weight of the uterus and ovaries in piglets but did not modify the serum biochemical variables or the relative weight of other visceral organs. The addition of 5 g ADC/kg to the contaminated feed reduced the toxic effects of ZEA on uterus and ovary weights to that of the control group. Zearalenone (10.5 μg/kg bile) and α-zearalenol (5.6 μg/kg bile) residues were detected in the bile of piglets fed the ZEA treatment. Supplementation of ADC to diets contaminated with ZEA reduced ( = 0.001) ZEA content in bile compared to the ZEA treatments. The results of these experiments indicate that a long-term consumption of ZEA-contaminated diets stimulated growth of the reproductive tract in rats and piglets and the presence of ZEA residue in bile in piglets. These effects may be counteracted by the addition of ADC to the diet.
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Development of a rapid method for the analysis of trenbolone, nortestosterone, and zeranol in bovine liver using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4363-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Wozniak B, Zmudzki J. Determination of zeranol, taleranol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone in urine by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:987-94. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.787656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Villar-Pulido M, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Martos NR, Molina-Díaz A. Multiclass detection and quantitation of antibiotics and veterinary drugs in shrimps by fast liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 85:1419-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Horie M, Saito H, Natori T, Nagata J, Nakazawa H. Determination of Streptomycin and Dihydrostreptomycin in Honey by Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120029703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Horie
- a Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 639-1, Kamiokubo, Sakura‐ku, Saitama , 338-0824 , Japan
| | - Hiromi Saito
- a Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 639-1, Kamiokubo, Sakura‐ku, Saitama , 338-0824 , Japan
| | - Toshiaki Natori
- a Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 639-1, Kamiokubo, Sakura‐ku, Saitama , 338-0824 , Japan
| | - Junko Nagata
- a Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 639-1, Kamiokubo, Sakura‐ku, Saitama , 338-0824 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hoshi University , 2‐4‐41, Ebara, Shinagawa‐ku, Tokyo , 142‐0063 , Japan
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7
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Li Y. Determination of Trenbolone Acetate in Cattle Feeds by a Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Method. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.500764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Kaklamanos G, Theodoridis G, Dabalis T. Determination of anabolic steroids in muscle tissue by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8072-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Gasparini M, Curatolo M, Assini W, Bozzoni E, Tognoli N, Dusi G. Confirmatory method for the determination of nandrolone and trenbolone in urine samples using immunoaffinity cleanup and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8059-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Kaklamanos G, Theodoridis G, Dabalis T. Determination of anabolic steroids in bovine urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Xia X, Li X, Ding S, Zhang S, Jiang H, Li J, Shen J. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of six resorcylic acid lactones in bovine milk. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2587-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Determination of mycophenolic acid in meat products using mixed mode reversed phase-anion exchange clean-up and liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Noppe H, Le Bizec B, Verheyden K, De Brabander H. Novel analytical methods for the determination of steroid hormones in edible matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 611:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Liu Y, Zhang CZ, Yu XY, Zhang ZY, Zhang X, Liu RR, Liu XJ, Gong ZM. Development and evaluation of immunoassay for zeranol in bovine urine. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 8:900-5. [PMID: 18257125 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.b0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A high affinity polyclonal antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantification of zeranol in bovine urine. On the basis of urine matrix studies, the optimized dilution factors producing insignificant matrix interference were selected as 1:5 in pretreatment. In the improved ELISA, the linear response range was between 0.02 and 1 microg/ml, and the detection limit was 0.02 microg/ml for the assay. The overall recoveries and the coefficients of variation (CVs) were in the range of 82% to approximately 127% and 3.5% to approximately 8.8%, respectively. Thirty-six bovine urine samples spiked with zeranol (ranging from 0.2 to 10 microg/ml) were detected by the ELISA and liquid chromatography (LC) method, and good correlations were obtained between the two methods (R(2)=0.9643). We conclude that this improved ELISA is suitable tool for a mass zeranol screening and can be an alternative for the conventional LC method for zeranol in bovine urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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15
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Kaklamanos G, Theodoridis G, Papadoyannis IN, Dabalis T. Determination of anabolic steroids in muscle tissue by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8325-30. [PMID: 17887801 DOI: 10.1021/jf0713455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of four anabolic steroids [trenbolone, methylboldenone, methyltestosterone, and norethandrolone] in bovine muscle. Methyltestosterone- d 3 was used as internal standard. The procedure involved enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether, defattening, and final cleanup with solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges. The analytes were analyzed by reversed-phase LC-MS/MS, acquiring two diagnostic product ions from the chosen precursor [M + H] (+) for the unambiguous confirmation of hormones. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for the detection and confirmation of residues in products of animal origin. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0.3 ng/g and 1.0 ng/g, respectively. The accuracy and precision have been determined, with recoveries ranging from 83% to 104% and the CV factor not exceeding the value of 7%. The decision limits CCalpha were calculated and ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 ng/g while the detection capabilities CCbeta ranged from 0.09 to 0.25 ng/g. The method proved to be sensitive and reliable and thus renders an appropriate means for residue analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kaklamanos
- Veterinary Laboratory of Serres, Terma Omonoias, 62110 Serres, Greece
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16
