1
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Determination of β 2-Agonist Residues in Fermented Ham Using UHPLC-MS/MS after Enzymatic Digestion and Sulfonic Resin Solid Phase Purification. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052039. [PMID: 36903285 PMCID: PMC10004211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-agonists are a class of synthetic sympathomimetic drugs with acute poisoning effects if consumed as residues in foods. To improve the efficiency of sample preparation and to overcome matrix-dependent signal suppression in the quantitative analysis of four β2-agonists (clenbuterol, ractopamine, salbutamol, and terbutaline) residues in fermented ham, an enzyme digestion coupled cation exchange purification method for sample preparation was established using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Enzymatic digests were subject to cleanup treatment on three different solid phase extraction (SPE) columns and a polymer-based strong cation resin (SCR) cartridge containing sulfonic resin was found to be optimal compared with silica-based sulfonic acid and polymer sulfonic acid resins based SPEs. The analytes were investigated over the linear range of 0.5 to 10.0 μg/kg with recovery rates of 76.0-102.0%, and a relative standard deviation of 1.8-13.3% (n = 6). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively. This newly developed method was applied to the detection of β2-agonist residues in 50 commercial ham products and only one sample was found to contain β2-agonist residues (clenbuterol at 15.2 µg/kg).
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2
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Ouyang S, Yu S, Le Y. Current Advances in Immunoassays for the Detection of β2-Agonists. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060803. [PMID: 35327226 PMCID: PMC8947354 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-agonists are a group of synthetic phenylethanolamine compounds which are traditionally used for treating bronchospasm. These compounds can also increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. The illegal use of β2-agonists in food-producing animals results in residue of β2-agonists in edible tissues and causes adverse health effects in humans. Thus, the detection of β2-agonists at trace level in complex sample matrices is of great importance for monitoring the abuse of β2-agonists. Many methods have been developed to detect β2-agonists. Among them, a variety of antigen–antibody interaction-based techniques have been established to detect β2-agonists in various samples, including animal feed, urine, serum, milk, tissues and hair. In this review, we summarized current achievement in the extraction of β2-agonists from testing samples and detection of β2-agonists using immunological techniques. Future perspectives were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuting Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Analysis of β-agonists in different biological matrices by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Vet Res 2021; 65:469-475. [PMID: 35112001 PMCID: PMC8775736 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Wide use is made of β-agonists in therapy due to their smooth muscle–relaxant properties. They also have a side effect of increasing muscle mass. Besides improving oxygen utilisation as bronchodilators, β-agonists increase protein synthesis and promote fat burning. The growth- and performance-enhancing effects are often exploited in illegal use. The guiding objective of this study was to develop a procedure for the determination of β-agonists by a single method in different types of matrices.
Material and Methods
Five grams of homogenised samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase in ammonium acetate, pH 5.2. Purification was performed by solid phase extraction. Analytes were eluted with 10% acetic acid in methanol. The eluted β-agonists were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Results
Validation results met the requirement of the confirmation criteria according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC in terms of apparent recoveries (93.2–112.0%), repeatability (3.1–7.1%) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (4.1–8.2%).
Conclusion
The method can be successfully applied in the detection and determination of clenbuterol, salbutamol, mabuterol, mapenterol, terbutaline, brombuterol, zilpaterol, isoxsuprine and ractopamine in feed, drinking water, urine, muscle, lung and liver matrices.
