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Buchweitz JP, Johnson M, Lehner AF. Pentafluorobenzylation and detection of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) in veterinary samples using gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8973. [PMID: 33053238 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analytical detection of chemical residues from sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) ingestion in targeted predatory wildlife and in pesticide misuse incidents perpetrated against nuisance companion animals remains a concern in veterinary forensic toxicology. There is a current need for chemically stable sample extracts with reliable and specific diagnostic methods for trace quantities in diverse diagnostic matrices. METHODS Biphasic pentafluorobenzylation provided a simple combined extraction and derivatization procedure for removing MFA in a chemically stable form from a complex matrix such as stomach contents. Analysis of the derivatized extract using gas chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) approaches specific to MFA provided greater specificity than simple scan or selected ion monitoring approaches. RESULTS Collision-induced dissociation in GC/MS/MS showed that pentafluorobenzyl (PFB)-derivatized MFA (M+ m/z 258) generated m/z 258➔130, 149, 161, 177, 178, 180.1, and 181.1 transitions. Of these, the transition m/z 258➔181 provided a peak for quantitation, whereas m/z 258➔161 and 258➔178 provided specificity for qualifying MFA. Similarly, PFB-derivatized 2-chloropropionic acid (M+ m/z 288) was used as an internal standard, which generated m/z 288➔181 and 161. Of these, the transition m/z 288➔181 provided a peak for quantitation, whereas m/z 288➔161 and 181➔161 served to qualify the internal standard. CONCLUSIONS The method was validated with a calculated limit of detection of 0.35 ppm and limit of quantitation of 1.09 ppm MFA. The method should have adequate sensitivity and reliability for veterinary toxicology labs analyzing specimens from animals poisoned by this predacide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Isolation of the anionic toxin monofluoroacetate from a decontamination foam matrix. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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van Klink P, Kemp J, O'Donnell CFJ. The effect of aerial application of 1080 cereal baits on radio-tagged South Island fernbirds (Bowdleria punctata punctata). NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2012.711334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nogueira VA, Peixoto TC, França TN, Caldas SA, Peixoto PV. Intoxicação por monofluoroacetato em animais. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O monofluoroacetato (MF) ou ácido monofluoroacético é utilizado na Austrália e Nova Zelândia no controle populacional de mamíferos nativos ou exóticos. O uso desse composto é proibido no Brasil, devido ao risco de intoxicação de seres humanos e de animais, uma vez que a substância permanece estável por décadas. No Brasil casos recentes de intoxicação criminosa ou acidental têm sido registrados. MF foi identificado em diversas plantas tóxicas, cuja ingestão determina "morte súbita"; de bovinos na África do Sul, Austrália e no Brasil. O modo de ação dessa substância baseia-se na formação do fluorocitrato, seu metabólito ativo, que bloqueia competitivamente a aconitase e o ciclo de Krebs, o que reduz produção de ATP. As espécies animais têm sido classificadas nas quatro Categorias em função do efeito provocado por MF: (I) no coração, (II) no sistema nervoso central (III) sobre o coração e sistema nervoso central ou (IV) com sintomatologia atípica. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma revisão crítica atualizada sobre essa substância. O diagnóstico da intoxicação por MF é realizado pelo histórico de ingestão do tóxico, pelos achados clínicos e confirmado por exame toxicológico. Uma forma peculiar de degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar das células epiteliais dos túbulos uriníferos contorcidos distais tem sido considerada como característica dessa intoxicação em algumas espécies. O tratamento da intoxicação por MF é um desafio, pois ainda não se conhece um agente capaz de reverte-la de maneira eficaz; o desfecho geralmente é fatal
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Pain DJ, White R, Stevenson J, Bell M, Williams KK, Fisher P, Wright G. Toxicity and persistence of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) in the land crab (Gecarcinus lagostoma) on Ascension Island. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/wr07038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An eradication program for introduced feral cats, using sodium fluoroacetate (1080) bait, was planned on Ascension Island to help breeding seabird populations to recover. We investigated the likelihood of mortality and the occurrence of residual 1080 in the ‘non-target’ Ascension land crab (Gecarcinus lagostoma) through simulating ‘realistic’ and ‘worst case’ exposure to 1080 bait. Crabs feeding on 1080 baits ingested an estimated maximum of 9–56 mg 1080 (kg bodyweight)–1 and although two of 32 treatment crabs died, this mortality was not attributed to 1080 poisoning but to other, unknown, causes. Our results suggest that G. lagostoma has relatively low susceptibility to acute toxic effects of 1080. Most residual 1080 was eliminated rapidly from crab tissue, with concentrations of 0.006–0.070 mg (kg bodyweight)–1 measured in crab claw/leg tissue 9–11 days after exposure. Concentrations of 0.200 and 0.650 mg (kg bodyweight)–1 were measured in the claw tissue of two crabs that died from other causes on the third day of exposure to 1080, indicating potential for secondary exposure of sensitive scavengers or predators of 1080-exposed crabs. We recommend a moratorium on human consumption of all crabmeat for a withholding period following the eradication program. The withdrawal period should be defined by further research on the longevity of 1080 in crab tissues, and be confirmed by monitoring of residues in crabs after baiting.
