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Cahill JF, Kertesz V, Saint-Vincent P, Valentino H, Drufva E, Thiele N, Michener JK. High-Throughput Characterization and Optimization of Polyamide Hydrolase Activity Using Open Port Sampling Interface Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37262418 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biodegradation of polymers, such as polyamides (PA), has the potential to cost-effectively reduce plastic waste, but enhancements in degradation efficiency are needed. Engineering enzymes through directed evolution is one pathway toward identification of critical domains needed for improving activity. However, screening such enzymatic libraries (100s-to-1000s of samples) is time-consuming. Here we demonstrate the use of robotic autosampler (PAL) and immediate drop on demand technology (I.DOT) liquid handling systems coupled with open-port sampling interface-mass spectrometry (OPSI-MS) to screen for PA6 and PA66 hydrolysis by 6-aminohexanoate-oligomer endo-hydrolase (nylon hydrolase, NylC) in a high-throughput (8-20 s/sample) manner. The OPSI-MS technique required minimal sample preparation and was amenable to 96-well plate formats for automated processing. Enzymatic hydrolysis of PA characteristically produced soluble linear oligomer products that could be identified by OPSI-MS. Incubation temperatures and times were optimized for PA6 (65 °C, 24 h) and PA66 (75 °C, 24 h) over 108 experiments. In addition, the I.DOT/OPSI-MS quantified production of PA6 linear dimer (8.3 ± 1.6 μg/mL) and PA66 linear monomer (13.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL) by NylC with a lower limit of detection of 0.029 and 0.032 μg/mL, respectively. For PA6 and PA66, linear oligomer production corresponded to 0.096 ± 0.018% and 0.204 ± 0.028% conversion of dry pellet mass, respectively. The developed methodology is expected to be utilized to assess enzymatic hydrolysis of engineered enzyme libraries, comprising hundreds to thousands of individual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Patricia Saint-Vincent
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Hannah Valentino
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Erin Drufva
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Nikki Thiele
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Joshua K Michener
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
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2
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Peters R, Pirok B, Mengerink Y. Molecular Correlative Material Characterization: Advantages for Polymer Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography. LCGC EUROPE 2021. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.ez6278j8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses innovation around the molecular structure of polymeric materials—an indispensable part of modern society—with a specific focus on sustainability. This field of research, so-called molecular correlative material characterization (MCMC), will enhance the transition into new sustainable functional copolymers.
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3
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Mordan EH, Wade JH, Pearce E, Meunier DM, Bailey RC. A linear mass concentration detector for solvent gradient polymer separations. Analyst 2020; 145:4484-4493. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02533b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicon photonic microring resonators are an optical sensor utilized here as a detector for gradient elution liquid chromatography of polymers. Universal refractive index based detection and a linear mass concentration response is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James H. Wade
- Core R&D Analytical Sciences
- The Dow Chemical Company
- Midland
- Unites States
| | - Eric Pearce
- Core R&D Analytical Sciences
- The Dow Chemical Company
- Midland
- Unites States
| | - David M. Meunier
- Core R&D Analytical Sciences
- The Dow Chemical Company
- Midland
- Unites States
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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4
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Pietropaolo E, Albenga R, Gosetti F, Toson V, Koster S, Marin-Kuan M, Veyrand J, Patin A, Schilter B, Pistone A, Tei L. Synthesis, identification and quantification of oligomers from polyester coatings for metal packaging. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:15-27. [PMID: 30314684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyester can coatings protect both food and packaging from mutual contamination. Even though, can coatings may release Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) in addition to Intentionally Added Substances (IAS). As NIAS are mainly constituted by cyclic or linear side products that are formed during the polymerization process, we focused our attention on these oligomeric species of molecular weight <1000 Da. These oligomers were obtained from two different polyester resins, each synthesized from four monomers (two phthalic acids and two diols), and from the corresponding final enamel can coatings using ethanol at 95% and 50% at 60 °C for 4 h and 10 days, respectively, as food simulants. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis on the extracts allowed identifying various cyclic and linear oligomers. For the conclusive identification of the different oligomers and their isomeric structures, ad hoc standards were synthesized by acylation reaction between alkyl diols and phthaloyl chlorides. By comparison of 1H NMR spectra, linear and cyclic oligomers were characterized by finding the major presence of 2 + 2 cyclic compounds. The 16 synthesized standards, 4 linear and 12 cyclic compounds were used to establish a method for quantification of linear and cyclic oligomers in enamel migration samples by micro HPLC-high-resolution MS (HRMS). The results showed no significant differences between the amounts of cyclic oligomers extracted with both ethanol concentrations (50 and 95%) and time contact. The extracts showed only a small amount of linear compounds and a prevalence of 2 + 2 cyclic oligomers. The work shows the great importance of the synthesis of specific standards to allow exact quantification in food contact material migrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Roberta Albenga