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4
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Robust Detection of Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Milk Powder Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-01986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Decheng S, Peilong W, Yang L, Ruiguo W, Xia F, Xiaoou S. Evaluation of β-agonists in blood meal: Validation of determination method and potential pathway for reentry into the environment. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1612:460624. [PMID: 31668866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-agonists, which have been illegally used in animal production in some countries, can induce bioaccumulation when blood is converted by rendering into blood meal. Unfortunately, available data on this topic are scarce, which result in lack of risk assessment. Therefore, in this research, a method for simultaneous determination of 22 β-agonists in blood meal by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using isotope dilution was developed. The recoveries of the developed method ranged from 68.6% to 118.8% with RSD at below 20%. the limit of detection (LOD) is blew 1 μg/kg. The change in agonist form added and incurred blood into blood meal and long stability of β-agonist in blood meal were studied. Then, we analyzed blood meal for 22 agonists using this method. The results suggest blood meal is a possible pathway for agonist reentry into animals. Potential risks of agonist residues in blood meal were examined. This study is the first to explore source of β-agonist residues in blood meal, change in processing produce and stability in stored stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Decheng
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wang Peilong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wang Ruiguo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Xiaoou
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Gressler V, Feddern V, Peixoto JDO, Ledur MC, Costa OAD, Lima GJMMD. Application of Enzyme Digestion and Deconjugation Followed by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methodology To Determine Ractopamine Residue in Pork. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1258-1263. [PMID: 29979614 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology is proposed for ractopamine residue analysis in pork. It consists of enzyme-mediated digestion and deconjugation steps; modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction; and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In brief, the samples were digested with protease and then deconjugated with β-glucuronidase enzyme; they were then subjected to extraction and cleanup by QuEChERS and underwent sequential analysis by LC-MS/MS. The method performance was evaluated in accordance to the validation guidelines regulated by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply. The limit of detection was 0.15 μg/kg and limit of quantification was 0.5 μg/kg. When the method was applied to real samples, ractopamine residue was found in concentrations (up to 7.86 μg/kg) below international recommendation limits up to 10 μg/kg. The method is sensitive, accurate, quick, simple, and suitable for routine analysis; therefore, it is a monitoring tool that may be adopted by laboratories to achieve compliance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gressler
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2415 [V.F.])
| | - Vivian Feddern
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2415 [V.F.])
| | - Jane de Oliveira Peixoto
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2415 [V.F.])
| | - Monica Correa Ledur
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2415 [V.F.])
| | - Osmar Antonio Dalla Costa
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina 89715-899, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2415 [V.F.])
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7
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Feddern V, Aroeira CN, Molognoni L, Gressler V, Daguer H, Dalla Costa OA, Castillo CJC, de Lima GJMM. Ractopamine analysis in pig kidney, liver and lungs: A validation of the method scope extension using QuEChERS as a sample preparation step. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1091:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Bozzolino C, Leporati M, Gani F, Ferrero C, Vincenti M. Development and validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for β 2-agonists quantification in human urine and application to clinical samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:15-24. [PMID: 29202304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast analytical method for the simultaneous detection of 24 β2-agonists in human urine was developed and validated. The method covers the therapeutic drugs most commonly administered, but also potentially abused β2-agonists. The procedure is based on enzymatic deconjugation with β-glucuronidase followed by SPE clean up using mixed-phase cartridges with both ion-exchange and lipophilic properties. Instrumental analysis conducted by UHPLC-MS/MS allowed high peak resolution and rapid chromatographic separation, with reduced time and costs. The method was fully validated according ISO 17025:2005 principles. The following parameters were determined for each analyte: specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and carry-over. The method was tested on real samples obtained from patients subjected to clinical treatment under chronic or acute therapy with either formoterol, indacaterol, salbutamol, or salmeterol. The drugs were administered using pressurized metered dose inhalers. All β2-agonists administered to the patients were detected in the real samples. The method proved adequate to accurately measure the concentration of these analytes in the real samples. The observed analytical data are discussed with reference to the administered dose and the duration of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bozzolino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
| | - Federica Gani
- Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio 2, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrero
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Malattie dell'apparato respiratorio, Università degli Studi di Torino, via G. Verdi 8, 10124, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy; Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