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‘Total fluorine’ analysis of seed of Australian Gastrolobium spp. showing temporal, spatial and morphological variation. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Körtner G. 1080 aerial baiting for the control of wild dogs and its impact on spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) populations in eastern Australia. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/wr06076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To further investigate the non-target impact of baiting using sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) to control wild dogs, a population of radio-collared spotted-tailed quolls was subject to an experimental aerial baiting exercise. The trial was conducted at a site on the New England Tablelands, New South Wales, without a recent history of that practice. Sixteen quolls were trapped and radio-collared before baiting. Fresh meat baits were delivered from a helicopter at a rate of 10–40 baits km–1. In addition to 1080 (4.2 mg), each bait contained the bait marker rhodamine B (50 mg), which becomes incorporated into growing hair if an animal survives bait consumption. Two quoll mortalities were recorded following aerial baiting. Both quolls died 3–5 weeks after baiting when baits, on average, retained little 1080. None of the carcasses contained traces of 1080, but the test result is less reliable for the quoll that was found 19 days after its death although tissue was well preserved because of the cool weather. Nevertheless, given that this animal died 34 days after bait delivery, it appears likely that none of the radio-collared quolls succumbed to baiting. In contrast, vibrissae samples collected from 19 quolls captured after the baiting showed that 68% had eaten baits and survived. Furthermore, multiple bait takes were common, with up to six baits consumed by one female. The results demonstrate that most, if not all, quolls survived the baiting trial, including those that consumed dog baits. Hence bait consumption figures per se are not indicative of mortality rates attributable to poisoning.
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Gentle MN, Saunders GR, Dickman CR. Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in fox baits and implications for fox management in south-eastern Australia. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/wr06163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of 1080 in two commonly used fox baits, Foxoff® and chicken wingettes, was assessed under different climatic and rainfall conditions in central-western New South Wales. The rate of 1080 degradation did not change significantly between the Central Tablelands and the relatively hotter and drier environment of the Western Slopes. Loss of 1080 from wingettes was independent of the rainfall and climate conditions, with wingettes remaining lethal to foxes for, on average, 0.9 weeks. Foxoff® baits remained lethal for longer than wingettes under all tested conditions, although their rate of degradation increased generally with increasing rainfall. As a result, areas baited with Foxoff® will require longer withholding periods for working dogs than those baited with wingettes, especially during dry periods. Wingettes may have advantages for use in sensitive areas where long-term hazards from toxic baits are undesirable. We found significant variations in 1080 concentration in freshly prepared baits that may result in efficacy, non-target and regulatory concerns for baiting campaigns. As a result, the superior quality control and shelf-stability of manufactured Foxoff® may be important criteria for favouring its use over freshly prepared bait types. However, use strategies for any bait type must ensure that foxes consume lethal doses of 1080 to avoid potential problems such as the development of learned aversion to baits or pesticide resistance.
