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Cantrell MS, Seale JT, Arispe SA, McDougal OM. Determination of Organosulfides from Onion Oil. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070884. [PMID: 32640536 PMCID: PMC7404636 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of organosulfides extracted from oil obtained by steam distillation of yellow onions was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction efficiency of organosulfides from onion oil was evaluated across four solvents: dichloromethane; diethyl ether; n-pentane; and hexanes. Analysis of solvent extracted organosulfides by GC-MS provided qualitative results that support the use of dichloromethane over other solvents based on identification of 27 organosulfides from the dichloromethane extract as compared to 10 from diethyl ether; 19 from n-pentane; and 17 from hexanes. Semi-quantitative evaluation of organosulfides present in the dichloromethane extract was performed using diallyl disulfide as the internal reference standard. Three organosulfides were detected in the extract at ≥5 mg/kg; 18 organosulfides between 3-5 mg/kg; and six organosulfides at <3 mg/kg. The E/Z isomers of 1-propenyl propyl trisulfide were among the most prevalent components extracted from the onion oil across all solvents; and 3,6-diethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrathiane was among the most abundant organosulfides in all solvents except hexanes. The method described here for the extraction of organosulfides from steam distilled onion oil surveys common solvents to arrive at a qualitative and semi-quantitative method of analysis for agricultural products involving onions; onion oil; and secondary metabolites of Allium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranda S. Cantrell
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Jared T. Seale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Sergio A. Arispe
- Malheur County Extension Office, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR 97914, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-426-3964
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Štefanová I, Zápal J, Moos M, Kuzma M, Kubec R. Isoalliin-Derived Thiolanes Formed in Homogenized Onion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9895-9906. [PMID: 31091093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several families of 3,4-dimethylthiolane-based compounds spontaneously formed upon cutting of onion (Allium cepa) were studied. We report the isolation of the first known example of a naturally occurring dithiolactone, 5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylthiolane-2-thione (cepadithiolactone A, C6H10OS2). Furthermore, on the basis of conceivable spectroscopic evidence (MS, NMR, IR), we could disprove the structure previously proposed for onionin A (C9H16O2S2), which is shown to be in fact (E)-3,4-dimethyl-5-(1-propenylsulfinyl)thiolane-2-ol. The identification of hitherto unknown methyl and propyl homologues of onionin A (dubbed onionins B and C, respectively) is also reported. Furthermore, the existence of the methyl and propyl homologues of cepathiolanes A (C9H16O2S3), trivially named cepathiolanes B and C, respectively, has been newly revealed. The organoleptic properties of these 3,4-dimethylthiolanes and their role in the formation of the pink discoloration of processed onion were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Štefanová
- Department of Applied Chemistry , University of South Bohemia , Branišovská 31 , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zápal
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology , The Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083 , 142 20 Prague 4 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Biology Centre , The Czech Academy of Sciences , Branišovská 31 , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology , The Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083 , 142 20 Prague 4 , Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kubec
- Department of Applied Chemistry , University of South Bohemia , Branišovská 31 , 370 05 České Budějovice , Czech Republic
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Liu M, Su Y, Guo Y. Determination of highly volatile compounds in fresh onion ( Allium cepa
L.) by room-temperature enrichment headspace-trap coupled to cryotrapping GC-MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengpan Liu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Systems Biology; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai P. R. China
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yue Su
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Systems Biology; Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
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Saplontai-Pop A, Moldovan M, Filip M, Oprean R, Ionescu C, Lazar Leordean V, Orasan O, Baldea I. Thiosulfinate Compounds from Allium cepa Extracts: Chromatographic Identification and Biocompatibility Testing. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-2189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Analytical methods for bioactive sulfur compounds in Allium: An integrated review and future directions. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Orăşan O, Oprean R, Saplonţai-Pop A, Filip M, Carpa R, Saroşi C, Moldovan M, Man S. Antimicrobial activity and thiosulfinates profile of a formulation based on Allium cepa L. extract. OPEN CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2017-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAllium species extracts including Allium cepa L. contain sulfur compounds, known for their antiplatelet, antimicrobial, antineoplasic activities.MethodologyAntibacterial activity of a formulation based on A. cepa extracts-liquid and lyophilized samples, has been demonstrated using two classes of bacteria: Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and three methods: discs soaked with liquid extract, the wells method in the culture medium, filled with the liquid extract and lyophilized formulation extracts transformed by the incorporation of ultrapure water. The second part of this study includes identification of thiosulfinates compounds from the studied samples by high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).ResultsThe most important inhibition and the highest antibacterial effficiency were observed against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. The HPLC-MS thiosulfinates profile of the tested formulation extracts shows the presence of seven thiosulfinate compounds, MeS(O)S 1-propenyl (E,Z); n-PrS(O)S 1-propenyl-(E); n-PrS(O)S 1-propenyl-(Z); trans-zwiebelane; n-PrS(O)CHEtSS-1propenyl; 1-propenylS(O)CHEtSS1-propenyl, which may be responsible for antibacterial activity.ConclusionTesting antimicrobial effects using the three mentioned methods confirmed the antimicrobial activity of the tested samples based on A. cepa extracts, with a demonstrated content of seven thiosulfinate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Orăşan
- 4th Medical Clinic, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16-20 Republicii street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 400015
| | - R. Oprean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 400349
| | - A. Saplonţai-Pop
- Department of Cardiology, Municipal Clinical Hospital, 11 Tabacarilor street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 400139
| | - M. Filip
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, 30 Fântânele street, “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca, Romaina, 400294
| | - R. Carpa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, „Babeş-Bolyai“ University, Kogălniceanu street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 400084
| | - C. Saroşi
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, 30 Fântânele street, “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca, Romaina, 400294
| | - M. Moldovan
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, 30 Fântânele street, “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca, Romaina, 400294
| | - S.C. Man
- Mother and Child Department, 3rd Department of Paediatrics, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Five White Onion (Allium cepaL.) Landraces. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/6873651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five onion landraces belonging toBianca di Pompeicv., cultivated in Campania region (Italy), were characterized for their main quality parameters. The onion landraces were harvested at the end of the growth cycle corresponding to the ripening time and harvest month, respectively: February, March, April, May, and June. The total content of volatile compounds as well as the sulfur-containing compounds inAprilaticawas significantly (p≤0.05) higher than the other landraces investigated. The nutraceutical feature investigated through the total phenols, phenols profile, and antioxidant activity showed higher values for the samples harvested in spring months. High pungency values ranging from 9 to 14 μmol/g FW were found in all onion landraces investigated as enzymatically (alliinase) produced pyruvate (EPY). The organic acids profile (malic, citric, succinic, pyruvic, oxalic, ascorbic, and tartaric acids) highlighted malic and citric acids in higher amounts in all landraces. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were found as soluble sugars and fructose was the most abundant. Generally, the results highlighted the growth temperature influence on the investigated quality parameters.
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Løkke MM, Edelenbos M, Larsen E, Feilberg A. Investigation of volatiles emitted from freshly cut onions (Allium cepa L.) by real time proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). SENSORS 2012; 12:16060-76. [PMID: 23443367 PMCID: PMC3571771 DOI: 10.3390/s121216060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in cut onions (Allium cepa L.) were continuously measured by PTR-MS during the first 120 min after cutting. The headspace composition changed rapidly due to the very reactive volatile sulfurous compounds emitted from onion tissue after cell disruption. Mass spectral signals corresponding to propanethial S-oxide (the lachrymatory factor) and breakdown products of this compound dominated 0–10 min after cutting. Subsequently, propanethiol and dipropyl disulfide predominantly appeared, together with traces of thiosulfinates. The concentrations of these compounds reached a maximum at 60 min after cutting. Propanethiol was present in highest concentrations and had an odor activity value 20 times higher than dipropyl disulfide. Thus, propanethiol is suggested to be the main source of the characteristic onion odor. Monitoring the rapid changes of VOCs in the headspace of cut onion necessitates a high time resolution, and PTR-MS is demonstrated to be a very suitable method for monitoring the headspace of freshly cut onions directly after cutting without extraction or pre-concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Marie Løkke
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, Tjele DK-8830, Denmark; E-Mail:
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, Aarslev DK-5792, Denmark; E-Mails: (M.E.); (E.L.)
| | - Merete Edelenbos
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, Aarslev DK-5792, Denmark; E-Mails: (M.E.); (E.L.)
| | - Erik Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, Aarslev DK-5792, Denmark; E-Mails: (M.E.); (E.L.)
