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Pang K, Hu J. Simultaneous Analysis and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Fomesafen, Clomazone, Clethodim and Its Two Metabolites in Soybean Ecosystem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1951. [PMID: 32191999 PMCID: PMC7143629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A commercial formulation, 37% dispersible oil suspension (DOS) (fomesafen, clomazone, and clethodim), is being registered in China to control annual or perennial weeds in soybean fields. In this paper, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation was developed for the simultaneous determination of fomesafen, clomazone, clethodim, and its two metabolites (CSO and CSO2) in soybean, green soybean, and soybean straw samples. The mean recoveries of our developed method for the five analytes in three matrices were ranged from 71% to 116% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12.6%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.01 mg/kg in soybean, 0.01 mg/kg in green soybean, and 0.02 mg/kg in soybean straw while the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.018 to 0.125 μg/kg for these five analytes. The highest final residual amount of CSO2 in green soybean samples (0.015 mg/kg) appeared in Anhui, and the highest in soybean straw samples was 0.029 mg/kg in Guangxi, whilst the terminal residues of fomesafen, clomazone, clethodim and CSO were lower than LOQs (0.01 mg/kg) in all samples. Furthermore, these terminal residues were all lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China (0.1 mg/kg for fomesafen and clethodim, 0.05 mg/kg for clomazone) at harvest. Additional chronic dietary risk was evaluated using a risk quotients (RQs) method based on Chinese dietary habits. The chronic dietary exposure risk quotients were 4.3 for fomesafen, 0.12 for clomazone, and 19.3 for clethodim, respectively, which were significantly lower than 100. These results demonstrated that the dietary exposure risk of fomesafen, clomazone, and clethodim used in soybean according to good agricultural practices (GAP) was acceptable and would not pose an unacceptable health risk to Chinese consumers. These results not only offer insight with respect to the analytes, but also contribute to environmental protection and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
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2
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Hong SH, Lee JB, Lee SH, Cho YH, Shin HS. Simultaneous Determination of Ultra-Trace Pesticides and Synthetic Materials in Surface Water by LC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2015. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2015.59.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Luque N, Rubio S. Extraction and stability of pesticide multiresidues from natural water on a mixed-mode admicellar sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Ribeiro AB, Mateus EP, Rodríguez-Maroto JM. Removal of organic contaminants from soils by an electrokinetic process: The case of molinate and bentazone. Experimental and modeling. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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An SPE Method for the Concurrent Extraction of Organochlorine and Phenoxy Acidic Pesticides in River Water. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Headley JV, Du JL, Peru KM, McMartin DW. Mass spectrometry of the photolysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in Prairie waters. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:593-605. [PMID: 19890978 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review of mass spectrometry of sulfonylurea herbicides includes a focus on studies relevant to Canadian Prairie waters. Emphasis is given to data gaps in the literature for the rates of photolysis of selected sulfonylurea herbicides in different water matrices. Specifically, results are evaluated for positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography separation for the study of the photolysis of chlorsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, and ethametsulfuron-methyl. LC-MS/MS is shown to be the method of choice for the quantification of sulfonylurea herbicides with instrumental detection limits ranging from 1.3 to 7.2 pg (on-column). Tandem mass spectrometry coupled with the use of authentic standards likewise has proven to be well suited for the identification of transformation products. To date, however, the power of time-of-flight MS and ultrahigh resolution MS has not been exploited fully for the identification of unknown photolysis products. Dissipation of the herbicides under natural sunlight fit pseudo-first-order kinetics with half-life values ranging from 4.4 to 99 days. For simulated sunlight, radiation wavelengths shorter than 400 nm are required to induce significant photolytic reactions. The correlation between field dissipation studies and laboratory photolysis experiments suggests that photolysis is a major pathway for the dissipation of some sulfonylurea herbicides in natural Prairie waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Headley
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research Protection Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5.