- CERITEC s.r.l., a Company of METLAC Group, SS 35 Bis dei Giovi, 53, Bosco Marengo, AL, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valentina Toson
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Sander Koster
- Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Veyrand
- Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amaury Patin
- Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pistone
- CERITEC s.r.l., a Company of METLAC Group, SS 35 Bis dei Giovi, 53, Bosco Marengo, AL, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
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5
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Identification and quantification of oligomers as potential migrants in plastics food contact materials with a focus in polycondensates – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Ricco L, Casazza E, Mineo P, Russo S, Scamporrino E. Nature of a Low Molar Mass Peak in Anionic Poly(ε-caprolactam). Main Aspects of Its Formation. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800238c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ricco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova and INSTM NIPLAB Centre, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Casazza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova and INSTM NIPLAB Centre, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Placido Mineo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova and INSTM NIPLAB Centre, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova and INSTM NIPLAB Centre, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emilio Scamporrino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova and INSTM NIPLAB Centre, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Peters R, Litvinov VM, Steeman P, Dias AA, Mengerink Y, van Benthem R, de Koster CG, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers P. Characterisation of UV-cured acrylate networks by means of hydrolysis followed by aqueous size-exclusion combined with reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1156:111-23. [PMID: 17113590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UV-cured networks prepared from mixtures of di-functional (polyethylene-glycol di-acrylate) and mono-functional (2-ethylhexyl acrylate) acrylates were analysed after hydrolysis, by aqueous size-exclusion chromatography coupled to on-line reversed-phase liquid-chromatography. The mean network density and the fraction of dangling chain ends of these networks were varied by changing the concentration of mono-functional acrylate. The amount and the molar-mass distribution of the polyethylene-glycol chains between cross-links (M(XL)) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) backbone chains (the so-called kinetic chain length (kcl)) in the different acrylate networks were determined quantitatively. The molar-mass distribution of kcl revealed an almost linear dependence on the concentration of mono-functional acrylate. Analysis of the starting materials showed a significant concentration of mono-functional polyethylene-glycol acrylate. In combination with the analysis of the extractables of the UV-cured networks (polymers not attached to the network, impurities that originate from the photo-initiator and unreacted monomers), more insight in the total network structure was obtained. It was shown that the UV-cured networks contain only small fractions of residual compounds. With these results, the chemical network structure for the different UV-cured acrylate polymers was expressed in network parameters such as the number of PAA units which are cross-linked, the degree of cross-linking, and the network density, which is the molar concentration of effective network chains between cross-links per volume of the polymers. The mean molar mass of chains between chemical network junctions (M(C)) was calculated and compared with results obtained from solid-state NMR and DMA. The mean molar mass of chains between network junctions as determined by these methods was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peters
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Tran JC, Doucette AA. Cyclic polyamide oligomers extracted from nylon 66 membrane filter disks as a source of contamination in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:652-6. [PMID: 16517177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background interferences are perhaps an unavoidable part of analytical detection schemes, particularly when analyzing trace level samples or when using detectors with high levels of sensitivity. In liquid chromatography, mobile phase solvents are routinely filtered using membrane filter disks to trap particulates in hopes of minimizing contamination, providing improvements in data output and instrumental operation. In this study, we report that one such filter disk leads to a significant level of contamination in LC and LC/MS experiments. Extractable compounds from nylon membrane filters generate significant background signals in UV absorption chromatograms at 214 nm, and are also detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, with nominal m/z values of 453 and 679. It is shown that rinsing the nylon membranes before their use can reduce, but will not eliminate, the extractable contaminants from the mobile phase. Through MS and tandem MS analysis, we have identified these contaminants as cyclic oligomers of polyamide 66. Based on these results, it is recommended that nylon membrane filters be avoided when conducting trace level analysis, particularly when conducting LC/MS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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11