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM) related to hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Wang S, Wang XH. Analytical methods for the determination of zeranol residues in animal products: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:573-82. [PMID: 17487598 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601134533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for zeranol residues are reviewed. Zeranol was a widely used as an anabolic promoter, and it could give rise to very low residues in the edible tissues of food animals. Zeranol was officially banned in Europe due to safety concerns because of its potential carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting biological activity. A few analytical methods for determination of zeranol are reported in the literature and most of the methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and immunoassay are reviewed in this paper. Specific aspects of analysing zeranol such as sample selection, sample handling, method selection and chromatographic conditions are discussed. The instrumental methods such as LC/MS and GC/MS provide sensitive and specific techniques, but are very laborious and expensive. These methods are suitable for confirmation but not for screening of large numbers of samples. A rapid, sensitive and specific assay is needed to detect positive samples in routine analysis, and immunoassay offers practical advantages over the conventional instrumental methods in rapid analysis of zeranol residues. Immunochemical methods such as enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) are simple, rapid and cost-effective, with adequate sensitivity and specificity to detect small molecules. This review can be considered as a basis for further research aimed at identifying the most efficient approaches for the analysis of zeranol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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18
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Zöllner P, Mayer-Helm B. Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136:123-69. [PMID: 17087969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are growing on agricultural commodities. Their frequent presence in food and their severe toxic, carcinogenic and estrogenic properties have been recognised as potential threat to human health. A reliable risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals relies basically on their unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food and feedstuff. While most screening methods for mycotoxins are based on immunoassays, unambiguous analyte confirmation can be easily achieved with mass spectrometric methods, like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Due to the introduction of atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) techniques in the late 80s, LC/MS has become a routine technique also in food analysis, overcoming the traditional drawbacks of GC/MS regarding volatility and thermal stability. During the last few years, this technical and instrumental progress had also an increasing impact on the expanding field of mycotoxin analysis. The aim of the present review is to give an overview on the application of LC-(API)MS in the analysis of frequently occurring and highly toxic mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, ochratoxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, aflatoxins, enniatins, moniliformin and several other mycotoxins. This includes also the investigation of some of their metabolites and degradation products. Suitable sample pre-treatment procedures, their applicability for high sample through-put and their influence on matrix effects will be discussed. The review covers literature published until July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zöllner
- Bayercropscience GmbH, Product Technology, Industriepark Höchst, G836, D-65926 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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19
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Gentili A, Sergi M, Perret D, Marchese S, Curini R, Lisandrin S. High- and low-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography as confirmatory methods of anabolic residues in crude meat and infant foods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1845-54. [PMID: 16705645 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Within the European Union the use of anabolic steroids for promoting growth and improving meat-to-fat ratio in food-producing animals has been banned since 1988. For the unequivocal identification of hormone residues in a complex matrix such as meat we have developed a rapid, specific and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method, in combination with a simple extraction procedure based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). The performances of a triple quadrupole (QqQ) and a quadrupole/time-of-flight (QqTOF) were compared: the QqQ mass spectrometer was found to be more sensitive for almost all studied analytes, but the selectivity was superior using the QqTOF system; the full-scan spectra (acquired without losing sensitivity), mass accuracy and resolution of the hybrid instrument enabled a more probatory analyte identification than that obtained selecting two multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions with a QqQ. Average recoveries ranged from 80 to 100%, and the detection capabilities (CCbetas) were less than 1.06 ppb with the QqQ instrument and less than 5.20 ppb with the QqTOF instrument for the bovine meat, which proved to be the most complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro no 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Fidani M, Casagni E, Montana M, Pasello E, Pecoraro C, Gambaro V. Rapid test by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate equine urine reactivity towards 17beta-OH steroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2441-6. [PMID: 16862626 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria frequently found in equine urine samples may cause degradation of 17beta-OH steroids. A simple liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed to evaluate the microbiological contamination of equine urine as a marker of poor storage conditions. Norethandrolone was used as the internal standard, and the linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated. 17beta-OH oxidation was demonstrated for testosterone, nandrolone, trenbolone and boldenone, but did not occur in alpha-epimers such as alpha-boldenone and epitestosterone, demonstrating the stereoselectivity of the reaction. A rapid test was performed by spiking one of the four 17beta-OH steroids in samples of diluted equine urine. The steroids were transformed into their respective ketones in the presence of bacterial activity. The test allows direct injection of diluted samples into the LC/MS system, without the need for prior extraction. Results show that the best method of storage is freezing at -18 degrees C. Urine specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible after thawing. This allows bacterial degradation of equine urine to be arrested temporarily, so that the urine can be used for qualitative or quantitative analysis of 17beta-OH steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fidani
- U.N.I.R.E. Lab. S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese (MI), Italy
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21