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7
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Coupling capillary electrochromatography with mass spectrometry by using a liquid-junction nano-spray interface. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4079-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Trufelli H, Cappiello A. Single-Step LC/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of GC-Amenable Organochlorine and LC-Amenable Phenoxy Acidic Pesticides. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7373-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9008995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Famiglini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - P. Palma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - V. Termopoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - H. Trufelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - A. Cappiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Japan Plant Protection Association
- Present address, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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10
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Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Ravelo-Pérez LM, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Simultaneous determination of seven pesticides in waters using multi-walled carbon nanotube SPE and NACE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4412-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Gervais G, Brosillon S, Laplanche A, Helen C. Ultra-pressure liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for multiresidue determination of pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Shariatgorji M, Amini N, Thorsen G, Crescenzi C, Ilag LL. μ-Trap for the SALDI-MS Screening of Organic Compounds Prior to LC/MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5515-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8005186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Thorsen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold L. Ilag
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Moral A, Sicilia MD, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Multifunctional sorbents for the extraction of pesticide multiresidues from natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 608:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Tran ATK, Hyne RV, Doble P. Determination of commonly used polar herbicides in agricultural drainage waters in Australia by HPLC. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:944-53. [PMID: 17184816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the application of different extraction techniques for the preconcentration of ten commonly found acidic and non-acidic polar herbicides (2,4-D, atrazine, bensulfuron-methyl, clomazone, dicamba, diuron, MCPA, metolachlor, simazine and triclopyr) in the aqueous environment. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with dichloromethane, solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB cartridges or SBD-XC Empore disks were compared for extraction efficiency of these herbicides in different matrices, especially water samples from contaminated agricultural drainage water containing high concentrations of particulate matter. Herbicides were separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector. SPE using SDB-XC Empore disks was applied to determine target herbicides in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (NSW, Australia) during a two-week survey from October 2005 to November 2005. The daily aqueous concentrations of herbicides from 24-h composite samples detected at two sites increased after run-off from a storm event and were in the range of: 0.1-17.8 microg l(-1), < 0.1-0.9 microg l(-1) and 0.2-17.8 microg l(-1) at site 1; < 0.1-3.5 microg l(-1), < 0.1-0.2 microg l(-1) and < 0.2-3.2 microg l(-1) at site 2 for simazine, atrazine and diuron, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T K Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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15
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Tran AT, Hyne RV, Pablo F, Day WR, Doble P. Optimisation of the separation of herbicides by linear gradient high performance liquid chromatography utilising artificial neural networks. Talanta 2007; 71:1268-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Alder L, Greulich K, Kempe G, Vieth B. Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: better by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:838-65. [PMID: 16755599 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This overview evaluates the capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for the determination of a multitude of pesticides. The selection of pesticides for this assessment is based on the status of production, the existence of regulations on maximum residue levels in food, and the frequency of residue detection. GC-MS with electron impact (EI) ionization and the combination of LC with tandem mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) are identified as techniques most often applied in multi-residue methods for pesticides at present. Therefore, applicability and sensitivity obtained with GC-EI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS is individually compared for each of the selected pesticides. Only for one substance class only, the organochlorine pesticides, GC-MS achieves better performance. For all other classes of pesticides, the assessment shows a wider scope and better sensitivity if detection is based on LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Alder