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9
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Chu L, Zheng S, Qu B, Geng S, Kang X. Detection of β-agonists in pork tissue with novel electrospun nanofibers-based solid-phase extraction followed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 227:315-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Feng F, Zheng J, Qin P, Han T, Zhao D. A novel quartz crystal microbalance sensor array based on molecular imprinted polymers for simultaneous detection of clenbuterol and its metabolites. Talanta 2017; 167:94-102. [PMID: 28340793 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For the rapid and robust detection of both parent clenbuterol (CLB) and its metabolites in swine urine samples, a novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor array for CLB detection based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was developed in this investigation. At first, clenbuterol and the structural analogs of its metabolites, 4-Aminohippuric acid (AHA) and 4-hydroxymandelic acid (HMA), were chosen as molecular templates. Through computational molecular modeling, the optimum ratio between the functional monomer and molecular template was selected. The surface imprinting method was applied to modify QCM electrode surface to graft a thin MIP film. The grafting polymer was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. After then, an array system composed of three sensors was employed to test the responses with different solutions and the principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to analyze the corresponding data. As a result, for the designed sensor to clenbuterol, a linear equation y=100.07x-722.96 (R2=0.9928) was found between the sensor frequency shift ΔF and negative logarithm of clenbuterol concentration (-lgC). The limitation of detection (LOD) was 3.0ng/mL, which is lower than the Codex Alimentarius Commission regulations residue limit 10μg/L. The corresponding data of the three template solutions were analyzed by PCA, obtaining 100% recognition. The result demonstrated the feasibility that the developed method could be applied to detect whether the livestock was feed with CLB nutrient redistribution agent by checking the urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianwu Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Dayun Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Simultaneous determination of anabolic steroids and β-agonists in milk by QuEChERS and ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Liu H, Gan N, Chen Y, Ding Q, Huang J, Lin S, Cao Y, Li T. Novel method for the rapid and specific extraction of multiple β
2
‐agonist residues in food by tailor‐made Monolith‐MIPs extraction disks and detection by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3578-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Ning Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Yinji Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and SafetyNanjing University of Finance and Economics Nanjing China
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Jie Huang
- Faculty of Marine ScienceNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Saichai Lin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Tianhua Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
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13
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Wang P, Liu X, Su X, Zhu R. Sensitive detection of β-agonists in pork tissue with novel molecularly imprinted polymer extraction followed liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry detection. Food Chem 2015; 184:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Noosang S, Bunkoed O, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. New sulfonate composite functionalized with multiwalled carbon nanotubes with cryogel solid-phase extraction sorbent for the determination of β-agonists in animal feeds. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1951-8. [PMID: 25808354 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new mixed-mode cation-exchange sulfonate composite functionalized with multiwalled carbon nanotubes with polyvinyl alcohol cryogel was fabricated and used for the first time as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the determination of β-agonists in animal feeds. Feed samples were extracted with 0.20 M phosphoric acid and methanol (1:4, v/v) using ultrasonication, cleaned-up using the developed sorbent to which the β-agonists bound then finally eluted with 5.0% ammonia in methanol and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Various parameters that affected the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed sorbent strongly interacted with β-agonists by cationic exchange and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, that provided a high extraction efficiency in the range of 92.8 ± 3.7-104.4 ± 2.3% over a range of 0.04-2.0 mg/kg for salbutamol and ractopamine, and 0.40-8.0 mg/kg for clenbuterol. The relative standard deviations were less than 6.0%. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of β-agonists in various types of animal feed and effectively reduced any matrix interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supattri Noosang
- Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Opas Bunkoed
- Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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15
