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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira Dos Santos NG, da Silva Burato JS, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. An overview of open tubular liquid chromatography with a focus on the coupling with mass spectrometry for the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461989. [PMID: 33611115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) can provide superior chromatographic performance and more favorable mass spectrometry (MS) detection conditions. These features could provide enhanced sensitivity when coupled with electrospray ionization sources (ESI-) and lead to unprecedented detection capabilities if interfaced with a highly structural informative electron ionization (EI) source. In the past, the exploitation of OT columns in liquid chromatography evolved slowly. However, the recent instrumental developments in capillary/nanoLC-MS created new opportunities in developing and applying OT-LC-MS. Currently, the analytical advantages of OT-LC-MS are mainly exploited in the fields of proteomics and biosciences analysis. Nevertheless, under the right conditions, OT-LC-MS can also offer superior chromatographic performance and enhanced sensitivity in analyzing small molecules. This review will provide an overview of the latest developments in OT-LC-MS, focusing on the wide variety of employed separation mechanisms, innovative stationary phases, emerging column fabrication technologies, and new OT formats. In the same way, the OT-LC's opportunities and shortcomings coupled to both ESI and EI will be discussed, highlighting the complementary character of those two ionization modes to expand the LC's detection boundaries in the performance of targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Vargas Medina DA, Maciel EVS, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Forster S, Kolmar H, Altmaier S. Synthesis and characterization of new generation open tubular silica capillaries for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:88-94. [PMID: 23084484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic performance gain of open tubular (OT) silica capillaries over packed beds has been demonstrated theoretically. However, experimental progress in the preparative realization of these columns is still lacking behind as thick films are required for a sufficient mass loadability. Here, silica sol-gel chemistry in confined spaces was applied to the preparation of thick-film OT capillaries comprising a mesoporous layer with a thickness of approximately 500 nm covalently attached to the capillary wall. Samples were synthesized varying both in length and inner diameter (ID) and the resulting layer morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The chromatographic performance of these first generation columns was evaluated by normal phase chromatography utilizing standard capillary-LC equipment. Separations of small molecules in a 15 μm ID column provided high theoretical plate numbers (up to 170,000) and a good retention capacity within reasonable retention times (<1 h), bearing the unavoidable trade-off between column efficiency and analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Forster
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Pierini E, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. Direct-EI in LC-MS: towards a universal detector for small-molecule applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1242-55. [PMID: 21387356 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This review article will give an up-to-date and exhaustive overview on the efficient use of electron ionization (EI) to couple liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with an innovative interface called Direct-EI. EI is based on the gas-phase ionization of the analytes, and it is suitable for many applications in a wide range of LC-amenable compounds. In addition, thanks to its operating principles, it prevents unwelcome matrix effects (ME). In fact, although atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methodologies have boosted the use of LC-MS, the related analytical methods are sometime affected by inaccurate quantitative results, due to unavoidable and unpredictable ME. In addition, API's soft ionization spectra always demand for costly and complex tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) instruments, which are essential to acquire an "information-rich" spectrum and to obtain accurate quantitative information. In EI a one-stage analyzer is sufficient for a qualitative investigation and MS/MS detection is only used to improve sensitivity and to cut chemical noise. The technology illustrated here provides a robust and straightforward access to classical, well-characterized EI data for a variety of LC applications, and readily interpretable spectra for a wide range of areas of research. The Direct-EI interface can represent the basis for a forthcoming universal LC-MS detector for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- DiSTeVA, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Naida OO, Rudenko BA, Khamizov RK, Kumakhov MA. Polycapillary (multichannel) chromatographic columns in liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809070107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Ryan K, Djordjevic NM, Erni F. Temperature Programming in Open Tubular Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608017143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Ryan
- a Sandoz Pharma Analytical Research and Development , P.O. Box, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland
| | | | - Fritz Erni
- a Sandoz Pharma Analytical Research and Development , P.O. Box, Basel, CH 4002, Switzerland
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8
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19 Applications of LC/MS in pharmaceutical analysis. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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Nano-high-performance liquid chromatography–electron ionization mass spectrometry approach for environmental analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Mangani F. Trace level determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water with the new direct-electron ionization LC/MS interface. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3547-54. [PMID: 12139067 DOI: 10.1021/ac015685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new LC/MS method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water, based on the use of direct-electron ionization (EI) interface, is presented. Direct-EI is a new device that, in a very simple fashion, couples a nano-HPLC system with a mass spectrometer equipped with electron ionization capability. The nanoscale liquid flow allows for a direct introduction of eluate into the ion source and, after nebulization, for its ionization under typical EI conditions. Library-matchable EI spectra are generated for a choice of full scan or SIM detection of the analytes. In our case, a selection of organophosphorus pesticides, commonly distributed in local sugar beet cultivation, were considered. The new interface permits a very sensitive detection of the analytes in a wide range of linear response (0.09-9 ng). When applied to a real sample, the method allowed detecting four different pesticides at a concentration level of approximately 3 ng x L(-1).