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Jamal M, Crowe MA, Magner E. Characterization of the composition of bovine urine and its effect on the electrochemical analysis of the model mediator, p-aminophenol. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Smyth WF. Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry in drug analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1334-57. [PMID: 15761915 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of applications for the period 2000-2004, taken from the Web of Knowledge database, of the technique capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) in drug analysis is presented. The review is concerned with molecules of mass less than 500 Da, chosen according to selected structural classes in which they give ESI signals primarily as [M+H](+) ions although other ions, such as [M-H](-), [M+Na](+), and [M+NH(4)](+), are also reported. These structural classes are drugs with amine-containing side chains, drugs with N-containing saturated ring structures, 1,4-benzodiazepines, other heterocyclic hypnotics, carbohydrates, sulphonylureas, anthracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, nitrocatechols, steroids, flavonoids/polyphenols, cannabinols, and miscellaneous molecules. Details are given on the fragmentations, where available, that these ionic species exhibit in-source and in ion-trap, triple quadrupole, and time of flight-mass spectrometers. The review gives a critical evaluation of these recent CE-ESI-MS analytical methods in drug analysis. Analytical information on, for example, sample concentration techniques, CE separation conditions, recoveries from biological media and limits of detection (LODs) are provided. Potential applications of CE-MS to particular drugs or drug classes are also briefly discussed in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Franklin Smyth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co Derry, Northern Ireland.
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23
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Stolker AAM, Brinkman UAT. Analytical strategies for residue analysis of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents in food-producing animals—a review. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1067:15-53. [PMID: 15844509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
After a brief introduction into the field of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents, the most important EU regulations and directives for the inspection of food-producing animals and animal products regarding the residue control of these substances are presented and discussed. Main attention in the review is on the methods of analysis in use today for the most important classes of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents viz. anthelmintics, antibiotics, coccidiostats, hormones, beta-agonists and tranquillizers. Emphasis is given to the potential, and limitations, of state-of-the-art analytical procedures and their performance characteristics. The most obvious conclusion is that, today (reversed-phase) liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometric detection--either triple-quadrupole or ion-trap multi-stage--is the preferred technique in a large majority of all cases. In the field of sample treatment, the combined use of liquid extraction--i.e., liquid partitioning or liquid-liquid extraction--and liquid-solid extraction--primary on- or off-line solid-phase extraction--is most popular. Finally, while the analytical tools required to meet the demands typically formulated by governments and international organizations today, generally speaking are available, several problems still do exist. To quote three examples, problems are encountered in the area of simultaneously extracting and pre-treating groups of analytes with mutually widely different polarities, with regard to identification-point--based confirmation of analyte identity, and regarding quantification errors caused by ion-suppression effects. Improving the speed of analysis is another aspect that should, and will, receive dedicated interest in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A M Stolker
- Department Analytical Sciences, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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24
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Balizs G, Hewitt A. Determination of veterinary drug residues by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Horie M, Takegami H, Toya K, Nakazawa H. Determination of macrolide antibiotics in meat and fish by liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Smyth W. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric behaviour of selected drugs and their metabolites. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Buiarelli F, Cartoni GP, Coccioli F, De Rossi A, Neri B. Determination of trenbolone and its metabolite in bovine fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 784:1-15. [PMID: 12504177 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed for the determination of trenbolone in bovine urine and serum. The aim was a control of the misuse of trenbolone in food-producing animals. The procedure involved, in both cases, a preliminary solid-phase clean-up followed by a liquid-liquid extraction for urine samples after a preliminary enzymatic hydrolysis. The extracts have been directly analysed by reversed-phase LC-MS-MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM), acquiring two diagnostic product ions from the chosen precursor [M+H](+). The procedures were validated across the concentration range of 1-1500 ng/ml. The linearity, the inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision have been determined. The procedure was specific and the accuracy values were better than 20% at the limit of quantitation of spiked samples. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and the limit of detection (LOD) were, respectively, 1 ng/ml and 350 pg/ml for urine and serum. According to the draft, SANCO/1805/2000, we determined the decision limit CCalpha and the detection capability CCbeta. The recovery values for urine ranged from 87 to 128%, and for plasma the recovery was 70+/-4%. The procedure proved to be simple and suitable for routine and confirmatory purposes such as those developed for residue studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buiarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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van Bennekom E, Brouwer L, Laurant E, Hooijerink H, Nielen M. Confirmatory analysis method for zeranol, its metabolites and related mycotoxins in urine by liquid chromatography-negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Careri M, Bianchi F, Corradini C. Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry in food-related analysis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:3-64. [PMID: 12350102 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented on recent applications of mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques for the analysis of compounds of food concern. Substances discussed are naturally occurring compounds in food products such as lipids, oligosaccharides, proteins, vitamins, flavonoids and related substances, phenolic compounds and aroma compounds. Among xenobiotics, applications of MS techniques for the analysis of pesticides, drug residues, toxins, amines and migrants from packaging are overviewed. Advances in the analysis of trace metals of nutritional and toxicological interest by MS with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source are presented. The main features of mass spectrometry combined with separation instruments are discussed in food-related analysis. Examples of mass spectrometry and tandem MS (MS-MS) are provided. The development and application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray (ESI) to the analysis of peptides and proteins in food is discussed. This survey will attempt to cover the state-of-the-art up from 1999 to 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy.