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Nguyen TAH, Pham TNM, Doan TT, Ta TT, Sáiz J, Nguyen TQH, Hauser PC, Mai TD. Simple semi-automated portable capillary electrophoresis instrument with contactless conductivity detection for the determination of β-agonists in pharmaceutical and pig-feed samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Leporati M, Bergoglio M, Capra P, Bozzetta E, Abete MC, Vincenti M. Development, validation and application to real samples of a multiresidue LC-MS/MS method for determination of β2 -agonists and anabolic steroids in bovine hair. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:936-946. [PMID: 25230191 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β(2) -agonists are often abused in cattle breeding because of their effects on animal growth and meat properties. The use of β(2) -agonists as growth promoters is forbidden in the European Union (Council Directive 96/23/EC classifies them into group A of Annex I), due to their toxicity and carcinogenic properties, as for anabolic steroids, which are often administered in combination with β(2) -agonists, to promote the storage of proteins and increase muscle size. A unique confirmatory liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative detection of 13 β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids plus the qualitative identification of other three analytes in bovine hair was developed and validated, according to Decision 2002/657/CE. Hair samples were washed with dichloromethane, digested within a NaOH solution and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The absence of matrix interferents, together with good repeatability of both retention times and relative abundances of diagnostic transitions, allowed the correct identification of all analytes. The quantitative calibrations obtained from spiked blank hair samples proved linear in the range tested. CCα and CCβ ranged from 0.5 ng/g to 30 ng/g. Intralaboratory reproducibility (CV%) ranged between 5.0 and 17.7 and trueness between 96% ± 7% and 105% ± 8%. The applicability of the method to real positive samples was demonstrated for both β(2) -agonists and anabolic steroids. 17α-boldenone was found in most (70%) hair samples obtained from untreated animals, supporting the hypothesis of endogenous production of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia 'Alessandro Bertinaria', regione Gonzole 10/1, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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17
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Tao Y, Zhu F, Chen D, Xie S, Yuanhu P, Wang X, Liu Z, Peng D, Yuan Z. Evaluation of matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction for 11 β-agonists in swine feed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2574-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Fangwei Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Pan Yuanhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
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18
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Application of high-performance liquid chromatography–UV detection to quantification of clenbuterol in bovine liver samples. J Food Drug Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Fiacco I, Pompei C, Calabrese F, Botrè F. A simplified procedure for the analysis of formoterol in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the characterization of the metabolic profile and stability of formoterol in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Wang CC, Lu CC, Chen YL, Cheng HL, Wu SM. Chemometric optimization of cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for quantification of ractopamine in porcine meat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5914-5920. [PMID: 23718839 DOI: 10.1021/jf401064x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An online stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweep-MEKC), is developed and optimized for analysis of ractopamine (RP) and its homologue dehydroxyractopamine (DRP) in porcine meat. Chemometric experimental design was used to achieve the best possible optimization and reduce the number of trials and errors. The CSEI-sweep-MEKC method enables nanogram per gram level analysis, with limits of detection (LODs) in meat of 5 ng/g for RP and 3 ng/g for DRP (S/N = 3). A higher conductivity buffer (HCB) zone was injected into the capillary, allowing for the analytes to be electrokinetically injected at a voltage of 9 kV for 12 min. Using 125 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15% methanol in the sweeping buffer, RP and DRP were well-separated. The method was validated with a linear calibration curve of 10-300 ng/g (r > 0.994). In comparison to the normal capillary zone electrophoresis method (1 psi for 10 s), this stacking strategy resulted in 900 times sensitivity enhancement. This technique was further applied for analyzing seven kinds of commercial meats, and the residual RP was detected in one (5.76 ng/g of RP). The data were corresponding to the data analyzed by the commercial testing kit and mass spectrometry spectra. This method was successfully used on real samples and is considered feasible for serving as a tool for routine examination in markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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21
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Wang P, Li Y, Wang R, Zhang W, Cheng J, Wang J, Su X, Ye Z. Determination of β2-Agonists in Porcine Urine by Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction Followed Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.738347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Rezazadeh M, Yamini Y, Seidi S. Electrically assisted liquid-phase microextraction for determination of β2-receptor agonist drugs in wastewater. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:571-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Di Corcia D, Morra V, Pazzi M, Vincenti M. Simultaneous determination of beta2-agonists in human urine by fast-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: method validation and clinical application. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 24:358-66. [PMID: 19642085 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A fast screening protocol was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 15 beta(2)-agonists in human urine (bambuterol, cimbuterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, isoproterenol, mapenterol, metaproterenol, procaterol, ractopamine, ritodrine, salbutamol, salmeterol, terbutaline, tulobuterol). The overall sample processing includes deconjugation with enzyme hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, followed by derivatization of the extract and detection of beta(2)-agonists trimethylsilyl-derivatives by fast-gas chromatography/electron impact-mass spectrometry (fast-GC/EI-MS). Sample extraction and derivatization were optimized with the purpose of improving recoveries and reaction yields for a variety of analytes with different structures simultaneously, while keeping the procedure simple and reliable. Validation parameters were determined for each analyte under investigation, including selectivity, linearity, intra- and inter-assay precision, extraction recoveries and signal to noise ratio (S/N) at the lowest calibration level. Fast-GC/MS sequences, based on the use of short columns, high carrier-gas velocity and fast temperature ramping, allow considerable reduction of the analysis time (7 min), while maintaining adequate chromatographic resolution. The overall GC cycle time was less than 9 min, allowing a processing rate of 6 samples/h. High MS-sampling rate, using a benchtop quadrupole mass analyzer, resulted in accurate peak shape definition under both scan and selected ion monitoring modes, and high sensitivity in the latter mode. The method was successfully tested on real samples arising from clinical treatments. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Corcia