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Koryagina NL, Savelieva EI, Khlebnikova NS, Goncharov NV, Jenkins RO, Radilov AS. Determination of fluoroacetic acid in water and biological samples by GC-FID and GC-MS in combination with solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1395-400. [PMID: 16941160 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure has been developed for determination of fluoroacetic acid (FAA) in water and biological samples. It involves ethylation of FAA with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, solid-phase microextraction of the ethyl fluoroacetate formed, and subsequent analysis by GC-FID or by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring mode. The detection limits for FAA in water, blood plasma, and organ homogenates are 0.001 microg mL(-1), 0.01 microg mL(-1), and 0.01 microg g(-1), respectively. The determination error at concentrations close to the detection limit was less than 50%. For analysis of biological samples, the approach has the advantages of overcoming the matrix effect and protecting the GC and GC-MS systems from contamination. Application of the approach to determination of FAA in blood plasma and organ tissues of animals poisoned with sodium fluoroacetate reveals substantial differences between the dynamics of FAA accumulation and clearance in rabbits and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda L Koryagina
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Goh CSS, Hodgson DR, Fearnside SM, Heller J, Malikides N. Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) poisoning in dogs. Aust Vet J 2005; 83:474-9. [PMID: 16119418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is a widely used pesticide for control of feral animals such as the fox. Accidental poisoning of domestic animals occurs despite strict regulations on 1080 usage. Dogs are particularly susceptible to the toxin. The mechanism of 1080 toxicity, susceptibility of target and non-target species, persistence of 1080 in the environment and risk of accidental poisoning are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on 1080 toxicity in the dog. Early recognition of intoxication is most important for prognosis and relies upon characteristic clinical signs and diagnostic findings. The treatment of 1080 intoxication remains a challenge with no proven antidotes. However, there are possible benefits from monoacetin, acetamide, calcium salts, colestipol, activated charcoal, peritoneal dialysis, sodium bicarbonate, neurotransmitter modulators and four-methylpyrazole. A recommended treatment protocol for 1080 toxicosis in dogs is included. Safety measures such as the use of wire dog muzzles and investigating alternatives to 1080 in pest control programs may be the key to reducing the incidence of future accidental poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S S Goh
- University Veterinary Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570
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Spurr EB, Ogilvie SC, Morse CW, Young JB. Development of a toxic bait for control of ferrets (Mustela furo) in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2005.9518404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Twigg LE, Lowe T, Martin G. Sodium fluoroacetate residues and carcass degradation of free-ranging feral pigs poisoned with 1080. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/wr05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) residues in muscle and liver of free-ranging feral pigs, poisoned with 1080-treated grain in a range of habitats, were determined. The incidence of vomiting, and the degradation of poisoned carcasses were also monitored. The maximum recorded concentrations in muscle (n = 79) and liver (n = 16) were 2.42 and 4.28 µg g–1 tissue, respectively. Mean (±s.d.) concentrations were 0.702 ± 0.535 and 0.635 ± 1.091 µg g–1, respectively. Muscle concentration in pigs sampled within 24 h of death were similar between those pigs poisoned with wheat (0.993 µg g–1, n = 21) and malted barley (1.012 µg g–1, n = 20) (P > 0.05), but muscle residues may have been lower in those pigs poisoned with lupin bait (0.178 µg g–1, n = 3). Muscle concentrations were also lower in those pigs sampled 24–48 h after death (0.481 µg g–1, n = 13) (P = 0.004). There were no differences between the sexes (northern rangeland: mean, females 0.883, males 0.869 µg g–1; agricultural: mean, 0.420 and 0.324 µg g–1) (P > 0.05), but adult pigs had lower muscle concentrations than did non-adult pigs (P < 0.001). There was no evidence of vomiting by any recovered poisoned pigs (n = 85), and all but one stomach contained substantial amounts of bait and other foods. Scavengers (mainly raptors) rapidly consumed poisoned pigs weighing <16 kg, within 2 days with no apparent ill-effects. Poisoned adults (≥25 kg) were scavenged less frequently but, because of microbial action and the activity of invertebrates (e.g. fly larvae), these pigs were degraded within 7–10 days (i.e. no longer represented a potential food source for vertebrates). The levels of residues recorded were such that 1080-poisoned pig carcasses pose little potential risk to the long-term viability of non-target species.
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Wang F, Dicinoski GW, Zhu Y, Haddad PR. Simultaneous determination of monofluoroacetate, difluoroacetate and trifluoroacetate in environmental samples by ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:31-5. [PMID: 15065773 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method is reported for the sensitive, simultaneous determination of mono- (MFA), di- (DFA), and trifluoroacetates (TFA) by ion chromatography (IC). These species were separated using a Dionex AS17 anion-exchange column employed with a potassium hydroxide gradient (via a Dionex EG40 eluent generator) and suppressed conductivity detection. The fluoroacetates were successfully separated from a range of inorganic and organic species likely to be present in environmental samples, in a total analysis time of 35 min (including re-equilibration of the column). Detection limits for mono-, di- and trifluoroacetate were 21, 38 and 36 microg/l, respectively, determined using a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, and were obtained using a sample injection volume of 50 microl. Precision was less than 0.83% relative standard deviation (RSD) for replicate injections performed over a period of 30 days. The method was applied to the determination of monofluoroacetate in river water samples and also in carrot baits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75 Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