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Mangani F, Palma P. A simple approach for coupling liquid chromatography and electron ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:265-273. [PMID: 11908806 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A miniaturized, aerosol based interface for directly coupling a liquid chromatograph with a mass spectrometer is presented. The interface is entirely within the electron ionization (EI) source of the mass spectrometer and no additional, external devices are needed. This simple and effective approach exploits micro-flow nebulization technology providing a new interface suitable for a variety of applications of environmental and biological interest. The new interface provides necessary linearity, ruggedness, sensitivity, and reproducibility of response for trace level analysis, and readily interpretable mass spectra for unambiguous identification of unknown compounds of small to medium molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- Istituto de Scienze Chimiche F. Bruner, Università di Urbino, Italy.
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12
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Mangani F, Palma P. New trends in the application of electron ionization to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interfacing. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2001; 20:88-104. [PMID: 11455563 DOI: 10.1002/mas.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
I. Introduction 88 II. Cap-EI Interface 90 A. Interface Performance 92 III. Direct-EI Interface 93 A. Interface Performance 97 IV. Conclusions 103 Acknowledgments 103 References 103 --Two recent approaches for coupling capillary scale liquid chromatography and electron ionization mass spectrometry are reviewed and discussed. The first one, Cap-EI, is the latest evolution of the micro-scale particle beam interface, in which the nebulizer has been optimized to overcome the limitations of the former approach, in terms of sensitivity and linearity. It can be easily hosted in pre-existing instruments without major modifications and can use helium and the less-expensive nitrogen to generate library-matchable electron ionization spectra. The second one is a miniaturized interface for nano- and micro-HPLC, in which the interfacing process takes place into a suitably modified ion source. Because the eluate from the column is completely transferred into the ion source for ionization, superior sensitivity, linearity, and reproducibility are obtained. No signs of chemical ionization are observed at flow rates up to 1.5 microL/min. These two interfaces demonstrate that electron ionization can be successfully used for the analysis of small-medium molecules of various polarities, and also at the trace level. The possibility to record library-matchable electron ionization spectra offers the analyst a powerful tool that can be particularly useful in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cappiello
- Istituto di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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Bakalyar SR, Phipps C, Spruce B, Olsen K. Choosing sample volume to achieve maximum detection sensitivity and resolution with high-performance liquid chromatography columns of 1.0, 2.1 and 4.6 mm I.D. J Chromatogr A 1997; 762:167-85. [PMID: 9098975 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between sample volume and the chromatographic performance factors of detection sensitivity and resolution were explored for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns of 1.0, 2.1 and 4.6 mm I.D. Performance was evaluated for isocratic and gradient elution in systems having low, intermediate and high extracolumn dispersion. Sample volumes ranged from 0.4 microliter to 2 ml. This paper provides guideline for selecting sample injection parameters so that the performance of microbore columns is not needlessly sacrificed by using too small or too large a sample volume. The guidelines are extracted from the works of others and are modified by our own experimental results. Comments are also made on the relative merits of various injection techniques.