- Centro Regionale di Tossicologia della Regione Piemonte, Consorzio Antidoping A. Bertinaria, Regione Gonzole 10/1, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Simultaneous Determination of Cimaterol, Salbutamol, Terbutaline and Ractopamine in Feed by SPE Coupled to UPLC. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Determination of clenbuterol in porcine tissues using solid-phase extraction combined with ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC–UV detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:90-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Ramos F, Baeta ML, Reis J, Silveira MIN. Evaluation of the illegal use of clenbuterol in Portuguese cattle farms from drinking water, urine, hair and feed samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:814-20. [PMID: 19680955 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902729908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of clenbuterol contamination in Portuguese food led to the specific inspection of 16 cattle farms for beta-agonists, involving the analysis of a total of 486 samples (78 feed, 106 drinking water, 168 urine and 134 hair). The samples were screened for the beta-agonists: bromobuterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, clenpenterol, clenproperol, hydroxymethylclenbuterol, mapenterol, salbutamol and terbutaline. Only clenbuterol was found in all analyzed matrices and the most likely method of illegal administration to animals was through drinking water. Of all samples analysed, 14.15% of drinking water were found positive in the range 0.03-3.80 mg l(-1) clenbuterol. Inclusion of hair samples in the Portuguese plan for clenbuterol residue control in live animals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ramos
- Grupo de Bromatologia, Centro de Estudos Farmaceuticos, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Kinsella B, O’Mahony J, Malone E, Moloney M, Cantwell H, Furey A, Danaher M. Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7977-8015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ali HRH, Edwards HGM, Kendrick J, Scowen IJ. Vibrational spectroscopic study of terbutaline hemisulphate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:715-719. [PMID: 19124270 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Raman spectrum of terbutaline hemisulphate is reported for the first time, and molecular assignments are proposed on the basis of ab initio BLYP DFT calculations with a 6-31G* basis set and vibrational frequencies predicted within the quasi-harmonic approximation; these predictions compare favourably with the observed vibrational spectra. Comparison with previously published infrared data explains several spectral features. The results from this study provide data that can be used for the preparative process monitoring of terbutaline hemisulphate, an important beta(2) agonist drug in various dosage forms and its interaction with excipients and other components.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R H Ali
- Chemical & Forensic Sciences/University Analytical Centre, University of Bradford, UK
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:449-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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De Brabander HF, Le Bizec B, Pinel G, Antignac JP, Verheyden K, Mortier V, Courtheyn D, Noppe H. Past, present and future of mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of banned substances in meat-producing animals. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:983-98. [PMID: 17657726 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A residue is a trace (microg kg(-1), ng kg(-1)) of a substance, present in a matrix. Banned substances, such as growth promoters, which are abused in animal fattening and where this article is focused on, may be divided into four major groups: thyreostats, anabolics or anabolic steroids, corticosteroids and beta-agonists or repartitioning agents. The combination of chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry (GC-MS(n), LC-MS(n), etc.) plays a key role in the production of specific results in residue analysis. In this review, the past, present and future of mass spectrometry in this area are discussed in the light of the impact of these substances on human health and the reliable production of analytical results, ready for challenge in a court.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F De Brabander
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Lab Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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31
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Barker SA. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Ramos F, González P, Oliveira A, Almeida A, Fente C, Franco C, Cepeda A, da Silveira MIN. OPTIMIZATION OF DIPHASIC DIALYSIS PROCEDURE FOR CLENBUTEROL RESIDUES EXTRACTION IN BOVINE RETINA AND HAIR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ramos
- a Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra , Laboratório de Bromatologia, Nutrição e Hidrologia, Coimbra , 3000-295 , Portugal
| | - Pilar González
- b Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , E27002 , Spain
| | - Anabela Oliveira
- a Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra , Laboratório de Bromatologia, Nutrição e Hidrologia, Coimbra , 3000-295 , Portugal
| | - Alexandra Almeida
- a Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra , Laboratório de Bromatologia, Nutrição e Hidrologia, Coimbra , 3000-295 , Portugal
| | - Cristina Fente
- b Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , E27002 , Spain
| | - Carlos Franco
