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Alexovič M, Horstkotte B, Solich P, Sabo J. Automation of static and dynamic non-dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Part 2: Approaches based on impregnated membranes and porous supports. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 907:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Miró M, Hansen EH. On-line sample processing involving microextraction techniques as a front-end to atomic spectrometric detection for trace metal assays: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 782:1-11. [PMID: 23708278 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Within the last decade, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and micro-solid phase extraction (μSPE) approaches have emerged as substitutes for conventional sample processing procedures for trace metal assays within the framework of green chemistry. This review surveys the progress of the state of the art in simplification and automation of microextraction approaches by harnessing to the various generations of flow injection (FI) as a front end to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry or mass spectrometry (ICP-AES/MS). It highlights the evolution of flow injection analysis and related techniques as vehicles for appropriate sample presentation to the detector and expedient on-line matrix separation and pre-concentration of trace levels of metals in troublesome matrices. Rather than being comprehensive this review is aimed at outlining the pros and cons via representative examples of recent attempts in automating green sample preparation procedures in an FI or sequential injection (SI) mode capitalizing on single-drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-phase microextraction and advanced sorptive materials including carbon and metal oxide nanoparticles, ion imprinted polymers, superparamagnetic nanomaterials and biological/biomass sorbents. Current challenges in the field are identified and the synergetic combination of flow analysis, nanotechnology and metal-tagged biomolecule detection is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Hybrid flow analyzer for automatic hollow-fiber-assisted ionic liquid-based liquid-phase microextraction with in-line membrane regeneration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3279-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sae-Khow O, Mitra S. Simultaneous Extraction and Concentration in Carbon Nanotube Immobilized Hollow Fiber Membranes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5561-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100426y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ornthida Sae-Khow
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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You J, Gao S, Jin H, Li W, Zhang H, Yu A. On-line continuous flow ultrasonic extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatographic separation for determination of the flavonoids from root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1875-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brown MA, Miller S, Emmert GL. On-line purge and trap gas chromatography for monitoring of trihalomethanes in drinking water distribution systems. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 592:154-61. [PMID: 17512820 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method using an automated on-line purge and trap gas chromatograph with a dry electrolytic conductivity detector (DELCD) has been developed for monitoring four regulated trihalomethanes in drinking water distribution systems. This analyzer samples trihalomethanes from drinking water by pervaporation through a silicone capillary membrane contained within a gas extraction cell (GEC) followed by preconcentration using an adsorbent trap. Trihalomethanes are subsequently desorbed from the trap onto a capillary column, separated and detected. The analyzer operates in real-time, samples directly from the drinking water distribution system and is fully automated. The optimization, operation, and evaluation of the analyzer and method are discussed. Method detection limits (MDL) are less than 1.0 microg L(-1) with acceptable estimates for accuracy, and precision. The results from two on-line monitoring studies in chlorinated and chloraminated distribution systems are presented. The performance of the method is compared directly to United Stated Environmental Protection Agency Method 502.2 and shows a very slight, but acceptable bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brown
- The University of Memphis, Department of Chemistry, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Farajzadeh MA, Jönsson JA. Solvent exchange using hollow fiber prior to separation and determination of some antioxidants by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:75-80. [PMID: 17560388 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a simple and rapid solvent exchange procedure using a hollow fiber. Antioxidants (Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168) and solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), carbon tetrachloride and toluene were selected as model compounds and sample solvents, respectively. After injection of the sample solution into the hollow fiber and solvent evaporation, the precipitated analytes in lumen and pores of the fiber were washed with methanol (the mobile phase for separation and determination by HPLC-diode array detection) and good chromatographic peaks were obtained. The effect of different parameters such as fiber length, volumes of sample and washing solvents were investigated and the optimum conditions were selected. The repeatability of the method was tested and it was found that the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was less than 10% for all analytes. Also enrichment factors of 3.03, 2.21 and 1.19 times were obtained for Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 and Irgafos 168, respectively, when 200 microL sample and 50 microL methanol (washing solvent) were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Hylton K, Mitra S. Automated, on-line membrane extraction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:199-214. [PMID: 17275830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, membranes have been used to develop new approaches in analytical extraction, concentration and cleanup. An important advantage of membrane processes is that the sample and the extraction phase can be continuously brought into contact without physical mixing, and may be directly interfaced to an analytical instrument. This provides the basis for automated, real-time monitoring. Membrane extraction has been applied to a wide range of organic and inorganic analytes, and has been directly interfaced with chromatography, spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Implementations of membrane extraction are diverse, encompassing different types of membranes, module designs and configurations. This review highlights some of these, and particularly the unique capabilities in automated, and on-line measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilah Hylton
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07104, USA