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Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Kostiainen R. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in anabolic steroid analysis--optimization and comparison of three ionization techniques: electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:693-698. [PMID: 12125002 DOI: 10.1002/jms.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the detection of the free anabolic steroid fraction in human urine was examined. Electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization methods were optimized regarding eluent composition, ion source parameters and fragmentation. The methods were compared with respect to specificity and detection limit. Although all methods proved suitable, LC/ESI-MS/MS with a methanol-water gradient including 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.01% acetic acid was found best for the purpose. Multiple reaction monitoring allowed the determination of steroids in urine at low nanogram per milliliter levels. LC/MS/MS exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of free steroids and may be a suitable technique for screening for the abuse of anabolic steroids in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Leinonen
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Laboratories Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Zöllner P, Jodlbauer J, Kleinova M, Kahlbacher H, Kuhn T, Hochsteiner W, Lindner W. Concentration levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in urine, muscle tissue, and liver samples of pigs fed with mycotoxin-contaminated oats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2494-2501. [PMID: 11958611 DOI: 10.1021/jf0113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The content of zearalenone and its metabolites in urine and tissue samples from pigs fed zearalenone-contaminated oats was established by analytical methods combining solid-phase extraction cleanup of the samples with highly selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS detection. Investigation of the urine samples revealed that approximately 60% of zearalenone was transformed in vivo to alpha-zearalenol and its epimer beta-zearalenol in a mean ratio of 3:1. Zeranol and taleranol as further metabolites could only be detected in trace amounts. Zearalanone was identified at considerable concentrations, though only in a couple of samples. In contrast, liver samples contained predominantly alpha-zearalenol, and to a minor extent beta-zearalenol and zearalenone, with a mean ratio of alpha-/beta-zearalenol of 2.5:1, while zeranol, taleranol, or zearalanone could not be identified in any of the investigated samples. The degree of glucoronidation was established for zearalenone as 27% in urine and 62% in liver; for alpha-zearalenol as 88% in urine and 77% in liver; and for beta-zearalenol as 94% in urine and 29% in liver. Analyses of muscle tissue revealed relatively high amounts of nonglucuronidated zeranol and alpha-zearalenol together with traces of taleranol and zearalenone, indicating that the metabolism of zearalenone and its metabolites is not restricted to hepatic and gastrointestinal metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zöllner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Horie M, Yoshida T, Kikuchi Y, Nakazawa H. [Determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in meat by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry]. SHOKUHIN EISEIGAKU ZASSHI. JOURNAL OF THE FOOD HYGIENIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2001; 42:374-8. [PMID: 11875822 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.42.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) for the determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, in meat has been developed. The LC separation was performed on a TSK-gel Super ODS column (10 cm x 2 mm i.d.) using 5 mmol/L heptafluoro-n-butyric acid (HFBA)-acetonitrile (88:12) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.18 mL/min. The positive ionization produced typical [M + H]+ molecular ions of both drugs (streptomycin m/z 582; dihydrostreptomycin m/z 584). The calibration graphs for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin were rectilinear from 0.25 to 25 ng with selected ion monitoring (SIM). The drugs were extracted with 1% metaphosphoric acid, and the extracts were added to 2 mL of 0.1 mol/L heptanesulfonic acid. The solution was cleaned up on a Bond Elut C18 (500 mg) cartridge. The recoveries of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin from swine and bovine muscle fortified at 0.2 microgram/g were 73.2-82.6%, and the detection limits were 0.01 microgram/g for both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horie
- Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health: 639-1, Kamiokubo, Saitama, Saitama 338-0824, Japan
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1228-1236. [PMID: 11110096 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200010)35:10<1228::aid-jms983>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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