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, Tjele DK-8830, Denmark; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +45-8715-7647
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Aoyagi M, Kamoi T, Kato M, Sasako H, Tsuge N, Imai S. Structure and bioactivity of thiosulfinates resulting from suppression of lachrymatory factor synthase in onion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10893-10900. [PMID: 21905712 DOI: 10.1021/jf202446q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In normal onion (Allium cepa), trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide is transformed via 1-propenesulfenic acid into propanethial S-oxide, a lachrymatory factor, through successive reactions catalyzed by alliinase and lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS). A recent report showed that suppression of the LFS activity caused a dramatic increase in thiosulfinates previously reported as "zwiebelane isomers". After purification by recycle high-performance liquid chromatography and subsequent analyses, we established the planar structure of the putative "zwiebelane isomers" as S-3,4-dimethyl-5-hydroxythiolane-2-yl 1-propenethiosulfinate, in which two of the three molecules of 1-propenesulfenic acid involved in the formation gave the thiolane backbone, and the third molecule gave the thiosulfinate structure. Of at least three stereoisomers observed, one in the (2'R,3'R,4'R,5'R)-configuration was collected as an isolated fraction, and the other isomers were collected as a combined fraction because spontaneous tautomerization prevented further purification. Both fractions showed inhibitory activities against cyclooxygenase-1 and α-glucosidase in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Aoyagi
- Somatech Center, House Foods Corporation, 1-4 Takanodai, Yotsukaido, Chiba, 284-0033, Japan.
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Block E. Challenges and Artifact Concerns in Analysis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1068.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
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Eady CC, Kamoi T, Kato M, Porter NG, Davis S, Shaw M, Kamoi A, Imai S. Silencing onion lachrymatory factor synthase causes a significant change in the sulfur secondary metabolite profile. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:2096-106. [PMID: 18583530 PMCID: PMC2492635 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.123273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Through a single genetic transformation in onion (Allium cepa), a crop recalcitrant to genetic transformation, we suppressed the lachrymatory factor synthase gene using RNA interference silencing in six plants. This reduced lachrymatory synthase activity by up to 1,544-fold, so that when wounded the onions produced significantly reduced levels of tear-inducing lachrymatory factor. We then confirmed, through a novel colorimetric assay, that this silencing had shifted the trans-S-1-propenyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide breakdown pathway so that more 1-propenyl sulfenic acid was converted into di-1-propenyl thiosulfinate. A consequence of this raised thiosulfinate level was a marked increase in the downstream production of a nonenzymatically produced zwiebelane isomer and other volatile sulfur compounds, di-1-propenyl disulfide and 2-mercapto-3,4-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene, which had previously been reported in trace amounts or had not been detected in onion. The consequences of this dramatic simultaneous down- and up-regulation of secondary sulfur products on the health and flavor attributes of the onion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Eady
- National Centre for Advanced Bio-Protection Technologies, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand.
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Snow NH. Fast Gas Chromatography with Short Columns: Are Speed and Resolution Mutually Exclusive? J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H. Snow
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange , New Jersey , 07079 , USA
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Helsper JPFG, Bücking M, Muresan S, Blaas J, Wietsma WA. Identification of the volatile component(s) causing the characteristic foxy odor in various cultivars of Fritillaria imperialis L. (Liliaceae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5087-91. [PMID: 16819920 DOI: 10.1021/jf0605594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To identify the component(s) causing the foxy odor, characteristic for some Fritillaria imperialis cultivars, the headspace of flower bulbs was analyzed using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six Fritillaria species and cultivars were selected as follows: F. imperialis cv. Premier (very strong foxy odor), F. imperialis cv. Lutea (strong foxy odor), F. imperialis ssp. Inodora (no odor), Fritillaria eduardii (weak mousy odor), Fritillaria raddeana (no odor), and an F1 of F. imperialis Lutea x Inodora (weak foxy odor). Volatiles from these flower bulbs were accumulated on Tenax and injected into the GC by thermodesorption. The majority of the volatiles consisted of low molecular weight aliphatic compounds. GC-O revealed that the foxy odor was caused by a single component, identified as 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol on the basis of smell in GC-O analyses (two GC columns), mass spectra, and retention times. Chemical identification was substantiated by GC-O and GC-MS of an authentic standard of 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol, prepared by organic synthesis.