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Residue Analysis Unit, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Losito I, Amorisco A, Carbonara T, Lofiego S, Palmisano F. Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonyl-urea herbicides in river water at sub-parts-per-billion level by on-line preconcentration and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:89-96. [PMID: 17723576 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method based on on-line preconcentration followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of three sulfonyl-urea (thifensulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron) and two phenyl-urea (isoproturon and chlortoluron) herbicides in water at sub-ppb concentration ranges. Preconcentration was accomplished using on-line enrichment on a C18 cartridge; the procedure was optimized by an evaluation of the breakthrough volumes for the target analytes. Subsequently, LC-ESI-MS/MS was adopted for analytes separation and detection. In particular, a selective reaction monitoring (SRM) approach, based on the detection of a peculiar fragment for each analyte, was chosen for MS/MS analysis, in order to enhance selectivity. Normalization to the response of a phenyl-urea herbicide (chloroxuron), used as an internal standard, was also adopted to achieve a reproducibility enhancement. The described method was applied to the analysis of the target analytes in river water samples and LOD values ranging between 8 and 30 ppt were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Losito
- Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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18
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Moral A, Sicilia MD, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-coated alumina for the extraction/preconcentration of benzimidazolic fungicides from natural waters prior to their quantification by liquid chromatography/fluorimetry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Anastassiades M, Scherbaum E. Chapter 4 Sample handling and clean-up procedures II—new developments. CHROMATOGRAPHIC-MASS SPECTROMETRIC FOOD ANALYSIS FOR TRACE DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)80024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Chapter 9 LC-MS. II: Applications for pesticide food analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)80029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Tuzimski T. Separation of a mixture of eighteen pesticides by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on a cyanopropyl-bonded polar stationary phase. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, de Alda MJL, Barceló D. Monitoring of estrogens, pesticides and bisphenol A in natural waters and drinking water treatment plants by solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1045:85-92. [PMID: 15378882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A multi-residue analytical method has been developed for the determination of various classes of selected endocrine disruptors. This method allows the simultaneous extraction and quantification of different estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol, estradiol-17-glucuronide, estradiol diacetate, estrone-3-sulfate, ethynyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol), pesticides (atrazine, simazine, desethylatrazine, isoproturon and diuron), and bisphenol A in natural waters. In the method developed, 500 ml of water are preconcentrated on LiChrolut RP-18 cartridges. Further analysis is carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) in the positive ion mode for determination of pesticides and electrospray in the negative ionisation mode for determination of estrogens and bisphenol A. Recoveries for most compounds were between 90 and 119%, except for bisphenol A (81%) and diethylstilbestrol (70%), with relative standard deviations below 20%. Limits of detection ranged between 2 and 15 ng/l. The method was used to study the occurrence of the selected pollutants in surface and groundwater used for abstraction of drinking water in a waterworks and to evaluate the removal efficiency of the different water treatments applied. Water samples from the river, the aquifer, and after each treatment stage (sand filtration, ozonation, activated carbon filtration and post-chlorination) were taken monthly from February to August of 2002. The presence in river water of atrazine, simazine, diuron and bisphenol A were relatively frequent at concentrations usually below 0.1 microg/l. Lower levels, below 0.02 microg/l, were usual for isoproturon. Estrone-3-sulfate and estrone were detected occasionally in the river. Most of the compounds were completely removed during the water treatment, especially after activated carbon filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona Salgado 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Carabias-Martı́nez R, Rodrı́guez-Gonzalo E, Herrero-Hernández E, Hernández-Méndez J. Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonylurea herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with UV diode array or mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, Hernández F. Use of Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis: Elucidation of Transformation Products of Triazine Herbicides in Water after UV Exposure. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1328-35. [PMID: 14987089 DOI: 10.1021/ac035200i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high resolution and exact mass capabilities of hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry can provide an ultimate confirmation in target analysis mode and aid in discovery and elucidation of unknown analytes. In this paper, the latter approach has been applied to study the transformation products of selected pesticides (terbuthylazine, simazine, terbutryn, terbumeton) in environmental waters. Additionally, the usefulness of software modules, originally designed for drug metabolism discovery, has been tested. Different environmental waters spiked at a 0.5 microg/mL level have been irradiated with a mercury lamp for 7 days, sampling 3-mL aliquots every approximately 12 h. After centrifugation, 50 microL was directly injected in an LC-ESI-QTOF system. The high sensitivity in full-scan mode allowed us to elucidate minor metabolites even below 2% of the total peak area. The mass errors observed in almost every case fell below 2 mDa, allowing assignment of a highly probable empirical formula. Besides, the MS/MS capability of this tandem instrument was very useful for differentiation between isomeric transformation products. This work shows that hyphenated LC-QTOF is a powerful approach for the rapid screening and confirmation of unknown pesticide transformation products in environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Sciences Department, University Jaume I, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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Weigel S, Kallenborn R, Hühnerfuss H. Simultaneous solid-phase extraction of acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceuticals from aqueous samples at ambient (neutral) pH and their determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:183-95. [PMID: 14753684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven polymeric solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents were evaluated with regard to their ability to extract acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceuticals and estrogens simultaneously from water at neutral pH. Highest recoveries (70-100%) for the majority of the analytes were obtained with styrene-methacrylate and styrene-N-vinylpyrrolidone co-polymers. The latter one (Oasis HLB) was chosen for further refinement of an extraction method for the quantitative determination of acidic and neutral drugs in surface water samples at detection limits below 1 ng/l. A sequential elution protocol was applied for clean-up and separation of the extracted analytes into fractions suitable for further compound specific processing. The neutral analytes as well as the acidic compounds after derivatisation were quantified by GC-MS. Caffeine, ibuprofen, its metabolites and diclofenac were detected in river water samples in the 1-100 ng/l range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weigel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Escuderos-Morenas ML, Santos-Delgado MJ, Rubio-Barroso S, Polo-Díez LM. Direct determination of monolinuron, linuron and chlorbromuron residues in potato samples by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorus detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1011:143-53. [PMID: 14518771 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection direct method for methoxyurea herbicide determination in powdered potato and fresh potato samples has been developed. A previous study of the thermal stability of the phenylurea herbicides seems to confirm that the ones containing the methoxy radical, i.e. monolinuron, linuron and chlorbromuron, were stable. The herbicides were extracted from the sample through liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane-light petroleum (1:1), followed by solid-phase extraction in a C8 cartridge. The recoveries were in the range 84-95% for powdered potato and 86-101% for fresh potato. The RSD values were less than 10%, at 0.1 microg g(-1) concentration level (n = 4) for both types of samples. Detection limits of the method were 7.0-30 ng g(-1) for powdered potato and 6.0-50 ng g(-1) for fresh potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Escuderos-Morenas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Geerdink RB, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. Trace-level determination of pesticides in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:65-93. [PMID: 12350103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace-level determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed. Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should receive most attention--with a better understanding of matrix effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Geerdink
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Parry R. Accurate mass analysis of ethanesulfonic acid degradates of acetochlor and alachlor using high-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 957:3-9. [PMID: 12102310 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Degradates of acetochlor and alachlor (ethanesulfonic acids, ESAs) were analyzed in both standards and in a groundwater sample using high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The negative pseudomolecular ion of the secondary amide of acetochlor ESA and alachlor ESA gave average masses of 256.0750+/-0.0049 amu and 270.0786+/-0.0064 amu respectively. Acetochlor and alachlor ESA gave similar masses of 314.1098+/-0.0061 amu and 314.1153+/-0.0048 amu; however, they could not be distinguished by accurate mass because they have the same empirical formula. On the other hand, they may be distinguished using positive-ion electrospray because of different fragmentation spectra, which did not occur using negative-ion electrospray.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thurman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
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29
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Blasco C, Picó Y, Mañes J, Font G. Determination of fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 947:227-35. [PMID: 11883656 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography (LC) method for the quantitative determination of five fungicide residues (dichloran, flutriafol, o-phenylphenol, prochloraz and tolclofos methyl) in oranges, lemons, bananas, peppers, chards and onions is described. The residues were extracted by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) using C8. Quantitative analysis was performed by isocratic LC coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometer using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in the negative ionization mode. The limit of quantification was 0.01 mg kgmicro for flutriafol, o-phenylphenol and dichloran, and 0.1 mg kg(-1) for prochloraz and tolclofos methyl. The MSPD method is also suitable for LC-UV analysis but higher limits of quantification (between 1 and 5 mg kg(-1)) were obtained. Validation of the method was performed between 0.01 and 25 mg kg(-1). Recoveries for fungicides ranged from 52.5 to 91.1% with relative standard deviations between 6.1 and 11.9%. The method was applied to the determination of residues in samples taken from agricultural cooperatives. The fungicides most often detected were o-phenylphenol and prochloraz.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blasco