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Mengerink Y, Peters R, van der Wal S, Claessens HA, Cramers CA. Analysis of linear and cyclic oligomers in polyamide-6 without sample preparation by liquid chromatography using the sandwich injection method. III. Separation mechanism and gradient optimization. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:307-26. [PMID: 11999748 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The first six linear and cyclic oligomers of polyamide-6 can be quantitatively determined in the polymer using HPLC with the sandwich injection method and an aqueous acetonitrile gradient. In this final part of the triptych concerning the determination of the oligomers in polyamide-6, the irregular elution behavior of the cyclic monomer compared to the cyclic oligomers was investigated. We also optimized the separation of the involved polyamide oligomers, with respect to gradient steepness, stationary phase, column temperature and mobile phase pH. The irregular elution behavior of the cyclic monomer could be caused by its relatively large exposed/accessible hydrophobic surface, which permits relatively easy penetration into the hydrophobic stationary phase giving extra retention. The dipole moment of the different oligomers was used as a measure for this exposed/accessible hydrophobic area to correlate the retention factors using quantitative structure-retention relationships. We also studied the retention behavior of the polyamide, which is injected each run directly onto the column and modifies the stationary phase. Using a 250-microl post gradient injection zone of formic acid on a 250x3 mm Zorbax SB-C18 column, the polyamide could be effectively removed from the stationary phase after each separation. The linear solvent strength (LSS) model was used to optimize the separation of the first six linear and cyclic oligomers. As the LSS model assumes a linear correlation between the modifier concentration and the logarithm of the retention factor and the cyclic monomer and dimer show extreme curvation of this relation in the eluting region, we investigated different models to predict gradient elution from isocratic data. A direct translation of the isocratic data to gradient retention times did not yield adequate retention times using the LSS model. It was found that the LSS model worked acceptably if gradient retention times were used as input data. Even for fast non-linearly eluting components, an average error of 0.4 resolution units of 4sigma was obtained. Using the LSS model in combination with different column temperatures and mobile phase pH values, a separation of the first six linear and cyclic oligomers was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mengerink
- MI&Q, DSM Research, Geleen, The Netherlands.
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Mengerink Y, Peters R, van der Wal S, Claessens HA, Cramers CA. Endgroup-based separation and quantitation of polyamide-6,6 by means of critical chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:337-49. [PMID: 11999750 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamide-6,6 is a polycondensation product from the two monomers adipic acid and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine. Depending on the reacted amount of these monomers, different ratios of amine and carboxylic acid endgroups can be formed. Besides linear chains, cyclic polyamides will also be formed. Using critical chromatography, polyamide-6,6 can be separated independently of molar mass. Retention is based solely on endgroup functionality. It is demonstrated that high-molecular-mass polyamide-6,6 (Mw approximately 20,000-30,000) can be separated using this approach. The separation was optimized by using different parameters, such as percentage modifier, temperature and pressure. The concentration of phosphoric acid was used for selective retention of the different endgroup functionalities. Using this property, a new method called critical gradient chromatography was performed where the mobile phase changes from a weak to a strong solvent with respect to the endgroup functionality, while retaining the critical conditions of the backbone unit. Quantification using UV detection is discussed.
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Rissler K, Socher G, Glöckner G. Determination of the molecular weight and other physicochemical properties of poly(bubylene glycol) 1000 by gradient RPHPLC and measurement of the ELSD, UV, and fluorescence responses. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Klun U, Andrenšek S, Kržan A. Electrospray mass spectrometry determination of linear and cyclic oligomers of polyamide-6. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Mengerink Y, Peters R, deKoster CG, van der Wal S, Claessens HA, Cramers CA. Separation and quantification of the linear and cyclic structures of polyamide-6 at the critical point of adsorption. J Chromatogr A 2001; 914:131-45. [PMID: 11358207 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The linear and cyclic structures of polyamide-6 were separated by liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) and identified with different mass spectrometric (MS) techniques and quantitated by LCCC with evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). Electrospray ionization MS was not suitable to identify the higher cyclic structures. For this purpose, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS performed better and cyclic and linear structures were oligomerically resolved and separately identified in the mass spectrometer. The highest cyclic structure present and detected was the cyclic pentacontamer. It could be demonstrated that cyclic and linear oligomers follow different ionization and fragmentation routes/patterns. Quantification with ELSD of the components separated by LCCC using a universal calibration curve or an iterative procedure was developed. An area correction to account for different peak widths of coeluting components improves precision and accuracy of the calibration curve and improves quantitation accuracy for the samples analyzed. With these corrected values, no molecular mass dependency was observed for the cyclic and linear structures. Under critical conditions, the linear and cyclic structures of polyamide-6 were separated, identified and quantified.
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