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Effect of γ-irradiation on volatile compounds of dried Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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D'Alessandro M, Turlings TCJ. Advances and challenges in the identification of volatiles that mediate interactions among plants and arthropods. Analyst 2006; 131:24-32. [PMID: 16365659 DOI: 10.1039/b507589k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relatively new research field of Chemical Ecology has, over the last two decades, revealed an important role of plant-produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in mediating interactions between plants and other organisms. Of particular interest are the volatile blends that plants actively emit in response to herbivore damage. Various efforts are underway to pinpoint the bioactive compounds in these complex blends, but this has proven to be exceedingly difficult. Here we give a short overview on the role of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in interactions between plants and other organisms and we review methods that are currently employed to collect and identify key volatile compounds mediating these interactions. Our perspective on future directions of this fascinating research field places special emphasis on the need for an interdisciplinary approach. Joint efforts by chemists and biologists should not only facilitate the elucidation of crucial compounds, but can also be expected to lead to an exploitation of this knowledge, whereby ecological interactions may be chemically manipulated in order to protect crops and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco D'Alessandro
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Zoology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Case Postale 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Dugravot S, Mondy N, Mandon N, Thibout E. Increased sulfur precursors and volatiles production by the leek Allium porrum in response to specialist insect attack. J Chem Ecol 2005; 31:1299-314. [PMID: 16222772 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-5287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To defend themselves against herbivory, plants use a variety of direct and indirect strategies involving induced increases in secondary substances. Species of the Allium genus (Alliaceae), such as the leek Allium porrum (L.), produce nonprotein sulfur amino acids derived from cysteine, i.e., alk(en)yl-cysteine sulfoxides that are precursors of volatile thiosulfinates and disulfides. These defend most species including the specialist leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella. We determined by measuring the increase in the sulfur precursor propyl-cysteine sulfoxide (PCSO) if production of this precursor is induced in response to moth attack and mechanical wounding. The concentration of PCSO was determined by HPLC in 2- or 6-mo-old leeks after attacks of various intensity either by the specialist leek moth or by a generalist moth, Agrotis ipsilon. Injury-induced release of sulfur volatiles was measured by GC/MS after the attacks. Results showed an increase in the production of sulfur compounds in both the precursor and volatile form, occurring only in association with intensive attacks by leek moths. The increase in sulfur precursors also led to an increase in the release of sulfur volatiles. This induced response may provide an effective defense strategy against the plant's main natural enemy, both directly and indirectly by attracting entomophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Dugravot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l 'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences, Université F. Rabelais, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Abstract
There is revived interest in the development and implementation of methods of faster GC. The paper summarises the advantages of faster GC analysis, general approaches to faster GC method development and practical aspects of fast gas chromatography with the utilisation of open tubular capillary columns with the stress on trace analysis. There are a number of ways to take the advantage of the improved speed of analysis by faster GC. Numerous options exist for pushing the speed of capillary gas chromatography (CGC) analysis. The scope of this paper is also to give an overview of the present state of faster GC instrumentation which is already available for trace analysis. The practicality of fast CGC is a function of sample preparation and the matrix interferences and how they affect the resultant resolution that may be achieved. Researchers have demonstrated the applicability of fast GC to trace and ultratrace analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds also with narrow bore columns and difficult sample matrices (such as food, and soil extract). The main development of faster GC methods has been observed in the field of environmental analysis. Practical applications are presented. Both optimised sample preparation and experimental conditions for faster GC are the future perspective of trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Matisová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 81237, Slovak Republic.