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Hogendoom EA, Huls R, Dijkman E, Hoogerbrugge R. Microwave assisted solvent extraction and coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection use of an analytical restricted-access-medium column for the efficient multi-residue analysis of acidic pesticides in soils. J Chromatogr A 2001; 938:23-33. [PMID: 11771842 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A screening method has been developed for the determination of acidic pesticides in various types of soils. Methodology is based on the use of microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) for fast and efficient extraction of the analytes from the soils and coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC-LC) with UV detection at 228 nm for the instrumental analysis of uncleaned extracts. Four types of soils, including sand, clay and peat, with a range in organic matter content of 0.3-13% and ten acidic pesticides of different chemical families (bentazone, bromoxynil, metsulfuron-methyl, 2,4-D, MCPA, MCPP, 2,4-DP, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-DB and MCPB) were selected as matrices and analytes, respectively. The method developed included the selection of suitable MASE and LC-LC conditions. The latter consisted of the selection of a 5-microm GFF-II internal surface reversed-phase (ISRP, Pinkerton) analytical column (50 x 4.6 mm, I.D.) as the first column in the RAM-C18 configuration in combination with an optimised linear gradient elution including on-line cleanup of sample extracts and reconditioning of the columns. The method was validated with the analysis of freshly spiked samples and samples with aged residues (120 days). The four types of soils were spiked with the ten acidic pesticides at levels between 20 and 200 microg/kg. Weighted regression of the recovery data showed for most analyte-matrix combinations, including freshly spiked samples and aged residues, that the method provides overall recoveries between 60 and 90% with relative standard deviations of the intra-laboratory reproducibility's between 5 and 25%; LODs were obtained between 5 and 50 microg/kg. Evaluation of the data set with principal component analysis revealed that the parameters (i) increase of organic matter content of the soil samples and (ii) aged residues negatively effect the recovery of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hogendoom
- Laboratory of Organic-Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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31
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Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Barceló D. Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5441-9. [PMID: 11816571 DOI: 10.1021/ac010506f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of over 75 pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) clearly shows that different classes of pesticides are more sensitive using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). For example, neutral and basic pesticides (phenylureas, triazines) are more sensitive using APCI (especially positive ion). While cationic and anionic herbicides (bipyridylium ions, sulfonic acids) are more sensitive using ESI (especially negative ion). These data are expressed graphically in a figure called an ionization-continuum diagram, which shows that protonation in the gas phase (proton affinity) and polarity in solution, expressed as proton addition or subtraction (pKa), is useful in selecting APCI or ESI. Furthermore, sodium adduct formation commonly occurs using positive ion ESI but not using positive ion APCI, which reflects the different mechanisms of ionization and strengthens the usefulness of the ionization-continuum diagram. The data also show that the concept of "wrong-way around" ESI (the sensitivity of acidic pesticides in an acidic mobile phase) is a useful modification of simple PKa theory for mobile-phase selection. Finally, this finding is used to enhance the chromatographic separation of oxanilic and sulfonic acid herbicides while maintaining good sensitivity in LC/MS using ESI negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thurman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, USA.
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32
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Abstract
A new analytical procedure using a two-step sample preconcentration (solid-phase extraction (SPE) and field-amplified sample stacking) prior to separation by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was developed for the determination of 14 pesticides such as aldicarb, carbofuran, isoproturon, chlorotoluron, metolachlor, mecoprop, dichlorprop, MCPA, 2,4-D, methoxychlor, TDE, DDT, dieldrin, and DDE in drinking water. Good recoveries of pesticides were obtained using SPE with sample pH adjusted to 2-3. Field-amplified sample stacking was found to give enrichment factors up to 30-fold preconcentration of various pesticides under reversed polarity at -2 kV for 50 s. The optimized background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 10 mM borate buffer, 15 mM beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), and 22% acetonitrile at pH 9.6, running was under 25 kV and detection at 202 nm. Good linearity was obtained for all pesticides with detection limits down to 0.04-0.46 ng/mL and a working range of 0.1-40 ng/mL. The repeatabilities of migration time and peak area were satisfactory with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.66 and 13.6% and 4.1 and 28%, respectively. All pesticides except dieldrin were found to be detected at concentrations at least tenfold lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. The analytical procedure developed offers an economic method for fast screening of multiple pesticide residues in drinking water for health protection. It had been applied to determine carbofuran and MCPA in agricultural run-off water samples, giving satisfactory repeatabilities of 10 and 12%, respectively, with n=5 for the determination of pesticides in contaminated water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Fung
- Centre of Applied Spectroscopy and Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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34
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Hogenboom AC, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. The role of column liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental trace-level analysis. Determination and identification of pesticides in water. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010501)24:5<331::aid-jssc331>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1148-1155. [PMID: 11006610 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200009)35:9<1148::aid-jms982>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (3 Weeks journals - Search completed at 28th. June 2000)
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