Ion exchange of some divalent and trivalent cations on the surface of zirconium acid phosphate micro-crystals

Combination of intercalation and surface modification in layered zirconium phosphates: investigation of surface stability and reactivity

A two-step intercalation and surface modification procedure was used to synthesize heterofunctional zirconium phosphates (ZrP) with different groups in the interlayer and on the surface. The relationship of the interlayer and surface was then investigated through evaluation of the stability and reactivity of heterofunctional ZrP materials by thermal analysis. Intercalated samples were prepared by the ion-exchange mechanism with variation in the loading, charge, and size of ions. An identical epoxide was used to modify the surface in all investigations. It was found that the two-step procedure could be performed in either order to prepare heterofunctional ZrP materials. In both cases, the contents of the interlayer were found to impact the reactivity of the surface and stability of covalently attached surface groups, with higher interlayer loadings leading to decreased stability and reactivity of surface phosphates.

Carboxymethylcellulose films containing chlorhexidine–zirconium phosphate nanoparticles: antibiofilm activity and cytotoxicity

Hybrid composite films of carboxymethylcellulose and chlorhexidine intercalated nanosized zirconium phosphate result able to reduce the formation of biofilms on wound surface.

Designable architectures on nanoparticle surfaces: zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets as a platform for tetravalent metal and phosphonic acid assemblies

Surface-functionalized zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoparticles were synthesized using a combination of ion exchange and self-assembly techniques. The surface of ZrP was used as a platform to deposit tetravalent metal ions by direct ion exchange with the protons of the surface phosphate groups. Subsequently, phosphonic acids were attached to the metal ion layer, effectively functionalizing the ZrP nanoparticles. Use of axially oriented bisphosphonic acids led to the ability to build layer-by-layer assemblies from the nanoparticle surface. Varying the metal ion and ligand used allowed designable architectures to be synthesized on the nanoparticle surface. X-ray powder diffraction, XPS, electron microprobe, solid-state NMR, FTIR, and TGA were used to characterize the synthesized materials.