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Nielsen GS, Larsen LM, Poll L. Formation of aroma compounds and lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) activity in unblanched leek (Allium ampeloprasum Var. Bulga) slices during long-term frozen storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:1970-1976. [PMID: 12643660 DOI: 10.1021/jf020921o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The content of aroma compounds (dynamic headspace) and catalytic activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) (EC. 1.13.11.12) were analyzed in 15 mm unblanched leek slices seven times during 12 months of frozen storage. The aroma profile changed from consisting of almost only sulfur compounds such as dipropyl disulfide [concentration in fresh leek (FL) = 0.197 mg/L, concentration after 12 months of frozen storage (12M) = 0.0409 mg/L] and propyl (E)-propenyl disulfide (FL = 0.0437 mg/L, 12M = 0.00452 mg/L) in the fresh leeks to being dominated by numerous saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, such as hexanal (FL = 1.53 mg/L, 12M = 3.63 mg/L), (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal (FL = 0.000 mg/L, 12M = 0.0647 mg/L), and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (FL = 0.129 mg/L, 12M = 0.594 mg/L) at the end of the storage period. The catalytic activity of LOX diminished throughout frozen storage, but approximately 25% of the original activity was present after 12 months of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghita Studsgaard Nielsen
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Centre of Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Mondy N, Duplat D, Christides JP, Arnault I, Auger J. Aroma analysis of fresh and preserved onions and leek by dual solid-phase microextraction-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:89-93. [PMID: 12188005 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lachrymatory factor (thiopropanal-S-oxide) was directly analysed on fresh onion (Allium cepa) juice by solid-phase microextraction (polyacrylate fibre) using a fast routine GC-MS method on a 10 m x 0.32 mm I.D. (4 microm thick polydimethylsiloxane film) column with splitless mode injection. The identification and quantification of thiosulphinates and zwiebelanes were obtained on the same juice extracted by diethyl ether after 80 min maceration using the same GC-MS method. Selected ion recording enhanced the differentiation possibilities and the detection limits. This dual method was used to evaluate flavour differences between onion and shallot varieties as it provides accurate profiles of all initially formed compounds. Moreover, this method allowed us to compare qualitatively and quantitatively transformed products: frozen, freeze-dried powders and sterilised products. Excepting the lachrymatory factor, frozen onion compounds were similar compared to those of fresh onion sample. Conversely, the other transformed samples have lost most of the initially formed compounds and produced mainly di- and trisulphides corresponding to the degradation of thiosulphinates and zwiebelanes. These dramatic changes can explain the very different flavours of these manufactured products compared to fresh material.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mondy
- University Francois Rabelais, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Tours, France
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Teyssier C, Amiot MJ, Mondy N, Auger J, Kahane R, Siess MH. Effect of onion consumption by rats on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:981-7. [PMID: 11524136 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables or their natural constituents which increase detoxication enzymes and/or reduce activating enzymes are considered as good candidates to prevent chemically-induced carcinogenesis. In this study, rats were fed a diet supplemented with 20% onion powder for 9 days. Several cytochrome P450 (CYP)s enzymes (CYP 1A, 2B, 2E1, 3A), which are involved in carcinogen activation, were determined by measuring their enzyme activities using specific substrates. In addition, phase II enzymes activities such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), involved in detoxication of carcinogens, were measured. Protein levels of CYPs and GST A1/A2, A3/A5, Ml, M2 and P1 were measured using antibodies in Western blots. Consumption of onion induced CYP 1A and CYP 2B activities while it decreased CYP 2E1 activity. This later modification was accompanied by a decrease of CYP 2E1 levels. The same dietary treatment caused a slight increase of the total GST activity. The relative proportions of GST subunits were modified. GST Al/A2 subunits were increased while GST A3/A5 and GST M2 subunits were decreased and GST M1 and P1 were not modified. Onion consumption also increased p-nitrophenol UGT activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the decrease of CYP 2E1 and the increase of phase II enzymes by onion can afford protection against some carcinogens, while the decrease of some GST subunits could increase the genotoxic effects of other chemicals. The modulating effect of onion could be ascribed to alk(en)yl polysulphides and/or glycosides of flavonols, which were identified in the onion powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Teyssier
- UMR de Toxicologie Alimentaire, INRA-Université de Bourgogne, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Bocchini P, Andalò C, Pozzi R, Galletti G, Antonelli A. Determination of diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) in garlic (Allium sativum L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a post-column photochemical reactor. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2001; 12:144-151. [PMID: 11708302 DOI: 10.1002/pca.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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25
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:225-235. [PMID: 11345053 DOI: 10.1002/jms.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Mondy N, Naudin A, Christides JP, Mandon N, Auger J. Comparison of GC-MS and HPLC for the analysis ofAllium volatiles. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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