- b Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , E27002 , Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- b Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , E27002 , Spain
| | - Maria Irene Noronha da Silveira
- a Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra , Laboratório de Bromatologia, Nutrição e Hidrologia, Coimbra , 3000-295 , Portugal
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Zhang X, Martens D, Krämer PM, Kettrup AA, Liang X. On-line immunoaffinity column-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for trace analysis of diuron in wastewater treatment plant effluent sample. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:112-8. [PMID: 16934272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An on-line immunoaffinity column with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (IAC-LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of diuron in water matrices was described. This method used a sol-gel immunoaffinity column (20 mm x 4 mm I.D.) for on-line sample cleanup and enrichment, a monolithic analytical column (100 mm x 4.6 mm I.D.) for separation, and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for quantitation. The major challenges for the on-line set-up were discussed. The optimized on-line protocol was emphasized by the fact that low limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.0 ng/L was achieved with only 2.5-mL sample. In addition, a satisfactory accuracy ( approximately 90% of recovery) and precision (<6% of relative standard deviation) at 50 ng/L concentration were also obtained. Due to the ability of the sol-gel immunoaffinity column to eliminate matrix effect, the on-line IAC-LC-MS/MS analysis method can reliably determine diuron in wastewater treatment plant effluent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Iriarte G, Ferreirós N, Ibarrondo I, Alonso RM, Maguregi MI, Gonzalez L, Jiménez RM. Optimizationvia experimental design of an SPE-HPLC-UV-fluorescence method for the determination of valsartan and its metabolite in human plasma samples. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2265-83. [PMID: 17120810 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric approach was applied for the optimization of the extraction and separation of the antihypertensive drug valsartan and its metabolite valeryl-4-hydroxy-valsartan from human plasma samples. Due to the high number of experimental and response variables to be studied, fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) were used to optimize the HPLC-UV-fluorescence method. First, the significant variables were chosen with the help of FFD; then, a CCD was run to obtain the optimal values for the significant variables. The measured responses were the corrected areas of the two analytes and the resolution between the chromatographic peaks. Separation of valsartan, its metabolite valeryl-4-hydroxy-valsartan and candesartan M1, used as internal standard, was made using an Atlantis dC18 100 mm x 3.9 mm id, 100 angstroms, 3 microm chromatographic column. The mobile phase was run in gradient elution mode and consisted of ACN with 0.025% TFA and a 5 mM phosphate buffer with 0.025% TFA at pH 2.5. The initial percentage of ACN was 32% with a stepness of 4.5%/min to reach the 50%. A flow rate of 1.30 mL/min was applied throughout the chromatographic run, and the column temperature was kept to 40+/-0.2 degrees C. In the SPE procedure, experimental design was also used in order at achieve a maximum recovery percentage and extracts free from plasma interferences. The extraction procedure for spiked human plasma samples was carried out using C8 cartridges, phosphate buffer (pH 2, 60 mM) as conditioning agent, a washing step with methanol-phosphate buffer (40:60 v/v), a drying step of 8 min, and diethyl ether as eluent. The SPE-HPLC-UV-fluorescence method developed allowed the separation and quantitation of valsartan and its metabolite from human plasma samples with an adequate resolution and a total analysis time of 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Iriarte
- Kimika Analitikoaren Saila, Zientzia eta Teknologia Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/UPV, Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
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Yamini Y, Reimann CT, Vatanara A, Jönsson JA. Extraction and preconcentration of salbutamol and terbutaline from aqueous samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane containing anionic carrier. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:57-67. [PMID: 16716341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new three-phase liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) strategy for extraction and preconcentration of salbutamol (SB) and terbutaline (TB) from aqueous samples, including urine. The drugs were extracted from 11 ml of aqueous sample (source phase; SP) into an organic phase with microliter volume located inside the pores of a polypropylene hollow fiber, and then back-extracted into 24 microl of a second aqueous solution as the receiving phase (RP), located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. In preliminary experiments, we tried to transport the drugs using a pH gradient between the two sides of the hollow fiber. Due to the existence of both amine and phenolic groups on the drugs, very little transport occurred and enrichment factors (EF) less than one were obtained. Further experiments were done in the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) monohydrogenphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) or methyltrioctylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) in the organic phase, to extract drugs from acidic and basic matrices, respectively. Results showed that transport of drugs from alkaline solution into 1M of sodium bromide occurred when the membrane was impregnated with dihexyl ether containing 20% Aliquat 336. To optimize the EF, the effects of different parameters such as the nature of organic solvent used to impregnate the membrane, compositions and volumes of SP and RP, type and concentration of carrier, extraction time and stirring rate were investigated. Optimal results were obtained in the presence of 0.005 M of NaOH (pH 11.70) in the SP, 1M of NaBr in the RP, 20% of Aliquat 336 in dihexyl ether as membrane impregnation solvent, stirring rate of 500 rpm and extraction time of 60 min. Under these conditions, enrichment factors of 52.9 and 213.1, dynamic linear ranges of 20-5000 and 10-5000, and limits of detection of 2.5 and 0.5 ng/ml were obtained for salbutamol and terbutaline, respectively. Also determination of drugs in environmental water and urine samples in the range of nanograms per millilitre with RSDs<10% was possible using HPLC-photodiode array detection or HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 11415-175, Tehran, Iran