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14
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Swart R, Kraak JC, Poppe H. Highly efficient separations on 5 μm internal diameter open tubular capillaries coated with thick polyacrylate stationary phases. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Göhlin K, Buskhe A, Larsson M. Kinetic performance of open-tubular and packed columns in LC using the same stationary phase: Immobilized polymethyloctadecylsiloxane. Chromatographia 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02274590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Göhlin K, Larsson M. Narrow (5-50-μm i.d.) open tubular columns in liquid chromatography using immobilized polymethyloctadecylsiloxane as stationary phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Bemgård AK, Colmsjö AL. Influence ofextra-column effects in capillary gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240131007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Claessens HA, Burcinova A, Cramers CA, Mussche P, van Tilburg CCE. Evaluation of injection systems for open tubular liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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De Wit JS, Tomer KB. Characterization of the direct-probe open-tubular liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface parameters. J Chromatogr A 1989; 462:365-75. [PMID: 2738129 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J S De Wit
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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20
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Janák K, Kahle V, Horká M, Tesařík K. Device for filling of small diameter capillaries with stationary phase solutions in liquefied gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Hirose A, Ishii D. Multiple detection system for the high-resolution microcolumn size-exclusion chromatographic separation of proteins with a slurry-packed capillary column. J Chromatogr A 1987; 411:221-7. [PMID: 3443623 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)93973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A multiple (triple) detection system with one detector and recorder each was developed for the high-resolution size-exclusion chromatographic separation of proteins with a slurry packed capillary column. Fused-silica capillary columns of length 1, 2.5 and 6 m and I.D. 0.26 mm were connected in this order by joining each end of the shorter column to the top of the longer column through flow-through cells installed side-by-side on a cell block in the detector. By this means it was possible to record the chromatograms three times with one injection. This system is convenient for comparing the chromatograms obtained with different plate numbers and for effecting very high-resolution separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan
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22
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Novotny M. Capillary chromatography in the condensed mobile phases: From the concepts to analytically useful separations and measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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24
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Folestad S, Josefsson B, Larsson M. Performance and preparation of immobilized polysiloxane stationary phases in 5–55 μm I.D. open-tubular fused silica columns for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Niessen W, Poppe H. Problems in interfacing open-tubular liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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A review of direct liquid introduction interfacing for LC/MS Part II: Mass spectrometry and applications. Chromatographia 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02311607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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A review of direct liquid introduction interfacing for LC/MS Part I: Instrumental aspects. Chromatographia 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02311882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Niessen W, Poppe H. Open-tubular liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry using direct liquid introduction. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Design and construction of LC/MS interfaces utilizing fused-silica capillary tubes as vacuum nebulizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(85)85044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Karger BL, Vouros P. A Chromatographic perspective of high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Bruins A. Developments in interfacing microbore high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (a review). J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Instrumentation and Applications of Micro-Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Open-Tubular Micro-Hplc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Chapter 7 Liquid Chromatography in Columns of Capillary Dimensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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35
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36
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Poppe H. Optimization of detectors for modern liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1984; 2:233-40. [PMID: 16867751 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/1984] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of modern liquid chromatographic methods depends strongly on the development of suitable measuring systems for the separated compounds. This is the case as generally an on-line coupling of separation and detection is preferred because of ease of operation, reliability and more efficient data handling. Unfortunately, the best conditions for the separation are often not optimal from the detection point of view. Conflicts arise in various respects and compromises have to be made. Depending on the complexity, cost and performance of each, either the chromatographic separation, or the detection process, has to be adapted, the one to the other. A number of contemporary developments in the techniques of liquid chromatography tend to sharpen these conflicts. Further reduction in particle size, reduction of the column diameter, introduction of multicolumn operation and the exploration of open tubular liquid chromatography can be mentioned in this respect. From this point of view a broad discussion of the role of detection techniques in the development and performance of liquid chromatographic analytical procedures is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Poppe
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Takeuchi T, Ishii D. Chemically bonded octadecylsilane and polyimine stationary phases for open-tubular microcapillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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39
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Takeuchi T, Ishii D. Gradient separations of complex mixtures by micro high-performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Use of non-segmented flow, post-columns reaction detection with miniaturized HPLC systems. Chromatographia 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02271034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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44
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45
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Lant M, Games D, Westwood S, Woodhall B. Microbore high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(83)80085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Tijssen R, Bleumer J, Van Kreveld M. Separation by flow (hydrodynamic chromatography) of macromolecules performed in open microcapillary tubes. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(83)80038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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48
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Maskarinec M, Vargo J, Sepaniak M. Characterization of phenolic compounds by open-tubular liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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50
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Alcock NJ, Corbelli L, Games DE, Lant MS, Westwood SA. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using glass lined stainless steel microbore columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200091109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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