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Demarchi ACCO, Menezes ML, Mercadante A, Vassillief I. Determination of the sodium monofluoroacetate in serum by gas chromatography. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Twigg LE, King DR, Bowen LH, Wright GR, Eason CT. Fluoroacetate content of some species of the toxic Australian plant genus, Gastrolobium, and its environmental persistence. NATURAL TOXINS 1996; 4:122-7. [PMID: 8743933 DOI: 10.1002/19960403nt4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography confirmed the relatively high concentrations of fluoroacetate found in toxic Gastrolobiums, a genus of indigenous Australian plants. Fluoroacetate concentration in these plants ranged from 0.1 to 3875 micrograms/g (ppm) dry weight, with young leaves and flowers containing the highest concentrations. However, there was considerable intrastand variation between individual plants of at least two species with coefficients of variation ranging from 94% to 129%. Despite the high concentrations of fluoroacetate in many species, only one of nine soil samples collected from beneath these plants contained fluoroacetate. None of the 16 water samples collected from nearby streams and catchment dams contained fluoroacetate. This suggests that fluoroacetate does not persist in this environment. Fluoroacetate was also found in the genus Nemcia, and very low levels of fluoroacetate (ng/g) were detected in the foodstuffs, tea and guar gum. The latter indicates that other plant species may produce biologically insignificant amounts of fluoroacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Twigg
- Vertebrate Pest Research Section, Agriculture Protection Board, Forrestfield, Australia
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Gooneratne SR, Eason CT, Dickson CJ, Fitzgerald H, Wright G. Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in rabbits and risk to non-target species. Hum Exp Toxicol 1995; 14:212-6. [PMID: 7779448 DOI: 10.1177/096032719501400210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), a vertebrate pesticide used in New Zealand, was administered orally to rabbits at two dose levels (sub-lethal and lethal) to determine how long 1080 would persist in plasma, liver, kidney, and muscle so that the risk of consumption of meat from lethally or sub-lethally poisoned rabbits by non-target species could be assessed. 2. The plasma elimination half-life in rabbits receiving a sub-lethal dose was 1.1 h. Retention of 1080 in tissue was greater in rabbits dosed with a lethal dose than in those that received a sub-lethal dose. Irrespective of the dose level, concentration of 1080 in muscle, kidney, and liver was substantially lower than in the plasma. 3. Poisoning of dogs is possible because of their extreme susceptibility to 1080. Poisoning of birds is less likely. The risk of secondary poisoning is reduced as the concentration of 1080 declines in putrefying carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Gooneratne
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Tomkins BA. Screening Procedure for Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) at Sub-microgram/gram Concentrations in Soils. ANAL LETT 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719408006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kingery AF, Allen HE. Ion chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis of fluoroacetic acid and formic acid in soil. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eason CT, Gooneratne R, Fitzgerald H, Wright G, Frampton C. Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in livestock animals and risk to humans. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994; 13:119-22. [PMID: 7908808 DOI: 10.1177/096032719401300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), a vertebrate pesticide widely used in New Zealand, was administered orally to sheep and goats at a dose level of 0.1 mg kg-1 body weight to assess risk to humans of secondary poisoning from meat. Blood, muscle, liver, and kidney were analysed for 1080 residues. 2. The plasma elimination half-life was 10.8 h in sheep and 5.4 h in goats. Concentrations of 1080 in muscle (0.042 microgram g-1), kidney (0.057 microgram g-1), and liver (0.021 microgram g-1) were substantially lower than those in plasma (0.098 microgram ml-1) at 2.5 h after dosing. 3. Only traces of 1080 (< 0.002 to 0.008 microgram g-1) were found in sheep tissues after 96 hours. 4. Livestock are normally excluded from areas where 1080 is being used for pest control, reducing the risk of secondary poisoning. Even with accidental exposure to a sublethal dose 1080 would not persist in tissues for more than a few days because it is cleared rapidly from the body. Therefore the occurrence of 1080 in meat intended for human consumption is highly unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Eason
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Gas chromatographic determination of sodium monofluoroacetate as the free acid in an aqueous solvent. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83016-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The usefulness and applications of the particular types of chromatography in the analysis of chemical warfare agents have been reviewed. A major problem in the chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents is the collection and preparation of the samples. The importance of this problem differs for the various types of chromatography. Significant differences occur in the way in which samples are collected from air, water, soil, vegetables or animal organisms. The analyses are characterized by the main groups of chemical warfare agents, e.g., organophosphorus, vesicants, irritants, etc. Account has been taken of the relationships between their properties and the possibilities of their chromatographic analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of particular types of chromatography in the analysis of the particular groups and individual agents have been considered. The detectability of particular chemical warfare agents has been assessed, together with the separating efficiency for their mixtures. Examples of applications of chromatographic systems and conditions of chromatographing are summarized in tables. It is concluded that chromatography is a very useful tool in the analysis of chemical warfare agents; GC and TLC have the most advantageous properties, HPLC being slightly inferior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Witkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Military Technical Academy, Warsaw, Poland
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