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Josefsson M, Sabanovic A. Sample preparation on polymeric solid phase extraction sorbents for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human whole blood—A study on a number of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:1-12. [PMID: 16600255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies for sample preparation of human blood samples were evaluated including protein precipitation (PP) and solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis polymeric columns. Gradient chromatography within 15 min was performed on a Hypersil Polar-RP column combined with a Sciex API 2000 triple quadrupol instrument equipped with an electro-spray interface. Beta-agonists and beta-antagonists available on the Swedish market were included in the study. A combination of zinc sulphate and ethanol was found effective for PP. A clear supernatant was achieved that either could be injected directly on the LC-MS-MS system for analysis or transferred to a SPE column for further extraction and analyte concentration. Retention on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbent HLB as well as the mixed mode cationic MCX and anionic MAX sorbents were investigated. On HBL the relative lipophilicity of the target analytes was investigated. At a high pH when the amino alcohols are deprotonised the more non-polar analytes (e.g., carvediol, betaxolol, bisoprolol and propranolol) were well retained on the sorbent and for the majority methanol content higher than 50% in water (v/v) was needed for elution. Some analytes though, with additional weak acidic functionalities (fenoterol, salbutamol, sotalol, and terbutaline) were poorly retained. On MAX the retention of these weak acids was improved when loaded under basic conditions but under neutral conditions analyte recoveries was comparable with HLB. On MCX all the analytes were well retained allowing a wash step of 100% methanol at neutral and low pH. By applying the supernatant from PP in combination with an additional portion of aqueous formic acid (2%) the analytes could be loaded and retained. High extraction recoveries were found for most analytes but for a few, significant losses were seen during PP (e.g., formoterol) and/or evaporation (e.g., fenoterol, formoterol, labetalol and terbutaline). The effectiveness of the sample preparation was evaluated by ESI ion-suppression studies by post column infusion of the target analyte. An ethanol zinc sulphate aq mixture was found to be more effective than acetonitrile, methanol or ethanol for PP of human whole blood samples. Beside suppression by salts in the front peak, only limited suppression from other artefacts such as more lipophilic compounds was found late in the chromatograms. Some tendency though to concentrate more lipophilic artefacts on the Oasis sorbents was seen. These findings show that the Oasis MCX sorbent is well suited for sample preparation of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists from human whole blood if the objective is to cover a great number of the analytes in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Josefsson
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, S-581 33 Linköping, Sweden.
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Stolker AAM, Brinkman UAT. Analytical strategies for residue analysis of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents in food-producing animals—a review. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1067:15-53. [PMID: 15844509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
After a brief introduction into the field of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents, the most important EU regulations and directives for the inspection of food-producing animals and animal products regarding the residue control of these substances are presented and discussed. Main attention in the review is on the methods of analysis in use today for the most important classes of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents viz. anthelmintics, antibiotics, coccidiostats, hormones, beta-agonists and tranquillizers. Emphasis is given to the potential, and limitations, of state-of-the-art analytical procedures and their performance characteristics. The most obvious conclusion is that, today (reversed-phase) liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometric detection--either triple-quadrupole or ion-trap multi-stage--is the preferred technique in a large majority of all cases. In the field of sample treatment, the combined use of liquid extraction--i.e., liquid partitioning or liquid-liquid extraction--and liquid-solid extraction--primary on- or off-line solid-phase extraction--is most popular. Finally, while the analytical tools required to meet the demands typically formulated by governments and international organizations today, generally speaking are available, several problems still do exist. To quote three examples, problems are encountered in the area of simultaneously extracting and pre-treating groups of analytes with mutually widely different polarities, with regard to identification-point--based confirmation of analyte identity, and regarding quantification errors caused by ion-suppression effects. Improving the speed of analysis is another aspect that should, and will, receive dedicated interest in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A M Stolker
- Department Analytical Sciences, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Van Hoof N, Courtheyn D, Antignac JP, Van de Wiele M, Poelmans S, Noppe H, De Brabander H. Multi-residue liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analysis of beta-agonists in urine using molecular imprinted polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2801-8. [PMID: 16145647 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion suppression, a matrix effect that affects quantitative mass spectrometry, is one of the main problems encountered in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Two different clean-up steps for the multi-residue analysis of beta-agonists in urine were evaluated with respect to minimisation of ion suppression, namely, a mixed-phase solid phase extraction (SPE) column, i.e., clean screen Dau (CSD), and a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) SPE column. Ion suppression experiments revealed that CSD sample clean-up can lead to false negative results for some beta-agonists, and that clean-up using MIP columns is more selective for beta-agonists than the use of CSD columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Van Hoof