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Hylton K, Mitra S. Barrier film protected, and mixed solvent optimized micro-scale membrane extraction of methyl carbamate pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:60-5. [PMID: 17448485 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fiber based microextraction has emerged as an effective alternative to conventional preconcentration techniques. The loss of the extractant solvent through the membrane has been an important issue, and dip-coating with a barrier film is a method for stabilizing the acceptor. Typically, only one solvent is used to serve as the extractant, which limits the range of compounds that can be analyzed simultaneously. Mixing solvents in varying proportions can increase the range of compounds enriched. This paper reports the optimization of the microextraction system by implementing a barrier film to reduce solvent loss, in conjunction with the use of mixed solvents to enrich a broader spectrum of analytes. A group of five carbamate pesticides were studied here. The detection limits were at ppb levels and the enrichment was as high as 1600 times depending upon the solvent. R2 and %RSD ranged from 0.9501 to 0.9991 and 1.90 and 9.53, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilah Hylton
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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VanHassel E, Bier ME. An electrospray membrane probe for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in water. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:413-20. [PMID: 17206745 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new membrane probe incorporating electrospray ionization (ESI) was designed, built and coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer to detect low levels of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in water. Similar to other membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) systems, the probe contains a capillary polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane to allow for the preferential permeation of small molecules but, in contrast, the interface uses a liquid/membrane/liquid interface rather than liquid/membrane/gas. The ESI source allows the probe to be operated at atmospheric pressure in positive or negative ionization mode and the lack of fragmentation in ESI allows for the simultaneous screening of many analytes with high sensitivity. The interface allows for the addition of additives to both the external and the internal liquid mobile phases to selectively improve permeation and/or the ionization efficiency of various classes of compounds. Characterization of the probe with methanol as the internal mobile phase showed that the signal for aniline optimized at 60 degrees C and an internal flow rate between 2-5 microL/min. The transfer of analyte through the membrane from water to methanol ensures a strong signal and robust electrospray for both positive and negative ion mode which is not typical when spraying pure water. Detection limits for aniline, pyridine and pentachlorophenol, and for the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, metolachlor and simazine, were in the ppb to pptr range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily VanHassel
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2683, USA
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Leinonen A, Vuorensola K, Lepola LM, Kuuranne T, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R. Liquid-phase microextraction for sample preparation in analysis of unconjugated anabolic steroids in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cai ZX, Fang Q, Chen HW, Fang ZL. A microfluidic chip based liquid–liquid extraction system with microporous membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 556:151-6. [PMID: 17723342 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A robust and simple approach for microfabricated chip based liquid-liquid extraction was developed for on-chip sample pretreatment. The chip based extraction system was composed of two microfabricated glass plates with a microporous membrane sandwiched in between. A simple bonding approach using epoxy was used to achieve bonding and sealing of the L-L extraction chip. Gravity was employed to drive the aqueous and organic flows through separate channels in the extraction system, separated by the membrane. During extraction, the analyte in an aqueous sample stream was transferred through the membrane into the organic stream. The fluorescence intensity of the analyte extracted into the organic stream was monitored in situ by a laser induced fluorescence detection system. The performance of the system was demonstrated using an aqueous solution of butyl rhodamine B (BRB) and isobutanol as sample and extractant, respectively. The system proved to be an efficient means for achieving chip based microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction. The precision of fluorescence measurements was 1.5% R.S.D. (n=4). A linear response range of 1x10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) M BRB was obtained with a regression equation: I=8.00 x 10(6) C + 4.91. An enrichment factor of ca. 3 was obtained with an extraction efficiency of 69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Xuan Cai
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Chemistry Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Jakubowska N, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J, Przyjazny A. Analytical Applications of Membrane Extraction for Biomedical and Environmental Liquid Sample Preparation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340500304032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang X, Mitra S. Development of a total analytical system by interfacing membrane extraction, pervaporation and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1068:237-42. [PMID: 15830929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the interfacing of continuous membrane extraction, pervaporation and on-line HPLC-UV detection into a total analytical system (TAS). Organics from a water sample were extracted into an organic solvent, and then concentrated via pervaporation prior to HPLC-UV detection. Factors affecting the system performance were studied. With optimized experimental parameters enrichment factors as high as 192 were obtained, the method detection limits were at low ng/mL levels, and the precisions were better than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Bishop EJ, Mitra S. On-line membrane preconcentration for continuous monitoring of trace pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:81-6. [PMID: 15664746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane pervaporation is presented as a method for on-line concentration and monitoring of trace analytes in a simulated pharmaceutical process stream. Pervaporation involves the selective transport of volatile organics across a membrane and into a gas stream. Experiments were carried out using a polar solvent-permeable Nafion membrane and several model pharmaceutical compounds. Solvent reductions greater than 90% and enrichment factors in excess of 7.9 were observed. Residence time and temperature were found to be important operating parameters. Interaction with membrane bound sulfonic acid residues resulted in the loss of reactive analytes such as 1,2-diphenylhydrazine. The concentrated stream was monitored using HPLC and UV/vis detection. Method detection limits were 0.5-1.2 microg/mL and the relative standard deviation for six repeat injections was 3.9-6.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Chapter 15 Liquid membrane techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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