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Three-way models and detection capability of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of clenbuterol in several biological matrices: the 2002/657/EC European Decision. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
A sensitive method for the quantification of free salbutamol in human urine is described. Sample clean up is performed using SPE on a mixed phase extraction column. Derivatisation is performed with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and the extract is analysed by GC-MS. The method was found to be suitable for use in the doping field, where a cut-off limit of 1 microg salbutamol/mL urine is set by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Above that value a doping violation occurs. In addition, the stability of salbutamol in human urine has been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, A-2224 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Abstract
Immuno-based sample preparation techniques are based upon molecular recognition. Thanks to the high affinity and high selectivity of the antigen-antibody interaction, they have been shown to be a unique tool in the sampling area. Immuno-based sample preparation methods include the widely encountered immunoaffinity extraction sorbents, so-called immunosorbents, as well as membrane-baed or ultrafiltration techniques. This review describes the new developments and applications that have occurred in recent years with emphasis on (i) the antigen-antibody interactions, (ii) and their importance for the properties and use of immunosorbents, (iii) multiresidue extractions, (iv) the on-line coupling to chromatographic or electrophoretic separations, and (v) the high potential for improving MS detection. The recent use of artificial antibodies for sample pretreatment, so-called molecularly imprinted polymers, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique (UMR CNRS 7121) Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris 05, France.
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Huclová J, Satínský D, Sklenárová H, Karlícek R. Determination of salbutamol using on-line solid-phase extraction and sequential injection analysis. Comparison of chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 376:448-54. [PMID: 12819847 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2002] [Revised: 12/05/2002] [Accepted: 12/07/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of salbutamol using sequential injection analysis (SIA) with chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection has been devised. The chemiluminescence signal was emitted during the oxidation of salbutamol by potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid medium. Sodium polyphosphate was used as chemiluminescence enhancer. The fluorescence signal (excitation wavelength 230 nm) was also measured in sulfuric acid medium. Both detection techniques were compared with respect to the application of the methods to the determination of salbutamol in biological materials. The sample pre-treatment takes place directly in the SIA system, when salbutamol is adsorbed on the solid-phase (Baker-carboxylic acid) microcolumn integrated into the system. Sulfuric acid serves both as the reagent and the eluent. The lab-made SIA system consisted of a 2.5-mL Cavro syringe pump, ten-port Vici Valco selection valve and Spectra-Physics FS 970 fluorescence detector, which was lab-modified for chemiluminescence detection. The system was controlled by a PC using originally compiled LabVIEW-supported software. Concentrations, volumes of reagents and flow rates were optimised by a simplex method. Salbutamol was determined in the linear range 0.05-10 microg mL(-1) (RSD 1.53%), with the detection limit (3 sigma) 0.03 microg mL(-1) and sample throughput of 42 samples per hour with chemiluminescence detection in standard solutions. The fluorescence detection enabled the determination of salbutamol in standard solutions in the linear range 0.5-100 microg mL(-1) (RSD 2.69%), with the detection limit 0.2 microg mL(-1) and sample throughput of 24 h(-1). The proposed methods were applied to the determination of salbutamol in human serum and urine. However, serum is a very complicated matrix and the SIA-SPE analysis did not provide satisfactory results. It was possible to determine salbutamol in human urine using this technique. Better recovery was achieved with fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Huclová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
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Posyniak A, Zmudzki J, Niedzielska J. Screening procedures for clenbuterol residue determination in bovine urine and liver matrices using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Buldini PL, Ricci L, Sharma JL. Recent applications of sample preparation techniques in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 975:47-70. [PMID: 12458748 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Even with the emergence of advanced techniques of separation and identification, it is rarely possible to analyse food without manipulation. The traditional techniques for sample preparation are time consuming and require large amount of reagents, which are expensive, generate considerable waste, contaminate the sample and can enrich it for analytes. The more analytical techniques have become highly developed, the more has sample clean-up become important in order to fully take advantage of them. Due to the multiplicity of food matrices, it is not possible to use one sample preparation technique, so many methods have been proposed for meeting all the requirements. The newest variations of wet digestion, solvent and sorbent extraction and membrane separation are summarised and their most recent applications to food analysis are provided.
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